Chapter #5
1. e/m value for positive rays is maximum for.
(a)Hydrogen (b)Helium (c)Oxygen (d)Nitrogen
2. The velocity of photon is:
(a)Independent of its wavelength (b)depends on its wavelength
(c)Equal to square of its amplitude (d)depends on its sources
3. Rutherford’s model of atom failed because:
(a)The atomdid not have a nucleus and electron
(b) It did not account for the attraction between protons and neutrons
(c) It did not account for the stability of atom
(d) There is actually no space between the nucleus and the electrons
4. Bohr’s model of atom is contradicted by:
(a)Plank quantum theory (b) Quantized of energy of electrons
(c)Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (d) Quantization of angular members
5. Splitting of spectral lines when atoms are subjected to strong electric field is called:
(a) Zeeman effect (b)Stark effect (c)Compton’s effect (d)Photoelectric effect
6. In the ground state of an atom, the electron is present:
(a)In the nucleus (b)In the second shell (c)nearest to the nucleus (d) Farthest from the nucleus
7. A proton is identified with:
(a)ionized hydrogen molecules (b)a-paritcles (c)ionized hydrogen atoms (d)hydronium ion
8. which one of the following has the same number of electrons as a-particles:
(a)Li+ (b)H+ (c)He+ (d)Be+
65 1 66
9. Cu29 +0n 29 Cu + X. what is X?
(a)Electron (b)Proton (c)Beta Rays (d)Gamma rays
10. The mass of proton is (in Kg).
(a)9.1x10-10kg (b)9.1x10-18kg (c)1.672x10-27kg (d)9.1x10-31kg
11. Properties of waves are:
(a)Wavelength (b)Wave number (c)Frequency (d)All
12. According to Bohr’s model, the radius of the second orbit is:
(a)2oA (b)2.1oA (c)2.11x10-11m (d)2.11x10-12m
13. The wave length of Lyman series lies in the region:
(a)U.V (b)Visible (c)Infra-Red (d)none of above
14. Different lines in Balmer series of H-spectrum lie in range of:
(a)100-400nm (b)400-750nm (c)800-1200nm (d)Radio frequency region
15. The de-Broglie’s wavelength associated with a material particle is:
(a)Inversely proportional to momentum (b) directly proportional to momentum
(c) Directly proportional to energy (d) directly proportional to energy
16. How many unpaired electrons are present in an atom of configuration 1s2, 2s2, 2p4:
(a)4 (b)3 (c)2 (d)zero
17. Maximum number of electron in a subshell is given by:
(a)2l+1 (b)2l-1 (c)2(2l+1) (d)2(2l-1)
18. What is value of (n+l) for 3d subshell?
(a)2 (b)1 (c)5 (d)3
19. Lines of Paschan series are produced when electron jump from higher orbit to…….orbit.
(a)1st (b)2nd (c)3rd (d)4th
20. Negative charge on cathode rays was established by?
(a)William Crook (b)[Link] (c) J.J Thomson (d)Hittrof
21. An orbital which is spherical and symmetrical?
(a)S-orbital (b)P-orbital (c)d-orbital (d)f-orbital
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22. Angstrom is the unit of:
(a)Time (b) Length (c)mass (d)frequency
23. Total number of spectral region in spectrum is:
(a)4 (b)6 (c)7 (d)8
24. The value of Plank’s constant is:
(a)6.62×10-34Js (b)6.62×10-27Js (c)6.62×10-21Js (d)6.62×10-31Js
25. Value of Rydberg’s constant is:
(a) 1.790x107 (b) 1.9768x107m-1 (c)1.09678x107m-1 (d)1.6x107m-1
26. Quantum number values for 2P orbitals are:
(a)n=2, l=1 (b)n=1, l=2 (c)n-1, l=0 (d)n=2, l=0
27. Splitting of spectral lines when atoms are subjected to strong elemctric field is called?
(a)Zeeman Effect (b)Stark effect (c)photoelectric effect (d)Compton’s effect
28. Mass of an electron is;
(a)9.109×1031kg (b)9.109×10-31kg (c)9.109×10-27kg (d)9.109×10-31g
29. Neutron was discovered by:
(a)Chadwick (b)C.D Anderson (c)Rutherford (d)Goldstein
30. Bombardments of a-particles on Be atom emits neutrons and this process is called?
(a)Natural radioactivity (b)Artificial radioactivity (c)Hund’s rule (d)Pauli’s exclusive principal
31. Ballmer series in Hydrogen spectrum lies in the region?
(a)Ultraviolet (b) Visible (c)infrared (d)microwave
32. The nature of positive rays depends on?
(a)Nature of cathode (b)nature of anode (c)nature of residual gas (d)nature of the discharge tube
33. Orbitals having same energy are called:
(a)Hydrogen orbitals (b)valence orbitals (c)degenerated orbitals (d)d-orbitals
34. The wave number of light emitted by a certain source is 2×106m the wavelength of this light will be:
(a)500nm (b)500m (c)200nm (d)5x107m
Short Questions:
1. Why is it necessary to decrease the pressure in the discharge tube to get cathode rays?
It is observed that current does not flow through the gas at ordinary pressure even at high temperature 5000 volts in discharge tube
because molecules of gas are in crowded form. When pressure is reduced to 0.01 torr, then the number of molecules decreases and
more spaces are produced in the discharge tube. Therefore cathode rays (electrons) can easily pass through the empty spaces and move
towards the anode.
2. e/m value of electron is just equal to that of electron. Justify your answer.
J.J Thomson in 1897 concluded from his experiment that cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles. Stoney called these
particles as electrons. J.J Thomson measures the e/m value of cathode rays for different gases. Its value comes out 1.7588x1011 C/Kg.
Thomson said that cathode rays are simply electrons. Therefore e/m value of cathode rays is just equal to that of electrons.
3. Why the anode rays depends upon the nature of the gas? Why e/m values of positive rays for different gasses are
different?
As the positive rays are produced by the ionization of gas molecules inside the discharge tube, every gas has different nature of
positive ions produced. Heavier is the gas, smaller the e/m value because mass is high. Lighter the gas, greater the value of e/m.
For example the e/m value for hydrogen gas is maximum as compared to other gas because mass is lowest.
4. Write the name of spectral series of hydrogen spectrum?
The spectral lines can be classified into five groups called spectral series. These series are named after their discovered as given
below.
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i. Lyman series (U.V region)
ii. Balmer series (Visible region)
iii. Paschan series (I.R region)
iv. Bracket series (I.R region)
v. Pfund series (I.R region)
The first four series were discovered before Bohr’s atomic model (1913)
5. Give two defects in Rutherford atomic model.
The main defects in Rutherford atomic model are as following.
i. Rutherford model was based on law of gravity, but laws of motion can be applied to neutral particles like planets and are not
applicable to charged particles like electrons and protons.
ii. The moving electron must be accelerated towards the nucleus. Therefore the radius of orbital electrons become smaller and
smaller and electron should fall into the nucleus. The atomic structure proposed by Rutherford would collapse.
iii. Electron revolving around the nucleus radiate energy continuously, the spectrum obtained should be continuous but actually
atom give line spectrum.
6. What particles are formed by the decay of neutron?
Free neutrons decays into a proton (+11P) with the emission of an electron (-10e) and a neutrino (00n)
1 1
0 n +1 P + -10e + 00n
7. Why e/m values for cathode rays are same for all gases?
As the cathode rays are made up of electrons and each atom has electrons. Therefore the production of cathode rays results always in
production of electrons with same e/m value. Hence, nature of cathode rays remains same whichever gas is used in the discharge
tube.e/m value calculated by J.J Thomson of cathode rays is 1.7588x1011 C/Kg, which is equal to that of electron. That’s why cathode
rays are basically electrons.
8. Define spectrum. Give its two types.
“A visual display or dispersion of the component of white light when it is passed through a prism”.
Spectrum is of two types:
i. Continuous spectrum ii. Line spectrum
9. Differentiate between frequency and wavelength?
Frequency: frequency is the number of waves passing through a point per second. Units of frequency are Hertz, cycle per second.
