CHAPTER-04

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND THEIR POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS

One Mark Questions and Answers
1) Name one of the important personalities who tried to remove caste based
discrimination. Basavanna, Kanakadasa, jyothibhapule etc., tries to remove caste
based discrimination.
2) Mention the three mantras of Dr.B.R. Ambedkar. Educate, Organize and Agitate,
are the three mantras of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
3) Who are dalits? Dalits are those who are economically, socially, educationally,
culturally exploited.
4) What is the other name for dalits? Adi Karnataka. Adi Dravida, Adi Andhra. Adi
Jambhava, Adi Mahar is the other names of for dalits.
5) Who are Panchamas? A group of people who are away from the society and
separated from the four Varna‟s are called Panchamas.
6) What is the criterion to identify one’s caste? The criterion to identify one‟s caste is
by birth.
7) Name one of great humans who laid the foundation for dalits emancipation.
Dr.B.R. Ambedkar laid the foundation for dalits emancipation.
8) Who was the victim for caste based discrimination? Dalits are the victim for caste
based discrimination.
9) Who lead the mass in the entry of Kalaram temple? (July 2018) Dr.B.R. Ambedkar
led the mass in the entry of Kalaram temple.
10) How many Varna’s prevailed in Vedic period? There was 4 Varna‟s prevailed in
Vedic period.
11) Who started the news paper “Mooka Naika”? (July 2015) Dr.B.R. Ambedkar started
the news paper “Mooka Naika‟.
12) Name one of the movements lead by Dr. [Link]. The movements lead by
Dr.B.R. Ambedkar was Bahishkrith Hitakarini Sabha.
13) Where did Dalit Andolan start? Dalit Andolan was started in Karnataka.
14) Which article of the constitution deals with ‘Equality before Law’? Article 14 of the
Constitution of India deals with „Equality before law‟.
15) When did the Prevention of Atrocities Act pass? The Prevention of Atrocities Act
was passed in 1989.
16) When was Manusmriti implemented? The Manusmriti was implemented in 185
B.C.

Page 1

.
 17) Who are called as backward classes? A group of people who are back warded
economically, socially and educationally, are called backward classes.
18) Name the concept emphasized by JyothibhaPhule. The concept emphasized by
Jyothibha Phule was „Akshara Kranthi‟.
19) Who started ‘Akshara Kranthi’? Jyothibha Phule started „Aakshara Kranthi‟.
20)What is social discrimination? (March 2018) Opportunities were denied on the basis
of caste and religion in the society is called social discrimination.
21) What is economic exploitation? (July 2016) Exploitation by the haves over haves not is
called economic exploitation.
22) Who was the first one to introduce reservation to Backward Classes? SayyajiRao
Gaikwad of Gwalior was the first one to introduce reservation to backward classes.
23) Which article of the constitution provides reservation in public employment for
Backward Classes? Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India provides reservation in
public employment for backward classes.
24) Who is authorized to appoint National Backward Classes Commission? The
President is authorized to appoint the National Backward Classes Commission.
25) Expand NHRC. National Human Rights Commission.
26) When was the Mandal Commission report come into effect? The Mandal
Commission Report was come into effect on 7th August 1990.
27) Name the persons who struggled to eradicate the Sati system. Sri Raja Ram Mohan
Roy struggled to eradicate the Sati system.
28) When was the Widow Remarriage Act implemented? The Widow Remarriage Act
was implemented in 1856.
29) When was NHRC established? (March 2018) The NHRC was established in 1994.
30)Mention one of the functions of NHRC. It conducts the enquiries whenever the
human rights are violated.
31)To which state Savitribai Phule belongs to. Savitribai Phule belongs to Maharashtra.
32)When was the Domestic Violence Act enforced? (July 2018) The Domestic Violence
Act was enforced in 2005.
33) What is State Human Rights Commission? An authority to enquire on the violation
of human rights within the jurisdiction of state is called State Human Rights
Commission.
34) When SHRC was set up in Karnataka? The State Human Rights Commission was
set up in 2005.
35) Who is authorized to look into the details of exploitation of children? The Deputy
Commissioner is authorised to look into the details of exploitation of children.

