LEVELS OF UNDERSTANDING, READINESS, AND CIVIC

PARTICIPATION ON THE MANDATORY RESERVE OFFICER’S

TRAINING PROGRAM OF LOS BAÑOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS

A Research Presented
To The Faculty of Los Banos Senior High School
San Antonio, Los Banos, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements For Grade 12
PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

Arlegui, Allyza Nicole

Alcantara, Noel Anthony
Casale, John Kenneth
Coco, Dexter Bryle
Garido, Crislyn
Lapitan, Noel Angelo
Melendrez, Regine
Mercado IV, Espiritu
Muyco, Silvestre
Ronda, Alice
Salazar, Jaenie Karyle
Tapia, Marian Joy
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is a program for college

students who are tasked with developing as better citizens with morals,

discipline, patriotism, and beliefs. in the rudiments of military services to produce

capable Armed Forces of the Philippines reservists.

ROTC is one of the best and most valuable course programs a student

can have. As an example, assume a person did not obtain the job you desired

but were able to complete ROTC. That person can be reconsidered for a position

in the military as a reserve since he or she accomplished ROTC, and he or she

may be offered a better position in the army after entering instead of a starting

private rank. In fact, after graduating from ROTC, the graduates are automatically

listed in the military, but only as a reserve. The goal of this military program is to

prepare students for possible duty in the defense establishment in the case of an

emergency. ROTC is said to have begun in the Philippines in 1912. The

Philippine Army supervised these programs in national universities in order to

develop the youth to be disciplined and patriotic.

According to previous studies and publications, ROTC is vital in

developing the morale of young individuals. There have been positive outcomes

from this military duty; however, there have been a few instances of corruption
and physical and mental abuse in the past in connection to the ROTC program,

which is why it was removed from the curriculum from 2001 to the present.

Based on the report of GMA News Online (2018), the Philippines is

considered making military service mandatory for all able-bodied citizens,

according to Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte's spokesperson. This would

require all men and women aged 18 to 21 to serve in the country's armed forces

for at least 12 months. The Philippines has been struggling to boost its military

manpower amid ongoing territorial disputes with China.

One potential benefit of mandatory military service is that it could help to

improve the Philippines' defense capabilities (Duterte, 2018). Given that all able-

bodied citizens would be required to serve, this would likely lead to a larger and

more well-trained military force. This could in turn help the country to better

defend its territorial integrity, especially in light of ongoing disputes with China.

The Philippine government is considering making military service

mandatory for all able-bodied citizens. This would have a number of potential

benefits, including improved defense capabilities and patriotisms. However, there

are also some risks associated with the implementation of such a policy,

including increased human rights abuses and logistical difficulties.

With the implementation of the ROTC (Reserve Officers’ Training Corps)

program, students have been given the opportunity to have a more in-depth

knowledge of military training and operations. This program has been mandatory

in many universities and colleges in the United States, and it has been met with

mixed reactions from students. Some students view this program as an

opportunity to gain valuable skills and experience, while others feel that it is an

unnecessary burden.

The Philippine government is considering making military service

mandatory for all able-bodied citizens. This would have a number of potential

benefits, including improved defense capabilities and patriotism. However, there

are also some risks associated with the implementation of such a policy, such as

the risk of the ROTC program could be used to indoctrinate citizens with political

ideology and loyalty to the government, rather than genuine patriotism.

Additionally, the program has been prone to human rights abuses in the past,

such as hazing and sexual assault. Therefore, making ROTC mandatory could

potentially lead to an increase in such abuse. Finally, implementing mandatory

ROTC could be costly and logistically challenging.

It is important to understand the student’s opinions on this program, as it

will help institutions make better and more informed decisions when

implementing the program in the future. It is also important to consider the

student’s view on the program, and if they are in favor of it, what are the benefits

they receive from it. Understanding the student’s opinions on this matter can also

help to inform other institutions that may be considering implementing the ROTC

program in their respective schools. Given that there are potential benefits and

risks associated with mandatory military service, it is important to gauge student

opinion on the matter. This study will provide valuable insights into whether
ROTC should be made mandatory in the Philippines or have a way how to

improve the program.

The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program is a leadership

training program that has been implemented in the Philippines on multiple

occasions. The first ROTC unit was established at the University of the

Philippines in 1922, and instruction began on July 3 of that year (Ramos, 2011).

