Engineering Formula Sheet

Statistics Mode

Place data in ascending order.

Mean Mode = most frequently occurring value
∑ xi If two values occur at the maximum frequency the
µ= data set is bimodal.
n
If three or more values occur at the maximum
µ = mean value frequency the data set is multi-modal.
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …)
n = number of data values
Median
Place data in ascending order.
Standard Deviation If n is odd, median = central value
If n is even, median = mean of two central values
∑(xi - µ)2
σ= n = number of data values
n
σ = standard deviation Range
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3, …) Range = xmax - xmin
𝜇 = mean value
n = number of data values xmax = maximum data value
xmin = minimum data value

Probability
Independent Events
Frequency P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
nx P (A and B and C) = probability of independent
fx = events A and B and C occurring in sequence
n
PA = probability of event A
fx
Px =
fa
Mutually Exclusive Events
fx = relative frequency of outcome x
nx = number of events with outcome x P (A or B) = PA + PB
n = total number of events
Px = probability of outcome x P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive
fa = frequency of all events event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
Σxi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, …)
Binomial Probability (order doesn’t matter) n = number of data values

n!(pk )(qn-k )
Pk = Conditional Probability
k!(n-k)!
𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐷|𝐴)
Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials 𝑃(𝐴|𝐷) =
p = probability of a success 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐷|𝐴) + 𝑃(~𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐷|~𝐴)
q = 1 – p = probability of failure
P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D
k = number of successes P(A) = probability of event A occurring
n = number of trials P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|̶~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 1

 Plane Geometry Ellipse Rectangle
2b
Circle Area = π a b Perimeter = 2a + 2b
2a
Area = ab
Circumference =2 π r
Area = π r2
Triangle B
Parallelogram c
Area = ½ bh a h
h 2 2 2
Area = bh a = b + c – 2bc·cos∠A A
2 2 2
b = a + c – 2ac·cos∠B C b
2 2 2
b c = a + b – 2ab·cos∠C

Right Triangle Regular Polygons s

s( f) f
2
c =a +b
2 2 Area = n
2
a c
sin θ = a n = number of sides
c
b θ
cos θ =
c
a b Trapezoid a
tan θ = b h
Area = ½(a + b)h h
h
b
Solid Geometry h

Cube
Sphere
3
s
Volume = s r
2 3
Surface Area = 6s Volume = π r
s s 2
Surface Area = 4 π r

Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
h r
Volume = wdh
Volume = π r h
2 h
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh) w d 2
Surface Area = 2 π r h+2 π r

Right Circular Cone

h
πr2 h Irregular Prism
Volume =
3
Surface Area = π r r2 +h2
r h
Volume = Ah

A = area of base
Pyramid

Ah h Constants
Volume =
3
2 2
A = area of base g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s
-11 3 2
G = 6.67 x 10 m /kg·s
π = 3.14159

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 2

 Conversions

Mass Area Force Energy

2
1 kg = 2.205 lbm 1 acre = 4047 m 1N = 0.225 lbf 1J = 0.239 cal
2
1 slug = 32.2 lbm = 43,560 ft 1 kip = 1,000 lbf -4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
2
1 ton = 2000 lbm = 0.00156 mi = 0.7376 ft·lbf
Pressure 1kW h = 3,600,000 J
Length Volume 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
1m = 3.28 ft = 33.9 ft H2O
1L = 0.264 gal
1 km = 0.621 mi = 0.0353 ft
3 = 29.92 in. Hg Defined Units
1 in. = 2.54 cm = 760 mm Hg
= 33.8 fl oz
1 mi = 5280 ft 3 = 101,325 Pa
1mL = 1 cm = 1 cc 1J = 1 N·m
1 yd = 3 ft = 14.7 psi
1N = 1 kg·m / s2
1psi = 2.31 ft of H2O
1 Pa = 1 N / m2
Temperature Unit
Equivalents 1V =1W/A
Time
Power 1W =1J/s
1d = 24 h 1K = 1 ºC 1W =1V/A
= 1.8 ºF 1W = 3.412 Btu/h
1h = 60 min 1 Hz = 1 s-1
= 1.8 ºR = 0.00134 hp
1 min = 60 s See below for 1F = 1 A·s / V
= 14.34 cal/min
1 yr = 365 d temperature calculation 1H = 1 V·s / V
= 0.7376 ft·lbf/s

SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One Numbers Greater Than One
Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation Power of 10 Prefix Abbreviation
10-1 deci- d 101 deca- da
10-2 centi- c 102 hecto- h
10-3 milli- m 103 kilo- k
10-6 micro- µ 106 Mega- M
10-9 nano- n 109 Giga- G
10-12 pico- p 1012 Tera- T
10-15 femto- f 1015 Peta- P
10-18 atto- a 1018 Exa- E
10-21 zepto- z 1021 Zetta- Z
10-24 yocto- y 1024 Yotta- Y

Force
Equations Temperature
F = ma
TK = TC + 273
Mass and Weight F = force
TR = TF + 460 m = mass
M = VDm
a = acceleration
W = mg TF = 5
9
Tc + 32

W = VDw Equations of Static Equilibrium

V = volume TK = temperature in Kelvin
ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣMP = 0
Dm = mass density TC = temperature in Celsius
m = mass TR = temperature in Rankin Fx = force in the x-direction
Dw = weight density TF = temperature in Fahrenheit Fy = force in the y-direction
g = acceleration due to gravity MP = moment about point P

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas IED POE DE CEA AE BE CIM EDD 3

 Equations (Continued) Electricity
Ohm’s Law
Energy: Work Fluid Mechanics V = IR
W = F∥ ∙ d F
p= P = IV
A
W = work RT (series) = R1 + R2+ ··· + Rn
V1 V
F∥ = force parallel to direction of
T1
= T2 (Charles’ Law)
displacement 2 1
d = displacement p1 p2
RT (parallel) = 1 1 1