Page 2

.
 36) Name one of the matters that child helpline looks into. The Child Help Line
registers the complaints in matters relating to child labour, child abuse, encouraging
begging and others.
37) Who are called labourers? The workers who invest their physical labour either on
agriculture or industry are called labourers.
38) Expand AITUC. All India Trade Union Congress.
39)Expand INTUC. Indian National Trade Union Congress.
40) Which part of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy?
Part-IV of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy.
41) Expand HMS. Hind Mazdoor Sabha.
42)Expand BMS. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh.
st
43) Which day is celebrated as Labours Day? (March 2018) May 1 .
44) Which is the basic profession of Peasants? The basic profession of peasants is
agriculture.
45) Name one of the leaders who fought for the cause of Peasants in Karnataka. (March
2018) Prof. M.D. Nanjundaswamy fought for the cause of peasants in Karnataka.
46) Expand BKU. Bharatiya Kissan Union.
47) Expand NCIP. National Crop Insurance Programme.
48)Expand NAIS. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme.
49)Expand PLD. Primary Land Development Bank.
50)Expand NDC. National Development Council.
51)Expand KRRS. Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha.
52)Expand UDHR. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
53) Name the head that protects the Human Rights at the district level. Deputy
Commissioner protects the Human Rights at the district level.
54) What is deforestation? Human beings are exploiting the resources of nature and
misusing the forest for their selfish motives, it is called deforestation.
55) Who is the architect of CHIPKO movement? Chandi Prasad is the architect of
CHIPKO Movement.
56) Who is the architect of APPIKO movement? People of Malenadu area started the
APPIKO Movement.
57) Where was APPIKO movement started? APPIKO Movement was started in
Malenadu area of Karnataka.
58) Who is the main leader of Narmada Bachavo Andolan? Baba Ampte and Medha
Patkar are the leaders of Narmada Bachavo Andolan.

Page 3

.
 59) Who filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court for Ganga water cleaning? Sri M.C.
Mehta filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court for Ganga Water Cleaning.
60) When was the Bio-Diversity Act come into effect? The Bio-Diversity Act was come
into effect in 2002.
61) Which is the native district of Saalumarada Thimmakka? (March 2015) Ramanagara is
the native district of Saalumarada Thimmakka.
62) Who started the Western Ghat Movement? Environmentalists of Shivamogga
started Western Ghat Movement.
th
63) Which day is celebrated as the ‘World Environment Day? (July 2017) June 5 is
celebrated as the „World Environment Day.
Two marks questions and answers
1) Mention the cause for Dalit movement. (a) Social injustice (b) Economic inequality
2) Who started Dalit Sangarsha Samithi in Karnataka and when? Dalit Sangarsha
Samithi was started by [Link] in 1974.
3) What is the specialty of Dalit Act? The speciality of Dalit Act is to take necessary‟
action against the atrocities on dalits and impose penalty‟ under section 21 of the Act.
It also provides legal aid to the victims of atrocities.
4) Name the Varna’s that prevailed in the ancient period. (March 2015) (a) Brahmana
(b) Kshatriya (c) Vaishya (d) Shudra.
5) When was the Backward Class agitation started in Karnataka and where? The
backward class agitation was started in Karnataka in 1920 Mysore Province.
6) How dalits were exploited? Dalits are denied to use public well water, pond and
restricted to enter into the temples.
7) When did Hindu Widows Home established and where? (July 2015) The Hindu
Widows Home was established in 1899 in Poona.
8) Why dalits were kept away from political participation? To get lion share by the
upper class in the political field, the dalits have been kept away from political
participation.
9) By which name dalit andolan are called in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu? The
dalits are called Adi Andhra in Andhra Pradesh and Adi Dravida in Tamilnadu.
10) Mention any two Articles which eradicate the gender based inequality. Article 14
and 15 narrates the eradication of gender based inequality.
11) Name any two Acts which is related to Women Protection. (July 2016) (a) Domestic
Violence Act 2005. (b) Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.

Page 4

.
 12) When the Manusmriti was implemented and by whom? The Manusmriti was
implemented in 185 BC by Pushyamithra Shrunga.
13) Name any two backward communities. Kuruba and Madiwala are the two backward
communities.
14) What was the demand of Jyothibha Phule with regard to the students of Backward
Community? (a) Promoting literacy through Akshara Kranthi Scheme, (b)
Demanding school facilities and residential facilities to backward class students.
15) Name any two leaders who fought for the upliftment of Backward Classes in
Mysore region. Nalwadi Krishna raja Wodeyar and Kantharaje Urs are the two
leaders who fought for the upliftment of Backward Classes in Mysore region.
16) Name the jurisdiction of NHRC. It enquires the cases relating to the violation of
human rights in any part of the country with the help of judiciary.
17) Name any two important communist leaders of India? (A) S.V. Dhange. (B) C.P.
Dutt
are the two communist leaders of India.
18) Name any two Labour Acts. (a) Employees State Insurance Act of 1948. (b)
Employees Bonus Act of 1965 is the two Labour Acts.
19) Mention any two social security measures for labourers. (a) Providing job security.
(b) Providing Insurance facilities are the two social security measures for labourers.
20)Write two important reasons for Kheda Movement. (a) Bengal Government banned
Blue crop and acquired farmer‟s land. (b) They imposed heavy taxes and enhanced
the prices.
21) What is the meaning of Human Rights? The rights which are not separated from the
human beings are called human rights.
22) Write two causes for the Peasant Movement. (a) Negligence of farmer‟s problem. (b)
Unscientific land acquisition.
23) What is maryade hatye? (July 2018) Elders of family, to maintain family respect and
values go to the extent of killing their daughter if she heading towards inter caste and
inter religious marriage.
24) What is environment? (March 2016) A sum total of all biotic and a biotic (living and
non-living) factors and conditions that surround us is called environment.
25) Name any two Acts which relates to the protection of environment. (a) Water
(Prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974. (b) Environment Maintenance Act of
1986 is the two Acts which relates to the protection of environment.
26) Who started Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha and when? Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha in 1924.