The program was eventually removed but returned ten decades later as an

academic program.

This study will assess the level of students' understanding of the ROTC

program with their level of civic participation at Los Banos Senior High School.

Which involves on how the students participate within the community. Therefore,

the researchers would reveal whether students have a sufficient understanding of

the program's requirements, operations, and purpose. The outcome of the study

may not only benefit students in preparing for the ROTC program but also offer

institutions an overview of how well students comprehend the coursework.

Furthermore, this research would provide an opportunity to assess the efficacy of

current methods used to inform students about the ROTC program, allowing for

potential adjustments and improvements to be made where necessary. The data

collected in this study will be valuable to both students and institutions, as it may

lead to the readiness of the students in the ROTC program.

Background of the Study

 The NSTP Act of 2001, or RA 9163, requires all college students in the

Philippines to undergo training in either the Reserve Officers' Training Corps

(ROTC) program or any approved civic welfare training program. This law is

intended to promote patriotism and national consciousness among young

Filipinos by providing them with opportunities to receive leadership training.

Despite the stated goal of implementing ROTC students among the

students, critics said the bill would only instill violent and militaristic values in

young people.

At a press briefing on Thursday morning, Gabriela Rep. Arlene Brosas,

the House assistant minority leader, said: "The youth do not need mandatory

ROTC. What they need is access to quality education that will enable them to

attain skills that they can use to serve marginalized sectors." Providing better

educational opportunities, it will give them the skills they need to serve in

marginalized sectors. "We should encourage our students to take the path of

public service and not the path of propagating violence under ROTC," she added.

It is due to the fact that ROTC is sometimes associated with violence, and some

people may encourage students to pursue public service instead.

According to a survey conducted by Pulse Asia from June 24–27, 1200

respondents were asked if they supported the proposed ROTC program for

students in grades 11 and 12. Sixty-nine percent (69%) indicated they agreed,

sixteen percent (16%) disapproved, and fifteen percent (15%) were unclear

about their viewpoint. The majority of respondents support the planned ROTC

program, while a smaller percentage are against it or are unsure of their position.
There may be a variety of grounds for disagreement or ambiguity, including fears

about militarization or potential abuse. In spite of the overwhelming support for

the ROTC program, it is important to take into account the minority opinion and

understand their reasons for disapproval, as they could provide valuable insight

into potential problems and solutions for a successful implementation. To ensure

the ROTC program is a success, it is essential to consider the views of those

who are against or uncertain about its implementation.

Uncertain participants are people who lack sufficient knowledge of the

ROTC program, as it has only recently been made public. Students are not

provided with an official discussion of the program by the government. If a

program that children are not familiar with is implemented, this may have an

impact on their lives. If the program change is severe and the student is

unprepared for it, the student may suffer academically. This could result in worse

grades and threaten their ability to graduate on time. Examples of academic

program changes that could have an academic impact on students include a

change in graduation requirements or the courses provided by the program. If a

student is not prepared for these changes, they may struggle in their classes and

ultimately receive poorer scores related to their inability to manage their time

effectively. This could have a long-term impact on the student’s educational and

career goals, as well as their overall confidence in their own academic abilities.

Therefore, it is essential that students are aware of any potential changes to their

academic programs and are provided with the necessary resources to adjust

their coursework accordingly.

Statement of the Problem

This study will explore the student’s level of readiness for the ROTC
curriculum in the upcoming college based on the student’s civic participation and
understanding on the program.

Specifically, this research seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents

1.1 Gender
1.2 Grade Level
1.3 Academic Strand?

2. Is there a significant difference in the level of readiness of the students in

terms of:
2.1 Level of Understanding
2.2 Level of Civic Participation
2.3 Grades on Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship and
Philippine Politics and Governance?

3. Is there as significant relationship between the level of readiness and level

of civic participation of the students on the ROTC program?

4. Is there as significant relationship between the level of readiness and level

of understanding of the students on the ROTC program?

5. Is there a significant difference between the levels of understanding,

readiness, and civic participation on the mandatory ROTC program of those
students with prior exposure to civic lessons and those who don't?
Hypotheses

● There is no significant difference in the level of readiness of the students

in terms of their level of understanding and civic participation.