T1
=T (Gay-Lussanc’s Law) + + ∙∙∙ +R
R1 R2 n
2
Power Kirchhoff’s Current Law
p1V1 = p2V2 (Boyle’s Law) IT = I1 + I2 + ··· + In
E W n
P= = Q = Av or IT = ∑k=1 Ik
t t
τ∙rpm A1v1 = A2v2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
P= VT = V1 + V2 + ··· + Vn
5252 Qp n
Horsepower =
1714 or VT = ∑k=1 Vk
P = power
E = energy absolute pressure = gauge pressure V = voltage
W = work + atmospheric pressure VT = total voltage
t = time
τ = torque p = absolute pressure I = current
rpm = revolutions per minute F = Force IT = total current
A = Area R = resistance
V = volume RT = total resistance
Efficiency T = absolute temperature P = power
Pout Q = flow rate
Efficiency (%) = ∙100% v = flow velocity
Pin Thermodynamics
P = Q′ = AU∆T
Pout = useful power output Mechanics
Pin = total power input Q
d P=
s̅ = ∆t
Energy: Potential t
1 k
∆d U= =
U = mgh v= R L
∆t
U = potential energy kA∆T
a=
vf vi P=
m =mass t L
g = acceleration due to gravity 2 A1v1 = A2v2
h = height vi sin(2θ)
X=
-g Pnet = σAe(T2 4 -T1 4 )
Energy: Kinetic v = v0 + at
P = rate of heat transfer
2
1 2 d = d0 + v0t + ½at Q = thermal energy
K = mv
2
2 2
A = Area of thermal conductivity
v = v0 + 2a(d – d0) U = coefficient of heat conductivity
K = kinetic energy (U-factor)
m = mass τ = dFsinθ
∆T = change in temperature
v = velocity ∆t = change in time
s = average speed
v = average velocity R = resistance to heat flow ( R-value)
Energy: Thermal v = velocity k = thermal conductivity
a = acceleration v = velocity
Q =mc∆T X = range Pnet = net power radiated
W
t = time σ = 5.6696 x 10
-8
Q = thermal energy m2 ∙K4
∆d = change in displacement
m = mass d = distance e = emissivity constant
c = specific heat g = acceleration due to gravity L = thickness
∆T = change in temperature θ = angle T1, T2 = temperature at time 1, time 2
τ = torque
F = force
PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 4 DE 4
v = flow velocity
 Section Properties

Moment of Inertia Rectangle Centroid

h
x b h
3
x x= and y =
bh 2 2
Ixx =
12 b Right Triangle Centroid
b h
x= and y =
3 3
Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section
about x-x axis
Semi-circle Centroid
Complex Shapes Centroid
4r
∑ xi Ai ∑ yi Ai x = r and y =
x= ∑ Ai
and y = ∑ Ai 3π

x = x-distance to the centroid

x = x-distance to the centroid
y = y-distance to the centroid
y = y-distance to the centroid
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i
Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas
P
Stress (axial) Reaction RA = RB =
2
PL
F Moment Mmax = (at point of load)
4
σ= 3
A Deflection PL
Δmax = 48EI (at point of load)
σ = stress ωL
F = axial force Reaction RA = RB =
2
A = cross-sectional area ωL2
Moment Mmax = (at center)
8
5ωL4
Strain (axial) Deflection Δmax = 384EI
(at center)
Reaction RA = RB = P
ϵ= δ
L0 Moment Mmax = Pa
ϵ = strain Deflection
Pa
Δmax = 24EI 3L2 -4a2 (at center)
L0 = original length
δ = change in length Pb Pa
Reaction RA = and RB =
L L
Pab
Moment Mmax = (at Point of Load)
L
Modulus of Elasticity a (a ) a(a )
Deflection Δ =
σ a(a )
E= (at x = when a > b )
ε ,

(F2 -F1 )L0

E= Deformation: Axial Truss Analysis
(𝛿 − 𝛿 )A
FL0 2J = M + R
E = modulus of elasticity δ = AE
σ = stress J = number of joints
ε = strain δ = deformation M =number of members
A = cross-sectional area F = axial force R = number of reaction forces
F = axial force L0 = original length
δ = deformation A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4

 Simple Machines
Inclined Plane

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

L (slope)
DE FR IMA=
IMA= AMA= H
DR FE
AMA
% Efficiency= 100
IMA Wedge
IMA = Ideal Mechanical Advantage
AMA = Actual Mechanical Advantage
DE = Effort Distance DR = Resistance Distance L (⊥ to height)
IMA=
FE = Effort Force FR = Resistance Force H

Lever
Screw
1st
C
Class IMA =
Pitch

1
Pitch =
TPI
2nd C = Circumference
Class r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = Threads Per Inch
3rd
Class Compound Machines

MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .

Wheel and Axle Gears; Sprockets with Chains; and Pulleys with
Belts Ratios
Nout dout ωin τout
GR= = = =
Nin din ωout τin
Effort at Axle
dout ωin τout
= = (pulleys)
din ωout τin

Compound Gears

B D
Effort at Wheel GRTOTAL =
A C

GR = Gear Ratio
ωin = Angular Velocity - driver
Pulley Systems ωout = Angular Velocity - driven
Nin = Number of Teeth - driver
IMA = Total number of strands of a single string Nout = Number of Teeth - driven
supporting the resistance din = Diameter - driver
dout = Diameter - driven
DE (string pulled) τin = Torque - driver
IMA = τout = Torque - driven
DR (resistance lifted)

PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas POE 6