Wavelength: wavelength is the distance between adjacent crests and troughs and it is expressed in oA, nm or pm. (1oA=10-10, 1nm= 10-
9
, 1pm= 10-12)
10. State Pauli’s exclusive principal and Hund’s rule?
Pauli’s exclusive principal:
This principle can be stated as follow:
It is impossible for two electrons residing in the same orbital of poly-electron atom to have the same values of four quantum numbers.
Or “Twoelectrons in the same orbital should have opposite spins().
Hund’s Rule:
If, degenerated orbitals are available and more than one electron are to be placed in them, they should be placed in separate orbitals
with same spin rather than putting them in the same orbital with opposite spins.
According to the rule, the two electrons in 2p subshell of carbon will be distributed as follows.
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6C = 1s2, 2s2, 2px1, 2py1, 2pz
The three orbitals of 2p subshell are degenerated.
11. The e/m values of positive rays obtained from hydrogen gas is 1836 times less than that of cathode rays, justify.
An atom of hydrogen consists of proton and electron. When hydrogen gas is taken in the discharge tube, the positive particles are just
protons. On the other hand cathode rays are particles of electrons. Since a proton is 1836 times heavier than that of electron, therefore
e/m value of hydrogen gas positive rays is 1836 times lesser than that of cathode rays (electrons).
12. Write three properties of positive rays.
i. These rays are deflected by electric as well as magnetic field, that these rays are positively charged.
ii. These rays travel in a straight line in a direction opposite to the cathode rays.
iii. They produce flashes on ZnS plate.
iv. e/m value of positive rays is 1836 times smaller than that of electron.
13. Calculate the mass of an electron?
The value of charge on an electron is 1.602x10-19 coulombs, while e/m value of electron is 1.7588 x1011 C/Kg. So,
e/m = 1.602x10-19C/ Mass of electron = 1.7588 x1011
Mass of electron = 1.602x10-19 C/1.7588 x1011 C/Kg= 9.1095x10-31.
14. How the slow neutrons prove to be more effective than the fast neutrons?
Slow neutrons travel with an energy less than 1eV. They are more effective in fission reaction. They produce beta and γ particles.
Reactions of slow neutrons are given below.
65 1 66
29 Cu + 0 n 29 Cu + hϒ (γ-rays)
66 66 0
29 Cu 30 Zn + -1 e
15. The energy difference between adjacent levels goes on decreasing sharply?
Energy of the orbits in H atom can be calculated as:
En = -1313.315/n2Kj/mole
Now, if
n=1, E1= -1313.31/(1)2 = -1313.31Kj/mole
n=2, E2= -1313.31/(2)2 = -328.32 Kj/mole
n=3, E3= -1313.31/(1)2 = -145.92 Kj/mole
n=4, E4= -1313.31/(1)2 = - 82.08 Kj/mole
Energydifferences are given as:
E2-E1 = (-328.32) – (-1313.31) = 984.99 Kj/mole
E3-E2 = (-145.92) – (-328.32) = 182.40 Kj/mole
E4-E3 = (-82.08) – (-145.92) = 63.9 Kj/mole
E2-E1> E3-E2 > E4-E3………………..
So, the energy difference between adjacent levels goes on decreasing sharply .
16. The energy associated with the violet color is greater than the red color in the visible region of spectra. Why?
As the wavelength of violet colour is 400nm and of red colour is 750nm. According to plank’s quantum theory, energy of light waves
is inversely proportional to their wavelength.
E = hc/λ
E = 1/λ as, h,c are constants
According to this relation smaller the wavelength greater will be the energy and vice versa. As the wavelength of violet colour is
smaller than the red colour, so energy of violet colour is greater than red colour.
17. Define Moseley’s law and give its mathematical expression?
Moseley’s law: this law states that the frequency of spectral line in x-ray spectrum varies as the square of atomic number of an
element emitting it.
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Mathematically:
√v = a (Z-b)
i. Z is the atomic number of an element.
ii. a is proportionality constant.
iii. b is the screening constant of metal.
