CHAPTER - 11 WAVES SYNOPSIS When a disturbance is made in an elastic medium the particles of the medium are disturbed successively and put into SHM. At any instant the disturbed particles are in different states of SHM. A ine joining all the disturbed particles at an instant wil form a wave. The length of a full wave is called wave length (7.) 2, is defined as the distance between two successive particles on a wave having the same state of vibration. 2. is also defined as the distance moved by the wave in the time taken for one SHM, called the time period (7), ‘Two particles on a wave separated by 2, distance have a difference of one SHM, equivalent to a difference of (2) radians or 360°, the distance between two pat radians. A transverse wave is produced by altemate crest and trough. Distance between successive crest or successive trough is A les on a wave is 2.. they have a phase ference of (2) Distance from a crest to next trough = 2/2 Any vibrating body is a source of sound. The sound energy produced by the source moves in any ‘medium in the form of a longitudinal wave and it will be a progressive wave. To move, a sound wave requires a material medium and sound wave does not move in vacuum. If y isthe frequency of the source and A. is the wave length, velocity of the sound wave is given by Depending upon the frequency of the source sound produced is divided into three groups namely. 1. Infrasonic sound 2. Audible sound 3, Ultrasonic sound If v of the source is in the range, 0 - 20 Hz. Sound is called infrasonic and it cannot be heard. If y of the source is in the range 20 - 20000 Hz, sound is called audible sound and it can be heard If v of the source is larger than 20000 Hz, sound is ultrasonic and it cannot be heard. In the same medium all the sound wave move with same velocity, butv and 2, are different. If v is minimum 2, is maximum and vice versa@ Brilliant svupy CENTRE Factors affecting velocity of sound wave in a medium 1. Bulk modulus (B) or Elasticity As elasticity of a medium increases velocity of wave in the medium increases and vice versa 2. Density (p) As density of medium increases velocity of wave in the medium decreases and vice versa Velocity of a sound wave in a medium of bulk modulus (B) and density () is given by v= [BI p According to Newton a sound wave moves through a medium isothermally. Then elasticity of the medium is isothermal = Pressure (P) of the medium Then V= |, called Newton's equation. But V calculated from Newtons eqn. isnot the same asin experiment. Therefore Newton’s eqn. is wrong, means sound wave is not moving isothermally in a medium. According to Laplace a sound wave moves through a medium adiabatically. Then elasticity of the mmedur is adabate= 7 xP, where y=Se>1 [E(adiabatic) _ [yP Then V . called Laplace's eqn. V calculated from Laplace's eqn. is the same as in expt. Laplace's eqn is correct, means sound wave moves through a medium adiabatically. 3, Pressure (P) fe y=? Ve Py As the pressure P changes, density p proportionately changes. Then &) will be a constant, For a medium 7 isa constant. Therefore Vis a constant. It means at every pressure of a medium, velocity of the wave is same or velocity is independent of pressure of the medium. 4, Temperature (T) As temperature of the medium increases, velocity of wave in the medium increases and vice versa. [v x JT] where T is absolute temperature. fe Ve {As humidty in air Increases density of air decrease and velocity of wave in air increases and vice versa PV=nkT For 1 mole of medium n= PV =RT, where V, is molar volume = 5. Humidity 2.4 liters, same for all gases.‘Board Plus F-Programme (Class X11) If molar mass = M and molar volume = V M density (o)-~t _oF_ ie ve fP. e te VM VM Progressive wave A progressive wave moving in the positive direction is represented by the equation 2(vi-x) ln’ je y Asin) nwa -2 ie [Y=Asin(Ot= KX] Where w= 2ny and K=2% A progressive wave moving in the negative direction is represented by the equation, 2 sin24(vi4-x) or y= Asin(o1+ Kx) Characteristics of Sound ‘A musical sound has three characteristics namely 1. Pitch of sound 2. Loudness of sound 3, Quality or Timbre Intensity of a Wave aA®] A> Amplitude also depends upon the distance (d) between source and listener. As d increases I decreases and vice versa. 