Title: Notes Class 7th
Subject: Science
Chapters: Full book short questions
According to New scheme of study 2023-2024
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KULJOOR TEHSIL DADYAL DISTT MIRPUR AJK
Whatsapp: 03005650895
Email: umarfarooqkayani786@[Link]
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Chapter#01
Plant System
Q.1 How does sunlight help plants in making glucose? Answer with an equation.
𝑳𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
Ans: Carbon dioxide+ Water𝑪𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒚𝒍 Glucose+ Oxygen
Q.2 How will the following conditions affect the rate of transpiration? (a) A rainy season (b) A hot
afternoon (c) Cold winds
Ans: (a) In rainy season humidity increases decreasing the transpiration.
(b)In hot afternoon humidity decreases, stomata opens, increasing rate of transpiration.
(c ) In cold winds as the wind speed increase, the rate of transpiration increase.
Q.3 Why are the phloem vessels perforated?
Ans: The end plates of phloem vessels are perforated to allow the easy passage of substances from one
vessel and the sieve tubes.
Q.4 Name the factors that help in movement of water in long xylem tubes. (b) Define transpiration.
Ans: (a) Root pressure, capillary action and cohesion tension help in movement of water in xylem tubes.
(b) Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts,
such as leaves, stems and flowers.
Q.5 High light the dermal tissues in the given picture of the plant cell. (b) Mention their functions. ( c)
How will it affect the plant’s functions if the dermal tissues be removed from the leaf cells?
Ans: (b) Dermal tissues protects the plants.
(c) if the epidermal tissue is removed, then the plant becomes more vulnerable to
mechanical injury. Also, absorption of water will be reduced and loss of water from
aerial parts would increase.
Q.6 What is an aerobic respiration? (b) Where does it take place in plant cell?
(c) Give a word equation for aerobic respiration.
Ans: It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy
from food.
It takes place in leaf cell.
𝐺𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 + 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Q.7 Define translocation. (b) Enlist the cells involved in food translocation.
Ans: Translocation means a change in location. (b) Translocation in plants is achieved by the movement of
sugars through the phloem cells.
Q.8 Define tertiary roots.
Ans: Tertiary roots are the branches of the secondary roots.
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Q.9 What is the role of stomata in leaves.
Ans: Stomata regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss.
Q.10 How is food transported in plants?
Ans: Food is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant via the vascular tissue, called phloem.
Q.11 What is role of nitrates in plants?
Ans: Plants absorb nitrates from soil to make proteins. Nitrates are also helpful in increasing fertility of soil.
Q.12 Why is the photosynthesis important for plants and animals?
Ans: Plants prepare their food through photosynthesis. Animals eat that plants to get energy.
Chapter#02
Human Respiratory and Circulatory System
Q.2 The blood is a transport medium. Do you agree with the nation? Give reason.
Ans: Blood is the primary transport medium that is responsible for continuously supplying nutrients and
oxygen to the active cells in the body.
Q.3 How do the valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood?
Ans: The valves in the heart flow the blood in uni-direction.
Q.4 Why is the blood pressure high in arteries?
Ans: Because the space in the arteries is narrower, the same amount of blood passing through them
increases the blood pressure.
Q.5 How do circulatory system and respiratory system coordinate each other?
Ans: The circulatory system, which is made up of the heart and blood vessels, supports the respiratory
system by bringing blood to and from the lungs.
Q.6 Define pulmonary circulation.
Ans: Pulmonary circulation is the system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart
to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation.
Q.7 What are platelets. What functions they perform?
Ans: Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or
prevent bleeding.
Q.8 What is a diaphragm?
Ans: The diaphragm is a muscle that helps you breathe. It sits under your lungs and separates your chest
cavity from your abdomen.
Q.9 Differentiate between breathing and respiration.
Ans: Breathing is a mechanical process where the air volume changes in the chest cavity. On the other hand,
respiration is a biochemical process where oxygen is introduced into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is
expelled from the body.
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Q.10 How do you differentiate between inhalation and exhalation?
Ans: Inhalation is when we take in air containing oxygen. Exhalation is when we give out air rich in carbon
dioxide.
Q.11 Define circulatory system.
Ans: The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen.
The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. The veins carry oxygen-poor
blood back to the heart to start the circulation process over.
Chapter#03
Immunity and Diseases
Q.1 Differentiate between
(a) antibodies and antigens?