18. State Heisenberg uncertainty principal.
On the basis of wave particle nature of matter, Heisenberg in 1927 suggests that.
“It is not possible to measure the exact position and momentum of moving particles like electron, proton and neutron etc.
simultaneously.
According to Heisenberg,
Δx.Δp>_ h/4ᴨ
Δx is the uncertainty in measurement of position.
Δp is the uncertainty in the measurement of momentum.
19. Differentiate between stark and Zeeman effect?
Zeeman Effect:
When excited atoms of hydrogen (which give an emission line spectrum) are placed in a magnetic field, its spectral lines are further
splits into closely spaced lines. This type of spectral lines is called Zeeman Effect.
Strak effect:
When excited atoms of hydrogen (which give an emission line spectrum) are placed in an electric field, its spectral lines are further
splits into closely spaced lines. This type of spectral lines is called stark effect.
20. What is (n+l) rule?
n is the Principal quantum number while l is the azimuthal quantum number . The subshells should be arranged according to (n+l)
rule. This rule says that subshells are arranged in the increasing order of (n+l) values and if any two subshells have the same (n+l)
values, then that subshell is placed first whose n value is smaller.
21. Write the electronic configuration of Cu and Cr.
2 2 6 2 6 1 10
29Cu= 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d
2 2 6 2 6 1 5
24Cr= 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 2 0 1
57La= 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d , 5p , 6s , 4f , 5d
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 1 14 10
79Au= 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d , 5p , 6s , 4f , 5d
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 5
53I= 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d , 5p
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6 2 14 10 6
86Rn= 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d , 5p , 6s , 4f , 5d , 6p
22. What is stark effect?
Stark effect:
When excited atoms of hydrogen (which give an emission line spectrum) are placed in an electric field, its spectral lines are further
splits into closely spaced lines. This type of spectral lines is called stark effect.
23. State Pauli’s exclusive principal?
Pauli’s exclusive principal:
This principle can be stated as follows:
It is impossible for two electrons residing in the same orbital of poly-electron atom to have the same values of four quantum
numbers. Or
“Two electrons in the same orbital should have opposite spins().
24. How did Rutherford’s model of an atom first of all proved the existence of nucleus an atom?
In 1911 Lord Rutherford performed an experiment and studied the scattering of high speed a particles. A photographic plate or a
screen coated with ZnS was used as a detector. It was observed that most of the particles went through the gold foil un-deflected.
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Some were deflected at fairly larger angles and few were deflected backwards. Rutherford proved that the rebounding particles
must have collided with central heavy portion of the atom which is called as nucleus.
25. Give an experiment in the cathode rays tube to show that cathode rays are material particles.
Cathode rays can derive the small paddle wheel when placed in their path. This shows that thses rays possess momentum.
From this observation it is inferred that Cathode rays are not rays but are material particles having a definite mass and
velocity.
26. What are the defects of Bohr’s Atomic model?
i. Bohr’s theory can successfully explain the origin of spectrum of single electron system and is not able to explain the origin of
spectrum of multi electron or poly-electron systems.
ii. Bohr’s cannot explain the fine structure or multiple structure of hydrogen spectrum.
iii. Bohr’s suggested circular orbits of electrons around the nucleus of hydrogen atom, but researches have shown that the motion
of electron is not in a single plane but takes place in three dimentional space.
iv. Bohr’s model does not explain Zeeman’s and stark’s effect.
27. What is the function of principal quantum number?
The different energy levels in Bohr’s atom are represented by ‘n’ this is a principle quantum number by Schrodinger. Its values
are non-zero, positive integersup to infinity.
n = 1,2,3,4……….
Significance:
i. It determines location of electron in an atom.
ii. It gives a quantitative measure of the size of an electronic shell.
iii. It gives the energy of electron in a shell.
iv. Number of electrons in a shell by the formula 2n2.
28. State Auf Bau principal and Pauli’s exclusive principal?
Auf Bau Principal:
The electron should be filled in energy subshells in order of increasing energy values. The electrons are first placed in 1s, 2s,
2p and so on.