● There is no significant relationship between the level of readiness and the

level of civic participation of the students.

● There is no significant relationship between the level of readiness and the

level of understanding of the students.

● There is no significant difference between the levels of understanding,

readiness, and civic participation on the mandatory ROTC program of

those students with prior exposure to civic lessons and those who don't.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the connectionism theory of the American

Psychologist Edward Thorndike’s work led to the development of the connection

hypothesis, which is Founded on the idea of active learning- Thorndike’s law is

the result of this work. these rules state that learning occurs when a person is

able to create links between a specific stimulus and a given reaction, one of the

three laws under this theory is the law of readiness. A learner can only be taught

if they are eager to learn. When a pupil doesn’t exhibit any readiness indicates a

teacher should give directions that will promote development.

 For instance, another term of readiness can be the ability of students to take

new information and process it in a way that changes behavior or leads to

desired academic outcomes. Before the learner even starts the course, grabbing

their attention accesses the content motivated them by generating anticipation

and them. It already encourages the students to complete the requirements by

outlining what they will learn to them.

The study’s theoretical framework, from the law of readiness of Thorndike’s

theory, denotes the level of understanding with their civic participation about the

reserve officer training corps which leads to how the students prepare for this

curriculum. For this type of learning is important for students to point out that one

learns only when he or she is physically and mentally ready for it. Furthermore,

the preparatory set on the part of the organization is an important condition for

learning and prepares the students to do some work, the act of doing is

satisfying. Additionally, during this stage, students may begin to understand

concepts such as laws and ranks within the military structure which can help

them in their roles in the program.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Level of Understanding
Level of Civic Participation Level of Readiness
Academic Strand

Moderating Variable
Gender
Grade Level

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Figure 1 shows the significant relationship between the level of civic

participation and understanding of Los Banos Senior High School students and

their level of readiness for the ROTC program. Factors such as the students

grade level, gender, and strand may also affect the readiness level of the

students.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine how knowledgeable Los Banos Senior High

School students are about the ROTC program. The use if the study will be useful

to students, parents, educators, and future researchers.

 Students. The study will help young students learn more about the ROTC

program, which is being implemented as a required academic program for

college students. Students, especially Senior High School students, will be more

prepared for their college lives without being surprised by the new program being

implemented.

Parents. Parents may pay greater attention to their children’s needs to

completely assist them in their academics, as the study’s findings will explain

various elements determining how well a student knows the ROTC program. It

would help the parents as they would be aware of what ROTC is.

Educators. Knowing educator’s perspectives on their field and how to

instill new knowledge, behaviors, and abilities in students, they will undeniably

desire the best of them. The study’s findings will discuss how well a student

understands the ROTC program and if they are ready enough for the mandatory

ROTC after knowing its functions and requirements. This study will assist them to

comprehend the perception of their students about the returned mandatory

ROTC in Senior High School students. This will also allow institutions to make

potential adjustments and improvements where necessary, especially in

informing the students about program.

Future Researchers. It is possible for other researchers to make use of

the study as a related study that can provide them with a source of knowledge on

the subject matter as well as support for their own studies.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study will focus on the level of readiness and understanding of the

Returned Mandatory Reserved Officers Training Corps program and the civic

participation of students in Los Banos Senior High School. There will be 240

students from Grade 11 and 12 both Humanities and Social Sciences and

Science Technology and Mathematics. The purpose of conducting the face-to-

face survey is to determine the accuracy of students’ responses. The main

instrument to be used to collect data in the study is the Likert scale with 22 items

survey questionnaire. This type of questionnaire helps us to know the frequency

of the questionnaire to be answered by the respondents.

This study will be conducted on Los Banos Senior High School students

preparing for the ROTC program, to find how the ROTC that is in the college

curriculum is understood and how the students participate in a community to

know how ready they are for its incoming.

The researcher limit its study to 240 students; 120 students per grade level

in both Humanities and Social Sciences and Science Technology and

Mathematics strands. To arrive at the interpretation of the data gathered from the

participants of the study, both descriptive and inferential statistics are utilized.
Definition of Terms

Civic. The term refers to the actions of the citizen or community affairs. The

term is defined as the related duties or activities of people and their communities.

