Kinetic Molecular Theory

Name Period

Unit 8 – Worksheet 1 (Goals 1 & 2)

1. Describe how gases, liquids, and solids compare using the following table.

Solids Liquids Gases

Volume
Definite Definite Indefinite
(definite or indefinite)
Molecular Motion
Low Med High
(high, med, low)
Distance Between
Small Small Great
Molecules

2. Read page 420: What is kinetic energy? Describe kinetic molecular theory.

Kinetic energy is energy due to an object’s motion. Kinetic molecular theory states
particles in all forms of matter are in motion.
3. Identify each statement as True or False.

According to the basic assumption of kinetic molecular theory gas particles:

a. are far apart True

b. have a significant volume with respect to the volume of the container they occupy False

c. move rapidly in a constant random motion True

d. lose kinetic energy when colliding False

4. Give one reason why industrial companies prefer to store a condensed fuel as a liquid rather than a gas.

Gases are compressible. It seems logical to squeeze as much condensed fuel in a

container as possible.
5. Using the kinetic molecular theory, explain why a gas can be easily compressed, while a liquid and a solid
cannot?

Gas molecules are spread far apart. Molecules in solids and liquids are not.
 6. Read pages 421 & 422: Describe the cause of pressure inside of any container filled with a gas. List three
common units of pressure and their value at atmospheric pressure.

Pressure in a container is caused by gas particle collisions (P = F/A). Three common

unit of pressure at atmospheric pressure are 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 101,300 Pa (760 mm
Hg is another)
7. Read pages 423 – 424: How does temperature relate to kinetic energy?

Kinetic energy is directly related to temperature in Kelvin. Zero Kelvin is associated

with zero kinetic energy. Kinetic energy measures average particle motion and particle
motion is at a minimum at zero Kelvin.
8. How are Kelvin (K) and celcius (oC) related?

K = oC + 273.15
9. Why must absolute temperature be used when working with gas data?

Kelvin temperature must be used because it can’t have negative values. Kelvin also
represents the true “Absolute” nature of temperature because 0 Kelvin represents
“NO” temperature or 0 Kinetic Energy
(10-12) Using the terms particles, collisions, pressure, volume, and temperature answer the following questions.

10. Describe the effect of adding a gas to a container that cannot expand.

Adding a gas to a closed container with a constant volume would cause more
collisions resulting in a higher pressure and most likely a higher temperature.
11. Describe the effect of making the container size smaller.

Decreasing the volume of the container would lead to less space for particles to move
around in. Thus, more collisions would occur resulting in a higher pressure.
12. Describe the effect of cooling a gas in a container.

Cooling a gas would lower the temperature, causing the particles to move slower on
average. Fewer collisions would occur resulting in a lower pressure (possibly a drop in
volume depending on whether or not the container is rigid).
 Relationship Between Gases and Liquids

Name Period

Unit 8 – Worksheet 2 (Goals 2 – 4)

1. What determines the strength of attractive forces in a substance?

The molecular structure of substance determines the type and strength of attractive
forces in a substance.
Read pages 427 – 430: Define the following terms:

Vapor Pressure - pressure produced when vapor particles at the surface of a liquid in a
sealed container collide

Boiling Point - temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external
pressure exerted upon the liquid
2. Why does increasing the temperature increase the vapor pressure of a liquid?

Pressure is directly proportional to temperature. More energy allows more particles

to have enough energy to overcome intermolecular attractive forces and leave the
liquid phase.
3. For each of the following situations predict whether the attractive forces between particles are weak or strong.

a. low boiling point – weak attractive forces

b. high vapor pressure – weak attractive forces

4. Look up the boiling points of the compounds on page 430, Table 13.2, in your textbook.

COMPOUND BOILING POINT

1. CS2 46.0
2. CHCl3 61.7
3. C2H6O 78.5
4. H2O 100.0
Explain the differences in the boiling points in terms of attractive forces.

Highest b.p. – strongest intermolecular attraction

Lowest b.p – weakest intermolecular attraction

The more energy it takes to break intermolecular attractive forces (causing

particles to leave the liquid phase), the higher the boiling point.
5. Read pages 436 – 437: When heated at standard pressure, I2 sublimes. What does this mean?