Ans: An antibody is a glycoprotein which is produced in response to and counteract a particular antigen. On
the other hand, an antigen is a foreign substance (usually harmful) that induces an immune response, thereby
stimulating the production of antibodies.
(b) specific and non-specific immunity
Ans: Non-specific immunity is generalized immunity that all humans are born with. Specific immunity is
learned by the body based on previous exposure to pathogens, and includes B-cells and antibodies.
(c ) Infectious and non-infectious diseases
Ans: Infectious diseases are caused by harmful organisms that get into your body from the outside, like
viruses and bacteria. Noninfectious diseases aren't caused by outside organisms, but by genetics.
(d) Cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity response
Cell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies.
Antibody-mediated immunity is the branch of the acquired immune system that is mediated by B-cell-
antibody production.
Q.2 What are components of the adaptive immune system?
Ans: The adaptive immune system is made up of: T lymphocytes in the tissue between the body's cells. B
lymphocytes, also found in the tissue between the body's cells. Antibodies in the blood and other bodily
fluids.
Q.3 How do innate and adaptive immune system work together?
Ans: The innate responses call the adaptive immune responses into play, and both work together to
eliminate the pathogens.
Q.4 Draw a flowsheet to show the working of vaccines.
Ans:
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Q.5 Why the leukocytes are called second line of defense?
Ans: These cells, tissues and organs together form the body's second line of defense against pathogenic
microorganisms. They are responsible for the body's ability to fight off infections and stay healthy.
Q.6 Mr. and Mrs. Ali are going for Hajj this year. They are asked by the Hajj ministry to get
vaccinated. Why it is important for couple to get immunized before pilgrimage?
Ans: By getting vaccinated, the couple can protect themselves and also avoid spreading preventable diseases
to other people in their community.
Q.7 Define phagocytosis.
Ans: Phagocytosis is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in
diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells.
(b) Enlist the phagocytic cells.
Ans: The phagocytic cells are neutrophils, macrophage and dendritic cells.
Q.8 Make a list of pathogens. Give examples.
Ans: Bacteria, Fungi and Virus are different types of pathogens.
Q.9 What are the roles of following phagocytes in the innate immune system?
(Neutrophils, Macrophages, Basophils)
Ans: Neutrophils are a type of White blood cells. Your white blood cell count normally consists of five
types of white blood cells, with neutrophils accounting for most of your white blood cells. Neutrophils help
you fight infection.
Macrophages play an important role in eliminating diseased and damaged cells through their programmed
cell death.
Basophils are a type of white blood cell that works closely with your immune system to defend your body
from allergens, pathogens and parasites. Basophils release enzymes to improve blood flow and prevent
blood clots.
Q.10 How is an inflammatory response made?
Ans: The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins,
heat, or any other [Link] damaged cells release chemicals that cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the
tissues, causing swelling.
Q.11 Give preventive measures for (a) Hepatitis (b) Typhoid (c) Dengue
Ans:To prevent from Hepatitis Get vaccinated, don’t share your personal kit, eat properly cooked food and
properly washed fruits.
To prevent from Typhoid drink plenty of water, improve sanitation, adequate medical care.
To Prevent from Dengue use anti mosquito lotion or oils, improve the sanitation system.
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Q.12 Why is it important to have T-lymphocytes with different type of receptors?
Ans: These cells play a vital role in both components of active immunity, including cell-mediated and to
some extent humoral immunity.
Q.13 Describe and compare types of immunity?
Ans: Active immunity occurs when our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a
pathogen.
Passive immunity occurs when we are protected from a pathogen by immunity gained from someone else.
Q.14 Relate the cause and affect in contraction of an infection?
Ans: The cause of an infection is whichever type of organism has entered the body. The effects of an
infection, such as swelling or a runny nose, occur due to the immune system's attempt to get rid of the
invading organism.
Q.15 Define immune system.
Ans: The immune system is a complex network of organs, cells and proteins that defends the body against
infection, whilst protecting the body's own cells.
Chapter # 04
Structure of an Atom
Q.1 What are energy levels?
Ans: Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where
electrons may be found.
Q.2 An element has 17 electrons and 18 neutrons. Calculate its atomic number and mass number.
Ans: Atomic number = Number of protons
As number of protons and electrons are equal so atomic number=17
Mass Number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Mass Number = 17+18 = 35
Q.3 Differentiate between atomic number and mass number.
Ans: Number of protons in an atom is called atomic number. Total Number of protons and neutrons in any
atom is called mass number.