1 Yo The SI unit of intensity is wim?. However as human ear respond to sound intensities over a wide range, ie from 10-"? wim? to 1 wim?. So instead of specifying intensity of sound in Wim?, we use a logarithmic scale of intesity called sound level defined as I SL=10log|— et | Where |, is the threshold of human ear. ie 10-"? wim? We also use dB as a relative measure to compare different sounds with one another, rather than with refernic intensity. Whatis the intensity of a 60 dB sound = 60 1ol08,, N=10log,,@ Brilliant svupy CENTRE log. 10-2 wim? T= 1081, = 10° x 10- = 10 Wim? ‘Two sound waves have intensities 5 x 10° wim? and 1 * 10° wim?. By how many decibels is the louder sound above the other? 1, = 5 10-° wim? 110 wim? itis obvious that I, is louder than |, N, =10log,, N,=N, =10l0g,, 1, ~ 081.4, = 10flog,, 1, ~log1, ]~ ogy. 1, —log1,)] N, =10log,, O flog, Ls —logic hy] = 101og,, 10 Faxt0"] = 10log,, — = = 10log,9| 2x10 lobo 7g ~ Ologio| 2x10" | = 10flog,,2+3] =10[.3010 + 3] = 10x 3.301 =33dB Superposition of waves When two waves are produced simultaneously in the same medium they superpose each other producing a resultant wave. IFA, and A, are the amplitudes and ¢ is the phase difference of the two superposing waves, the resultant amplitude A of the resultant wave is given by A= YAP FAP +2A,A, 080 ars‘Board Plus F-Programme (Class X11) if =0,A=A,+A,, the maximum amplitude ie, Amax = A1 + AZ Hfo= 80, A=A,—A,, the minimum amplitude fe, Amin = At —A2 Beats When two vibrating bodies having nearly equal frequencies v, and v, are put into vibration together the intensity of the resultant sound increases to a maximum called waxing, decreases to a minimum called waning. The variation in intensity between maximum and minimum produces beats. Number of beats/second = |v,—vs| 1 The time interval between successive maximum or successive minimum 1 Time interval between a maximum and next minimum = 3° Stationary or Standing wave When two similar waves are simultaneously produced along the same line in opposite directions they superpose each other producing a resultant wave. The resultant wave does not move in the medium and hence itis called a stationary wave. ‘The amplitude of particles on a stationary wave varies from zero at a point called node to a maximum ata point called antinode. Distance between successive nodes or antinodes a Distance from a node to the next antinode = Usually a stationary wave is produced by superposing a progressive wave and its own reflected wave If progressive wave is represented by y) =Asin(ot-kx) its reflected wave is y=+Asin(at kx) ‘Since ampltuce of each superposing wave is A, maximum amplitude at an antinode =A, +A, ‘Then stationary wave is represented by the equation, y = y, + y, (2m) ie, y ~2a{oo(22) snot) The stationary wave represented by this equation has an antinode at x = 0.@ Brilliant svupy CENTRE A stationary wave may also be represented by the equation (ome = 2Asin{ 2% } cos wt ye ate Jose The stationary wave represented by this equation has a node at x = 0, Vibrat n of a stretched wi Fundamental vibration or 1" mode ‘AB is a stretched wire of length Im, ten: VE ir The whole length of the wire vibrates in one segment. Then A and B are successive nodes. ; nT newton and mass per unit length or linear density m. Therefore, AB Y x or |v 2" mode Sa There are two segments in the wire. The frequency of vibration is given by, v, = 2xv. © is called the 1* overtone and (2v) is called 2 harmonic. .. 1 overtone = 2" harmonic 3rd mode Dao There are three segments in the wire. The frequency of vibration is given by v, =3xv 2 overtone = 3" harmonic [NB: The number of segments in the wire give the number of mode of vibration. The frequency of nth mode of vibration is n’ harmonic, where n= 1, 2, 3, etc. nh overtone = (n + 1) harmonic Ina stretched wire all the harmonics can be heard and hence the quality of sound is rich.)