Pauli’s exclusive principal:
This principle can be stated as follows:
It is impossible for two electrons residing in the same orbital of poly-electron atom to have the same values of four quantum
numbers. Or
“Two electrons in the same orbital should have opposite spins().
29. Why e/m value of positive rays for different gases is different but those for cathode rays the e/m values are same?
Justify.
As the positive rays are produced by the ionization of gas molecules inside the discharge tube, every gas has different nature
of positive ions produced. Heavier is the gas, smaller the e/m value because mass is high. Lighter the gas, greater the value of
e/m.
As the cathode rays are made up of electrons and each atom has electrons. Therefore the production of cathode rays results
always in production of electrons with same e/m value.
30. Calculate the ionization energy of hydrogen atom by using Bohr’s model.
Ionization energy of Hydrogen:
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The energy difference between first and infinite energy level in the hydrogen atom can be calculated from the Bohr’s
equation as.
E∞ - E1 = 0-(-1313.315)
= 1313.315 kj/mol
This energy is the ionization energy of hydrogen atom and it is represent the energy require for moving electron from the first
orbit of H atom.
31. Total energy of bonded electron is negative. Justify
It is assumed that electron is at infinite distance from nucleus, then its potential energy is equal to zero because the electron is
not being attracted by anything. When electron moves closer to the nucleus due to nuclear attraction, work is done itself by
the electron. Energy is evolved in this process. The potential energy of an electron is always less than zero, energy less than
zero has negative value.
P.E = -Ze2/4ᴨԐor
32. Why the positive rays are called canal rays?
E. Goldstein took a discharge tube having a perforated cathode. When high potential difference is applied, cathode rays are
produced in the discharge tube. He observed that there are some other rays travelling opposite to anode move towards
cathode and passes through the hole of cathode and produce glow on the wall. Since the rays pass through the hole or canals
of perforated cathode, they are called canal rays.
33. Why atomic spectrum is line spectrum?
When atoms of an element are heated in flame or subjected to electric discharge, radiations of certain wavelength are emitted
which appear bright lines against dark background.
When the radiations of certain wavelength are passed through element in gaseous state, it absorbs certain wavelength which
appears as dark lines against bright backgrounds. In this way atomic spectrum has distinct coloured lines separated by dark
spaces.
34. Differentiate between orbit and orbital.
Orbit Orbital
[Link] is a definite circular path at fixed distance from the 1. It is three dimensional region or space around the nucleus
nucleus on which electron is revolving around the nucleus. in which the probability of finding electron is maximum.
2. Orbits are supposed to have a circular motion. 2. Orbitals have different shapes. S-spherical and P orbital
3. Orbitals represents the planner motion of the electron. are dump-bell shaped.
4. The maximum number of electrons in an orbit is equal to 3. Orbitals represents the three dimensional motion of
2n2, where n is equal to the number of orbits. electron.
4. The maximum number of electrons in an orbital is equal to
2.
Self-Assessment Test from text book exercise
35. How the bending of the cathode rays in the electric and magnetic files shows that they are negatively charged?
36. Give the difference between fast and slow neutrons.
37. Which postulate of Bohr’s atomic model tells us that orbits are stationary and energy is quantized?
38. How Bohr’s equation doestell that radius is inversely proportional to the protons in the nucleus?
39. How do you come to know that velocities of electrons in higher orbits are less than those in lower orbits of hydrogen atom?
40. Justify that the distance gaps between orbits go on increasing from lower to higher orbits.
41. Energy of an electron is inversely proportional to n2 but energies of higher orbits are always greater than those of lower
orbits.
42. The energy difference between two adjacent levels goes on decreasing sharply.
43. How wave number of photon is calculated from Bohr’s equation?
44. Hydrogen atom and He+ are mono electronic system but the size of He+ is much smaller than Hydogen atom. Why?
45. Do you think the sizes of Li+2is even smaller than He+. Justify with calculations.
46. What are X-rays? What is their origin? How was the idea of atomic number derived from the discovery of X-rays?
47. What is (n+l) rule?
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