Q.4 Draw and label the structure of an atom.
Ans:
Q.5 Define the electronic configuration.
Ans: The arrangement of electrons in different shells is known as electronic configuration.
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Q.6 What is the number of electrons in an atom whose atomic number is 14?
Ans: As number of protons and electrons are equal in any atom , so atomic number(number of protons) is
14.
Q.7 Define periodic table.
Ans: The systematic arrangement of elements into groups and periods is called periodic table.
Q.8 An element has atomic number 6. What will be its period and group in periodic table?
Ans: Carbon has atomic number 6. It lies in 2nd period and 4th group in a periodic table.
Q.9 Calculate the number of protons, electrons and neutrons from the folloing.
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟕
𝟖𝟒𝑲𝒓, 𝟖𝟓𝑹𝒃
Ans: 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
As atomic number is equal to number of protons and mass number is equal to number of protons and
neutrons.
So atomic number of Kr= 36 , atomic number of Rb= 37
Mass number = number of protons + Number of neutrons
Number of neutrons= Mass number – Number of protons
Now Number of neutrons for Kr= 84-36=48
Number of neutrons for Rb= 85-37= 48
Chapter # 05
Physical and chemical changes
Q.1 Draw a word equation for rust formation.
Ans: Oxygen + Iron + Water Hydrated Iron Oxide
Q.2 Why is it important to have knowledge of the melting points of compounds?
Ans: Understanding the concept of melting point is important for several reasons. For characterization and
identification of compound, its purity, its practical use in industry and manufacturing the knowledge of
melting point is essential.
Q.3 Give brief measures to deal with rust?
Ans: Painting the surface of material.
Q.4 Define physical changes and give some examples.
Ans: Physical changes are those in which the shape, size, or state of the matter changes, but the substance is
still essentially the same. For example, chopping up a carrot or ice melting into water are both physical
changes.
Q.5 Define chemical change.
Ans: Chemical changes are permanent changes in which new substances are formed.
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Q.6 Give word equation for combustion reaction
Ans: Fuel + Oxygen carbon di oxide + water
Q.7 Could any chemical change be reversible? If yes then give example.
Ans: Yes, For example, when water turns to ice, that change is reversible because we can heat the ice up and
turn it back into water. When sugar dissolves in water, that change is reversible because we can add more
sugar to the water and it will dissolve again.
Q.8 Differentiate between rusting and tarnishing.
Ans: "Rust is an iron oxide usually red in color and usually on iron only, while tarnish is a thin layer and is
often black or grey and it's on many different metals.
Q.9 What is combustion?
Ans: Combustion is burning of any substance in the presence of oxygen.
Q.10 How does combustion reaction affect our environment?
Ans: Fossil fuels burn to produce oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide and water in huge
amount. Carbon dioxide is green house gas causing global warming.
Q.11 Differentiate between physical change and chemical change?
Ans: Physical changes are changes in physical properties of matter. No new product is formed.
Chemical changes are changes in chemical properties of matter. New products are formed.
Chapter#06
Chemical Bonds
Q.1 Define (i) valency (ii) ions (iii) ionic bond (iv) covalent bond
Valency: The number of electrons an atom gains, lose or share to make it stable is called Valency.
Ions: An electrically charged substance with extra or missing electrons is called ion.
Ionic bonds: A chemical bond formed by complete transfer of electrons is called ionic bond.
Covalent bond: A bond formed by mutual sharing of electrons is called covalent bond.
Q.2 Why do atoms make bonds?
Ans: Atoms make bonds to reach the most stable state (lowest energy level) they can.
Q.3 Differentiate between an anion and a cation.
Ans: Positively charged ion is called cation. Negatively charged ion is called anion.
Q.4 Which type, of bonding is stronger? Ionic or covalent? Give reason.
Ans: ionic bonds are much stronger than covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, there is complete transfer of electrons
between elements to form a stable compound. While in covalent bond, there is only sharing of electrons between two
elements to form a stable compound.
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Q.5 Define chemical bonds.
Ans: The forces of attraction that hold the atoms together are called chemical bonds.
Q.6 Name two ionic compounds.
Ans: NaCl and MgO
Q.7 What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.
Ans: The ions that contain more then one atom are called polyatomic ions. Examples are Hydroxide
ions(𝑂𝐻 −1 ), sulphate ions(𝑆𝑂4 )−2 etc
Chapter # 07
Solutions
Q.1 In which class will you classify a finely grounded powder of sugar and floor? Mixture or
compound? Give reason
Ans: Sugar and floor are classified in mixture because they are not chemically combined and own their
properties. They can be separated easily which is characteristic of mixture.