Civic Participation. It refers to the involvement of individuals in the affairs of

their community, country, or society, often through various forms of engagement

and action. In this study, it refers to student involvement and participation and

their community.

Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship (CESC). It is

defined as a subject with the goal of integrating meaningful community service

with instruction and reflection that can enrich the learning experience, teach civic

responsibility, and strengthen communities. In the study, the term is used subject

grade that will determine that students readiness for ROTC program.

Level. The term refers to no part being higher than another. It is defined in

the study as the measurement of the student’s readiness for and knowledge of

the Reserve Officer Training Corps program.

Mandatory. The term refers to something that is required or must be done,

often because of law, policy, or regulation. It is defined as a requirement for all

college students to take up the program.

Philippines Politics and Governance (PPG). The term refers to a subject

that introduces the students to the basic concepts and vital elements of politics

and governance from a historical-institutional perspective. The term is used in the

study as a subject grade that will determine that students readiness for ROTC

program.
 Program. In general, a program is defined as a series of planned actions or

activities that are designed to achieve a specific goal or objective.

Readiness. The term refers to the state of being fully prepared for

something. In this study, it is defined as the preparedness level of the students in

the ROTC program.

Reserved Officer's Training Corps (ROTC). The term is defined as the

program that is designed to provide military training to citizen soldiers to motivate

and mobilize them for national defense preparedness. It refers to the program for

college students who are tasked with developing as better citizens with morals,

discipline, patriotism, and beliefs.

Return. The term is defined as the act of coming to or going back to a

place. In this study, it refers to the ROTC program being re-implemented for

college students after being removed several years ago.

Senior High School Students. The term refers to the students who are at

level 11 and 12 of a secondary school. In the study, the term is used as the

target respondents in conducting the research.

Understanding. It refers to the comprehension or grasp of a concept, idea,

or situation. In the study, it is defined as how well-informed the students are
about the ROTC program.
 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

Related Literature
Foreign
According to Hammer 2022, civic programs educate young people about

their values and rights within the social structure in which they live; if these

values and rights aren't present, the government needs to change. Students are

taught respect, kindness, and patriotism through civic education in order to feel

empowered. However, youth currently lack these characteristics, and if this trend

continues, the cycle of disempowerment can continue all through life. The same

holds true for the government: if youth are not treated with respect, they will

continue to lack civic engagement as adults. The primary purpose of schools and

universities is education. If students do not feel empowered in the classroom

while learning civics, they may not feel empowered in their larger society and

government.

In regards to Montesi (2018), The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)

program has been on college campuses for over a century and is currently

available at over 1,700 colleges and universities. Even though some programs

are bigger or more well-known than others, each institution offers its own

opportunities on top of the benefits that all programs offer.

The benefits of ROTC: Here is what a student can expect from the

program and how it can prepare them for their future and professional lives.

ROTC prepares students to become officers in the military, such as in the United

States Army or Air Force. They can enter the reserves or active duty forces with
an advanced ranking if they participate in ROTC with their college education.

Additionally, ROTC pays for some college tuition. As a result, many students

choose ROTC to combine their sense of purpose and duty with a means of

paying for their college education. Students in the Air Force ROTC program enter

college with a sense of purpose and quickly discover that they are part of a close

community of students who have fun, help each other with schoolwork, and form

life-long friendships.

Wilson (2022) mentioned that the ROTC is a broad program that refers to

a collaboration between various military branches and civilian colleges, focused

on providing assistance to teach the students as well as a variety of appealing

scholarship opportunities for students. ROTC combines military training and

coursework with traditional undergraduate degree programs. Both military and

civilian instructors will be teaching the students, and they will learn fundamental

leadership and tactical skills in addition to their chosen major. And after

graduation, the students are commissioned as officers and must serve for eight

years, but it is not compulsory. Despite the word "reserve" in the title, most

ROTC graduates fulfill about half of their obligation through active duty service

and the rest through reserve status. ROTC scholarships are one of the best ways

for some students to help pay for their college tuition fees. While your service

obligations are nearly identical to those of any other enlisted service member,

you begin with the advantage of a college degree.

Swanson (2019) says that more than 20,000 college students in the U.S.

are enrolled in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and are learning to be
officers in the U.S. Military. The military protects and defends the country, but

combat can be tiring and has a big effect on the mental health of our soldiers.