‘Board Plus F-Programme (Class X11) From the above equation the three laws of transverse vibration of a string are concluded. 1 1, v7, when T and m are constants. 2. vxc¥F, when and m are constants. L 3, °F, when /and T are constants. VIBRATION OF AIR COLUMNS The air inside an empty pipe is called air column, The length of air column is equal to the length of cemply pipe. When the air column in a pipe is put into vibration a stationary wave is formed inside the pipe, with a node at the closed end and an antinode at open end of the pipe Closed Pipe: I! Mode Ay N, f=RIA) R=4E; VE va Gore vis called the 1st Harmonic or fundamental frequency 3rd mode A A AL A N N Frequency of vibration is v,= 3%v Frequency of vibration is, ie ‘st overtone = 3rd Harmonic v, = 5x ie 2nd overtone = Sth Harmonic NB: Number of nodes inside the pipe gives the number of mode of vibration The frequency of nth mode of vibration is (2n ~ 1) Harmonie where n= 1, 2, 3. nth overtone is equal to (2n + 1) Harmonic In closed a pipe only the odd multiple of harmonics can be heard, no even multiple is heard. Therefore quality of sound is poor@ Brilliant svupy CENTRE Open pipe: Ist mode PERI2: 2nd Mode i VeWRS A Frequency of vibration v= dev Vv v=3]] . v is called 1st Harmonic or fundamental frequency 3rd Mode A Frequency of vibration ie, Ist overtone = Ind Harmonic! je, 2nd overtone = 3rd Harmonic [NB : Number of nodes inside the pipe gives the number of mode of vibration, The frequency of nth mode of vibration is nth Harmonic, where n = 1, 2, 3 etc nth overtone = (n + 1) Harmonic In an open pipe all the harmonic can be heard and hence the quality of sound is rich] End correction (e! When the air column in a pipe is put into vibration the antinode is forming not exactly at the open end, but a little above the open end. The distance of antinode from the open end is called end correction given by [e = 0.3 xd], where d is the diameter of the tube Resonance experiment When the two vibrating bodies vibrate with same frequency resonance takes place and at resonance intensity of sound will be maximum, In resonance experiment the frequency of the tunning fork and the frequency of vibrating air column are same, when resistance taken place. Let v be the frequency of the tunning fork. If /, and /, are the 1* and 2% resonating lengths of air coulmns, the wave length of the wave forming inside the tube is given byBoard Plus B-Programme (Class XM 2 =2(4,-6,). Where 74 = distance between successive antinodes. Then velocity of sound wave is given by ie. Wena] ‘The end correction at the open end of pipe is given by Doppler effect When the source and the listner approach each other or recede each other there is a relative motion between them. Due to the relative motion between the source and the listner the frequency n, of the sound heard by the listener is appeared either to increase or to decrease from the frequency nof the source. This apparent change in frequency n, is called Doppler effect. Ifthe source and the listner approach each other n, is appeared to increase. Then v, > v Ifthe source and the listner recede each other n,is appeared to decrease. Then v, >v When there is Doppler effect, v, «v If Vis the velocity of sound, V, is velocity of the source and V, is velocity of the listner, , called general equation of Doppler effect Interval - implies the ratio of two frequencies. If the interval is 1, the two vibrating bodies are said to exist in unison (n, = n,). Ifthe interval is 2, n, is said to be an octave higher and so ifinterval is 2°,n, will be n octave higher. Acoustics of Buildings Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the generation, propagation and reception of ‘sound. Reverberation Phenomenon of persistence or prolongation of sound in the auditorium is called reverberation. Reverberation time The time gap between the initial direct note and reflected note upto minimum audibility level is called reverberation time. Sabine law Sabine derived an expression of reverberation time which is t=K =e, where Kis constant V = 3 volume of the balll,s = surface area exposed to the sound, a = coefficient of absorption.