Q.2 Suppose there is a dust storm due to the wind blowing. Would a sample of this dusty atmosphere
be a mixture? Would it be a solution? Give reason.
Ans: A sample of dusty atmosphere could be classified as a mixture because dust particles and air molecules
are not chemically combined. The dust particles could be separated easily.
Q.3 There are some juices in which you add water to drink them. What term is used to describe this
type of solution? Dilute or concentrated? Explain your answer.
Ans: The juices in which you add water to drink them are classified as ‘’ concentrated’’ because they have
less amount of solvent(water) and more amount of solute (juices).
Q.4 Define a dilute solution.
Ans: It is a solution that contains relatively small amount of solute in the given volume of solvent. For
example, tap water in which there are less minerals(solute) as compared to water(solvent).
Q.5 Describe a concentrated solution.
Ans: The solution that have relatively small amount of solvent and large amount of solute in a given volume
is called concentrated solution. For example, ocean water has concentrated number of salts and minerals.
Q.6 What is a saturated solution?
Ans: The solution in which no more solute could be dissolved at a specific temperature is called saturated
solution. For example, at 200 , in 100 ml water only 36.0 g NaCl could be dissolved.
Q.7 How can you make concentrated solution weaker?
Ans: We can make concentrated solution weaker by adding more solvent.
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Q.8 When potassium permanganate is stirred in water, it turns to purple. How would you describe
whether this mixture is a suspension or solution?
Ans: When potassium permanganate is stirred in water, it turns to purple indicating that it is dissolved in
water so we could term it as solution.
Q.9 How can you enhance the solubility of solute?
Ans: Solubility of solute could be increased by increasing temperature, stirring and breaking the solid into
smaller pieces.
Q.10 What are the effects of temperature on the solubility of gases in water?
Ans: The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with increasing temperature.
Q.11 You are given water at two different temperatures, one at 𝟓𝟎𝟎 and other at 𝟖𝟎𝟎 . In which water
would it be possible to add more sugar in less time?
Ans: We could at more sugar in less time in a water at temperature of 800 because increasing the
temperature increases the solubility.
Q.12 How can you prepare a saturated solution?
Ans: A saturated solution is prepared by continuously adding solute to the solution until a stage is reached
where the solute appears as a solid precipitate or as crystals to form a highly saturated solution.
Q.13 Define upper limit of solute.
Ans: The amount of solute that can be dissolved in given amount of solvent at equilibrium is called upper
limit of solute.
Chapter#08
Force and Motion
Q.1 What is a force? Give its units.
Ans: Force is a push or pull acting on any object. Its SI unit is Newtons(N).
Q.2 What functions a force can perform?
Ans: Force can change the state of objects i.e move the stationary object or stop the moving object, change
the size, shape and direction of object.
Q.3 What is a motion?
Ans: Change in speed or change in direction is called motion.
Q.4 What are the components of motion?
Ans: Distance, speed and time are components of motion.
Q.5 Ahmed walks upto 0.725 km in 0.6 hours. What is his speed in km/h?
Ans:As Speed = Distance / Time= 0.725 km/ 0.6 h=1.2083 km/h
Q.6 An air craft covers a distance at a speed of 80 km/h in 5.2 hours. How much distance it covered?
Ans: As Distance= Speed × Time = 80 km/h × 5.2 h= 416 km
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Q.7 Two buses cover the distance of 54 km with a time difference of 10 minutes. Calculate the speed of
buses.
Ans: As average time= 10 min and distance = 54 km so speed= Distance/Time= 54km/10 min= 5.4 km/min
Q.8 A train moves at a speed of 220 km/h. How much distance will it cover in 2 hours?
Ans: As Distance= Speed × Time = 220 km/h × 2 h= 440 km
Q.9 What does a distance time graph tell us?
Ans: Distance covered by a moving object in specific time is described by distance time graph.
Q.10 Define Average Speed.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Ans: Ratio of total distance covered by a body in Specific time. Average Speed= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q.11 A cyclist travels at 10 km/h for 1.5 hours and then at 12km/h for 1.3 hours. Calculate his
Average speed.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (10)(1.5)+(12)(1.3) 15+15.6 30.6
Ans: Average Speed= = = = = 10.93 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1.5+1.3 2.8 2.8
Q.12 Differentiate between contact and non-contact forces.