According to the news article, the mental health of military personnel has gotten

worse over the last ten years, which has led to more cases of post-traumatic

stress disorder, or PTSD.

The New York State Education Department (2022) regards the New York

State Board of Regents as committed to civic education that prepares all

students to make informed decisions for the public good as members of a

culturally diverse, democratic society in a globalized world. Civic education helps

people learn how to be good citizens, which is important for a democracy to work

well. Students learn how to identify and address problems in their community or

school community through civic education. Students also learn how to respect

the rights of others, disagree respectfully with opposing viewpoints, and provide

evidence for a counterargument. Civic education can help schools and students

build stronger relationships with parents, families, civic leaders, organizations,

and community partners. As members of a culturally diverse, democratic society,

Civic Ready students use civic knowledge, skills, and mindsets to make

decisions and take actions for themselves, their communities, and the public

good. Schools must therefore provide students with meaningful opportunities to

develop specific civic knowledge, skills, and mindsets—as well as authentic

actions and experiences—that are required for them to provide the people who

complete the program with fundamental abilities that will be helpful during

typhoons, earthquakes, or even fires.

Local

Cueto (2022) discussed The National Service Training Program (NSTP)

for senior high school students should be reinstated, according to the three

government agencies tasked with ensuring the country’s security. This will

benefit the youth by preparing them for any disaster and instilling in them a sense

of discipline and patriotism.

Manila Bulletin (2023) stated that it is widely debated whether or not

Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) should be made mandatory. Both

outspoken advocates and fierce opponents exist. Both sides have convincing

justifications and supporting evidence for why it is useful or useless for our

country. The general agreement is that an ROTC curriculum should be designed

with disaster preparedness in mind.

As noted by Alvarez (2022), PBBM urged congress to establish a bill that

would reinstate ROTC as a required component of senior high school programs

—Grade 11 and 12—in all public and tertiary level education institutions during

his first State of the Nation Address (SONA), delivered on July 25. The civic

education and defense readiness program for Filipino college students is one of

the three elements of the National Service Training Program in the Philippines. In

order to educate students for national defense readiness, ROTC's aspirational

goals include preparing college students to serve in the AFP in case of an

emergency and preparing them to join the reserve forces and maybe become

commissioned officers in the AFP.

 The request is in line with what Vice President Sara Duterte said in

January, when she said that she hoped PBBM would put bringing back

mandatory ROTC on his legislative agenda. Under the PPBM administration,

Duterte is the secretary of education. Recall that in 2018, the previous president,

Rodrigo Duterte, also pressured Congress to receive the ROTC, despite

opposition from some groups. It is thought and accepted that ROTC fosters a

culture of duty and discipline, offers the chance to instill the principles of

patriotism,nationalism,and character-building, and offers training that will help

students improve their leadership abilities.

According to Orellana (2019), Nograles stated that Puwersa ng Bayaning

Atleta Party-List Rep making the ROTC mandatory for 4 million junior and senior

high school students has prompted concerns about the military's ability to

accommodate such a large number, aside from equipping and training them. As

per the Department of Education, there are around 4 million high school students

enrolled in at least 60,000 public and private schools across the country, and

deploying military trainers to these schools for the ROTC would divert half of the

120,000 soldiers from military service.

Related Study

Foreign

Studies have shown that leadership training programs like the ROTC can

be beneficial for participants. For example, one study from Martinez et al. (2020)
found that students who underwent ROTC training had higher levels of self-

esteem and self-efficacy than those who did not participate in the program at all.

Another study found that ROTC participants were more likely to report

positive attitudes toward the military and civic engagement than non-participants

(Cardines et al., 2019). These results show that the ROTC program works to

make young Filipinos more patriotic and aware of their country.

As mentioned by Eva et al. (2021) there are numerous programs and

opportunities in secondary education to help high school students develop

leadership skills. Students are given numerous opportunities to serve as leaders

to their peers, ranging from athletics to clubs to student government. However,

very few high school students receive any type of formal leadership training as

part of their educational experience. Leadership education must be separated

from the expectation of pragmatic application, even if it will be applied in the end.

Education must regard rational methods and cause-and-effect relationships as

partial truths from which to progress to a broader understanding and integration.