Sublimation occurs when a solid undergoes a phase change and turns into a gas.
6. Discuss the following using your knowledge of attractive forces:

a. Acetone has a greater vapor pressure than ethyl alcohol at 25°C. Predict which substance has stronger
attractive forces. Why?

Ethyl alcohol, higher vapor pressure means molecules are weakly attracted and
can more easily leave the liquid phase.
b. The boiling point of ethyl alcohol is 78.5°C. Will the boiling point of acetone be lower or higher? Why?

Lower, acetone has a higher vapor pressure and it will take less energy to raise
its pressure to the external pressure needed to boil.
7. Using Figure 13.18 on page 438, estimate the physical state of water under the following conditions:

a. 75 kPa and 50°C – liquid

b. 125 kPa and -50°C – solid

c. 100 kPa and 125°C – vapor

d. 15 kPa and 10°C – close to liquid or vapor

e. 150 kPa and 25°C – liquid

f. 25 kPa and 75°C – liquid

g. At what point does water boil at standard atmospheric pressure? 100oC

h. At what point does water melt at standard atmospheric pressure? 0oC

i. At what pressure and temperature is the triple point of water? 0.016oC and 0.61 kPa

j. At which point(s) is liquid water in equilibrium with water vapor?

Anywhere on the liquid/vapor line

8. What phases are present at a triple point of a substance? Solid, Liquid, Gas
 Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law

Name Period

Unit 8 – Worksheet 3 (Goal 7)

1. A child brings an inflatable ball on a small plane. Before take-off, the 2.00 L ball has a pressure of
101.3 kPa. The pilot flies the plane at an altitude where the air pressure is 75.0 kPa. What is the volume
of the ball at this altitude if the temperature in the plane remains constant?

. .
= = .
= .

2. At a depth of 30 meters, the combined pressure of air and water on a diver is about four times the normal
atmospheric pressure (400. kPa rather than 100. kPa). Suppose a diver exhales into the water, and one
of the air bubbles has a volume of 10.0 mL. What will be the volume of this bubble when it reaches the
surface of the water, assuming that it does not break apart and that its temperature does not change?

. .
= = = .
.

3. A 2.0 L helium balloon at a pressure of 1.00 atm on the Earth's surface ascends 10 km into the
atmosphere, where the pressure is 0.27 atm. What is the volume of the balloon at that altitude (assuming
the temperature stays the same)?

. .
= = = .
.

4. A child receives a balloon filled with 2.30 L of helium from a vendor at an amusement park. The
temperature outside is 31°C. What will be the volume of the balloon when the child brings it home to an
air-conditioned house at 22°C?

.
= = = .

5. A 1.5 L pocket of air with a temperature of 295 K rises in the air. If pressure is not changed, what will
be the temperature of the air pocket when the volume decreases to 0.90 L?

.
= = =
.
6. A helium balloon at room temperature (25°C) occupies a volume of 2.0 L. When the balloon is
expanded to 5.0 L, the balloon will finally pop. If the pressure is not changed, at what temperature will
this occur?

.
= = .
=

7. An anesthesiologist is about to administer gas to a patient. The gas has a temperature of 22.4°C and a
volume of 0.850 L. When the gas enters the patient's body, it is warmed to a temperature of 37.2°C.
Assuming that the gas does not undergo a change in pressure, what will be the new volume?

. .
= = = .
.

8. The gas in an aerosol can is at a pressure of 103 kPa at 25oC. If the can is thrown into a fire, what will
the pressure be when the temperature reaches 928oC?

= = =

9. The pressure in a car tire is 198 kPa at 27oC. After a long drive, the pressure is 225 kPa. What is the
temperature of the air in the tire?

.
= = =

10. The pressure in a sealed plastic container is 108 kPa at 48oC. What is the pressure when the temperature
drops to 22oC? Assume no change in volume.

= = = .
 Combined Gas Law and Ideal Gas Law

Name Period

Unit 8 – Worksheet 4 (Goal 7)

1. The air in a balloon has a volume of 3.00 L and exerts a pressure of 101.3 kPa at 27°C. What pressure
does the air in the balloon exert if the temperature is increased to 400.0 K and the air is allowed to
expand to 15.0 L?

. . .
= = . .
= .