Ans: Contact forces are forces between two objects that touch each other physically. Non-contact forces are
interaction between two objects that don’t touch each other physically.
Chapter #09
Wave and Energy
Answer the following short questions.
i. Define wave and draw its structure.
Ans: Wave is defined as ‘’ The disturbance that transports energy through its propagation’’.
Structure of wave:
ii. Label the following parts in the wave diagram drawn in question 1.
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iii. Differentiate between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
Ans: The type of waves that require medium to travel are called mechanical waves.
The type of waves that does not require medium to travel are called electromagnetic waves.
iv. Prove that light is an electromagnetic wave.
Ans: Light is produced by acceleration of charged particles (photons) in which electric field is
perpendicular to magnetic field so according to law of electromagnetism light is an electromagnetic
wave.
v. Differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves.
Ans: Transverse wave moves in a direction that is perpendicular to the direction of vibration of
particles.
Longitudinal wave moves in a direction that is parallel to the direction of vibration of particles.
Vi . Define the frequency of wave.
Ans: Number of waves passing in a second is known as frequency of wave. Its unit is Hertz (Hz).
vi. Does the amplitude of a wave depend upon its frequency? Give reason.
Ans: The relationship between the wave's amplitude and frequency is such that it is inversely
proportional to the frequency. The amplitude decreases as the frequency increases. The amplitude
increases as the frequency decreases.
vii. How can the pitch of a vibrating string be made higher?
Ans: By increasing the tension in a vibrating string the pitch could be made higher.
viii. Thunder is a fearful sound. What is its pitch and loudness?
Ans: The pitch of thunder is low while the sound of thunder is high.
ix. Time period of wave is 35 seconds. What is its frequency?
1 1
Ans: As frequency is reciprocal of time period so 𝑓 = 𝑇 = 35 = 0.0286 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1
x. Differentiate between compression and rarefaction.
Ans: Compression is that part of longitudinal wave in which the medium of particles are closer and there
is momentary decrease in volume of medium. Rarefaction is that part of longitudinal wave in which the
medium of particles apart and there is momentary increase in volume of medium.
xi. How does the loudness of a sound wave depend on amplitude?
Ans: Loudness of sound is proportional to the square of amplitude. This means if amplitude is increased
two times the loudness will be four times.
xii. How does the loudness of sound vary with the area of vibrating surface.
Ans: Loudness of sound is proportional to surface area of vibrating surface. The large surface area
produces louder sound while less surface area produces less loud sound.
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Chapter # 10
Heat and Temperature
Answer the following questions briefly.
i. Why are metals good thermal conductors?
Ans: Metals are particularly good conductors of heat because their particles are very closely packed so
the vibrations are passed on very quickly.
ii. Why are fluids poor conductor of heat?
Ans: The molecules in fluids(liquids) are far apart so the vibrations could not be transferred easily to
other molecules. So the liquids or fluids are poor conductors of heat.
iii. Why are overhead power lines tied with sag?
Ans: The power lines expand during summer and contract during winter so if they are tied between two
poles tightly, they would break up. That is why the power lines are tied with sag.
iv. Why do we use liquid mercury in thermometer?
Ans: Mercury is used in thermometers because it expands uniformly, has a high boiling point, and is
available in a liquid state at room temperature.
v. How do we avoid destruction of bridges due to thermal expansion?
Ans: Iron rulers are placed under the girders of bridges to allow the thermal expansion and fill the gap
between bridge and girder. Gaps are also placed in concrete roads.
vi. Why are gaps left between segments of railway tracks?
Ans: A small gap is left between two subsequent rails while installing. The rails expand due to thermal
expansion. If no spacing is left, the rails can bend sideways due to expansion in summer, leading to train
accidents.
vii. How do fish survive under frozen lakes?
Ans: In frozen lakes only upper layer of lake is frozen with ice. The oxygen required for survival of fish
is trapped beneath the layer of ice. So fish can survive under frozen lakes.
viii. How does a solid conduct heat?
Ans: In solids the molecules are tightly packed. The molecules vibrate around their fixed positions and
pass the heat vibration to nearby molecules. This conducts heat in solids quickly.
ix. What causes a convection current?
Ans: Convection current is produced due to motion of particles of medium from hotter to colder region.
x. Why is radiation responsible for heat transfer through?
Ans: Heat transfer through radiations involves electromagnetic waves which does not require medium
for their propagation. Hence the radiations conduct heat affectively.