The goal of education is to bring basic assumptions, ingrained values, and

dominant behaviors into conscious awareness, as well as to comprehend their

influences on decision making and human behavior. Education must be viewed

as broader and less goal-oriented than training or development. (as cited by

Funk 2016)

Local

According to Rey (2018) the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) is a

citizen army concept created during the Commonwealth and Marcos era. This
was, however, rescinded during Pres. Arroyo’s era. As of today, the majority of

the youth are not aware or sensitive enough to become a responsible citizen who

possesses traits/qualities of a morally upright person. That is why there should

be intervention during their youth to train and educate them through education.

The study shows that it is possible to create programs and hands-on training like

the ROTC program in preparation to becoming a military reservist. This study

involved 550 students and 26 faculty members out of 1,145 students and 55

faculty members, respectively, at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines,

Sto. Tomas, Batangas.

According to Tulao (2019), The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)

is one of the components of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) that

all freshmen students should finish in order to complete their degree

requirements. The ROTC, which is an NSTP military science component, is an

educational program that combines practical and exceptional leadership training.

ROTC is a significant practical experience to consider when developing skills for

future employment as well as in life.

The ROTC program encourages students to develop interests in their

chosen zone of study at higher and wilts aspiring police officers of the Philippine

National Police and Armed Forces of the Philippines. Tullao (2019) also stated

that these military science courses in secondary and tertiary education could be

an unconfined thing as they can aid students in developing leadership, discipline,

and polity awareness. This program attempts to develop high-quality vicarious

officers for the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

 Nava et al. (2021) mentioned that civic engagement is recognized as one

of the duties of citizens in a democratic state, yet it is a term that has been

defined in many ways. It has been demonstrated that there is a connection

between the kinds of activities that pupils engage in and how well prepared they

are to participate in the said activities.

Synthesis

The purpose for the Reserve Officers Training Corps program is to teach

students with the proper training in order for them to become leaders and citizens

with discipline that can be added to the militia for the protection of the country.

The history of the Reserve Officer Training Corps in the Philippines showed how

the program was created with goals that serve the betterment of the students as

citizens and the heightened quality protection that they can provide, and it

prepare them for success in their personal professional life. Even though

problems arose throughout the returned mandatory before and in the present, the

fact remains that the goals of ROTC are purely nationalistic in nature. It stated

that it is widely debated whether or not Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)

should be made mandatory. Cueto (2022) talked about how the National Service

Training Program (NSTP) for senior high school students should be implemented

once again as it will benefit the youth by preparing them in any situation and

instilling them in a sense of discipline and patriotism. However, the goals of other

countries with ROTC programs are to teach the students military skills and

theory, as well as raise awareness about defense and national security. In

comparison, they are more militaristic in nature and focus less on the benefits

that ROTC can bring to the growth of a student's sense of self and leadership.

Although ways on how to increase the number of students who will take up the

ROTC program and suggest changes to the way the program works in order for

more students to become participants and increase their leadership skills were

discussed, the literature and studies presented says that civic ready students use
civic knowledge, skills, and mindsets to make decisions and take actions for

themselves, their communities and the public good. Also, the literature gathered

can be used as guidance on how to improve ROTC in the Philippines for a better

and more comprehensive application that can lessen the abuse that sprouts from

improperly returned mandatory participation in the program. ROTC prepares

students to become officers in the military and pays for college tuition, but it also

offers world-class leadership development, team building, networking, and

specialized training. To clarify the benefits of ROTC participation, here is what

you can expect from the program and how it can prepare you for success in your

personal and professional life. You will be taught by both military and civilian

instructors and will receive an education in both your major of choice as well as

fundamental leadership and tactical skills. These programs teach soft skills such

as leadership, teamwork, and dedication in addition to leading to officer positions

in the military. Civic education can help schools and students build stronger

relationships with parents, families, civic leaders, organizations, and community

partners.
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Cardines, J. B. et al. (2019). The task of the ROTC cadet officers in the army

reserved command (ARESCOM) at Bestlink College of the Philippines.

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Cueto, F. E. (2022). Mandatory ROTC good for the youth. The Manila Times.

Retrieved

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Eva, N. et al. (2021). Leader development for adolescent girls: State of the field

and a framework for moving forward. Retrieved

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