2. A sample of carbon dioxide occupies 4.50 L at 750 K and 500.0 kPa. What is the volume of this gas at
STP?

. .
= = .
=8.1 L

3. A sample of methane that initially occupies 850.0 mL at 500.0 kPa and 227.0°C is compressed to a
volume of 700.0 mL. To what temperature will the gas need to be cooled to lower the pressure of the gas
to 200.0 kPa?

. . .
= = . .
= .

4. A helium balloon has a volume of 500.0 mL at STP. What will be its new volume if the temperature is
increased to 152°C and its pressure is increased to 125 kPa?

. .
= = =

5. An 8.00 L sample of neon gas at 25°C exerts a pressure of 900. kPa. If the gas is compressed to 2.00 L
and the temperature is raised to 225°C, what will the new pressure be?

. .
= = = ,
.
6. How many moles of sulfur dioxide are contained in a 4.0 L container at 450 K and 5.0 kPa?
. .
= = = .
.

7. At what temperature will 7.0 mol of helium gas exert a pressure of 1.2 atm in a 2.50 L tank?
. .
= = = .
. .

8. What volume is occupied by 0.020 mol of nitrogen gas measured at 1.00 atm and 300.0 K?

. . .
= = = .
.

9. Suppose you have a 500.0 mL container that contains 0.0500 mol of oxygen gas at 25°C. What is the
pressure inside the container?

. .
= = =
.

10. How many grams of nitrogen, N2, in a 10.0 L container exert a pressure of 97.0 kPa at a temperature of
31°C?
. . .
= = = . = .
.

11. A 500 g block of dry ice (solid CO2) vaporizes to a gas at room temperature. Calculate the volume of
gas produced at 25°C and 1.00 atm.

.
.
= = =
.
 Dalton’s Law and Graham’s Law

Name Period

Unit 8 – Worksheet 5 (Goal 7)

1. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

At constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to
the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.

2. Hydrogen gas is collected by water displacement at a total pressure of 111.0 kPa. The temperature is
50.0°C, and therefore the partial pressure of water vapor is 12.34 kPa. What is the pressure exerted by
the 'dry' gas?

= = . . = .

3. A mixture of gases of 3 moles of oxygen, 1 moles of carbon dioxide, and 8 moles of nitrogen. Calculate
the mole fraction and partial pressure of each gas in the mixture if the total pressure on the system is
0.65 atm.

= , = = . , = = . , = = .
= , = . . = .
= . . = . , = . = .

4. A mixture of 28.0 g of ammonia and 16.0 g of hydrogen has a total pressure of 1.3 atm. What is the
partial pressure of each gas?

. = . , . = . ,
. .
= . + . = .
. .
= , = = . , = = .
. .
= , = . . = . , = . . = .

5. A container contains 20.0 g of oxygen and 80.0 grams of nitrogen gas.

a. Calculate the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture.

1 1
20.0 = 0.625 , 80.0 = 2.86 ,
32.0 28.0
= 3.49
0.625 2.86
= , = = 0.179, = = 0.819
3.49 3.49

b. Determine the partial pressure of each gas if the mixture of gases has a total pressure of 99.3 kPa.

= , = 0.179 99.3 = 17.8 ,

= 0.819 99.3 = 81.3
6. Two gases, HCl and NH3, are put into opposite ends of a tube simultaneously. Will the gases meet at point A, B,
or C? Explain your answer.

HCl A B C NH3

The gases would meet at point A. HCl moves more slowly than NH3 at the same temperature
because it is more massive.

7. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, has a very strong rotten egg odor. H2S particles travel about 450 m/s. Methyl
salicylate C8H8O3, has a wintergreen odor. Benzaldehyde, C7H6O, has an almond odor. If vapors for
these three substances were released at the same time from across the room, which would you smell
first? Explain your answer.

You would smell H2S first because it has the lowest molar mass. Since effusion rate is inversely
proportional to the square root of the molar mass of a gas H2S would travel the fastest at a given
temperature.

8. A nitrogen molecule travels at 500.0 m/s at room temperature. What is the velocity of a helium
molecule at the same temperature?

. .
= , = = /
√
.

9. Nitrogen gas effuses through an opening at a rate 2.39 times faster than an unknown gas. What is the
molecular mass of the unknown gas?

√
= , = . .

= .

10. Oxygen gas effuses through an opening at the 1.62 times faster than an unknown gas. What is the
molecular mass of the unknown gas?

√
= , = . . = .