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Chapter #11
Technology in Everyday life
i. Define irrigation and give two methods.
Ans: A system to water lawns, landscape, plants and crops is called irrigation system. Drip irrigation and
sprinkler irrigation are two methods of irrigation used in modern world.
ii. Differentiate between drip and sprinkler irrigation system.
Ans: Drip irrigation: Drip irrigation is a process in which the distributing pipe has holes to supply
water drop by drop just above the roots of each plant.
Sprinkler irrigation Sprinkler irrigation is a process in which a nozzle is attached in the pipe to spread
water showers over an area.
iii. What are the drawbacks of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems?
Ans: Disadvantages of drip irrigation system: Relatively high cost, clogging of drippers, creation of
local salinity, and irregular and patchy distribution of soil moisture can be counted among the main
disadvantages of drip irrigation systems.
Disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation system: For spraying water droplets evenly there is a
requirement of constant water supply.
There is a chance of water getting evaporated from the sprinkler irrigation when the surrounding
environment is windy and high in terms of humidity.
iv. How will you preserve the following? Raw mangoes, carrots, orange, apple.
Ans: We could preserve raw mangoes, carrots, oranges and apple by making jam technique.
v. How does the juicing technique work?
Ans: In juicing technique the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables is extracted.
vi. Why do the fresh homemade juices have shorter shelf-life?
Ans: Due to fungus and bacteria the fresh homemade juices spoil in shorter time.
vii. What is a stethoscope?
Ans: A medical device used by doctors to listen to the action of heartbeat or breathing rate.
viii. How does a stethoscope work?
Ans: The disc and tube of stethoscope amplify the small sound of heart beat. This sound travels up the
stethoscope tube to earpiece that the doctor listens through.
ix. Define sanitizer.
Ans: Sanitizer is a hand antiseptic applied on hands for the purpose of removing common pathogens.
x. Why do we need sanitizers when there is soap already available?
Ans: Sanitizers do not need water to wash. The alcohol in sanitizers evaporates quickly leaving your
hands dry.
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xi. Alcohol in sanitizers leaves skin dry. What will you add in a sanitizer to overcome this
deficiency?
Ans: Aloe vera is used in hand sanitizers to moisturize the skin.
Chapter 12
Earth and Space
Answer the following questions briefly.
i. Define gravity.
Ans: The force that attracts a body towards the center of the earth is called gravity.
ii. Give one effect of the gravity of the moon and sun.
Ans: The tidal waves produced in oceans are caused by gravity of moon and sun.
iii. Calculate the weight of an object having 75kg mass on Mars. The gravitational force of
Mars is 3.7 N/Kg.
Ans: As W= mg = 75× 3.7= 277.5 Kg
iv. Differentiate between mass and weight.
Ans: Mass is a fundamental measurement of how much matter an object contains. Weight is a
measurement of the gravitational force on an object. Unit of mass is kilogram and unit of weight is
Newtons.
v. Define one year on earth.
Ans: The definition of a year is the amount of time that it takes the Earth to move once around the sun.
vi. What are spring tides.
Ans: The tides produced at the time when sun and moon are in same line are called spring tides.
vii. What are Neap tides?
Ans: The tides produced when the sun and moon are right angle to each other are called neap tides.
viii. Why do northern and southern hemispheres have different seasons at the same time?
Ans: Earth's tilted axis causes the seasons. Throughout the year, different parts of Earth receive the Sun's
most direct rays. So, when the North Pole tilts toward the Sun, it's summer in the Northern Hemisphere.
And when the South Pole tilts toward the Sun, it's winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
ix. Differentiate between revolution and rotation?
Ans: "Rotation" refers to an object's spinning motion about its own axis.
"Revolution" refers the object's orbital motion around another object.
x. What is the effect of rotation of earth?
Ans: Days and nights cycle is due to rotation of earth.
xi. Why do the seasons change?
Prepared By: Umar Farooq EST GBMS KULJOOR Tehsil Dadyal Distt Mirpur AJK 15
Ans: The earth's spin axis is tilted with respect to its orbital plane. This is what causes the seasons.
xii. Differentiate between centripetal and centrifugal force.
Ans: The force that causes a body to move in a circular position is known as centripetal force. The force
that causes a body to move away from circular position is known as centrifugal force. These forces act
oppositely.
The END
Prepared By: Umar Farooq EST GBMS KULJOOR Tehsil Dadyal Distt Mirpur AJK 16