Page 5

.
 Five marks questions and answers:
What are the causes for Dalit Movement? (05) (March 2016, 2019) Or
Explain the causes and political implications of Dalit movement. (10)
Dalits are those who are economically, socially, educationally and culturally exploited.
It includes untouchables or panchama‟s. They were subject to socio-economic,
political oppression and suppression.
Causes for Dalit Movement:
1) Social injustice
2) Economic inequality
3) Discrimination
4) Lack of awareness
5) Political backwardness
Explanation:
1) Social injustice: As per the law of nature, all men are born equally. But in
practice, equal treatment and equal opportunities were denied. Exploitation in
society was widespread.
2) Economic inequality: Dalits worked in the lands of upper caste class and were
responsible for the wealth of feudalist upper castes. In spite of it, they were
treated inhumanly and were not given proper share.
3) Discrimination: It was rampant in all walks of life. They were not allowed to
enter into the temples and not allowed to use the water from public ponds.
4) Lack of awareness: Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which lead to
lack of awareness. Hence atrocities mounted up. To create awareness dalit
movement started.
5) Political backwardness: Basically Dalits were away from political participation,
decision making process due to denial of opportunities. Social boycott,
exploitation, subordination were responsible to political backwardness. To come
out of these barriers, Dalits were forced to organise agitations and protests
which finally converted into movements.

.
Page 6
 Political implications of dalit movement.
As a result of Dalit movements, in post-independence period several measures were
taken to improve the position of dalits. Constitution of India provided many
provisions for the upliftment of dalits and brings them to the mainstream. Many
rights have incorporated to empower dalits.

1) Constitutional provisions
2) The protection of civil rights act 1955
3) SC’s and ST’s atrocities act of 1989
4) Machineries for the protection of Dalit Rights
Explanation:
1) Constitutional provisions:
 As per Article 14, there should be equality before law.
 As per Article 15(1) and (2) there should be no discrimination on the basis of
caste.
 As per Article 15(4) special provisions have been provided to the weaker
sections.
 As per Article 16 equal opportunities have been provided in public
employment and reservation in appointment and promotion.
 As per Article 17 untouchability has been prohibited.
 As per Article 38 the state shall strive to promote welfare of the people
minimize inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities
and opportunities.
 As per Article 39(a) the state shall direct its police towards securing right to
adequate means of livelihood.
 As per Article 46 there shall be no social injustice and exploitation on SC ST
community.
 As per Article 243D and 243T reservation has been provided for SC‟s and STs
in local body elections.
 As per Article 332 reservation has been provided for SCs and STs in Lok
Sabha and State Assembly elections.
2) The protection of civil rights act 1955: Previously it is called as „the
untouchability act‟ in 1976 it was amended as civil rights act. It declares denial
admission to any person to any public institutions on the grounds of traditional
caste system is an offence.
3) SC’s and ST’s atrocities act of 1989: The atrocities on dalits are liable to
penalties under section 21 of the act which reads as legal aid to the victims of

.
Page 7
 opportunities, economic and social rehabilitation of victims, appointing officers
to take action.
4) Machineries for the protection of Dalit Rights: The affected dalits can seek the
remedy from the Judiciary, NHRC and SHRC. Apart from these, the National
Commissions for SC and ST which have powers to safeguard the rights of dalits.

Write the causes for Backward Classes Movement. (March 2017) or

Explain the causes and political implications of backward class
movement.
Backward classes are those communities who are economically, socially, educationally
backward. For example, Kuruba, Bestha, Madiwala, Kumbara, Kammara, Tigala,
Ediga etc.,
The causes for Backward Classes Movement are:
1) Social discrimination
2) Economic exploitation
3) Educational backwardness
4) Denial of political representation
5) Unification
Explanation:
1. Social discrimination: These communities faced social discrimination like
superior and inferior throughout the years. They were not allowed to come to the
main stream.
2. Economic exploitation: Exploitation leads to economic inequality along the
Backward Classes. Many of these communities were „Below Poverty Line” and
were poverty stricken.
3. Educational backwardness: Upper castes monopolized the field of education and
denied access to these communities. The backward class communities were totally
neglected from these facilities.
4. Denial of political representation: A few communities dominated political field
and other backward classes were totally neglected and thus their representation
was not enough.
5. Unification: It is difficult to achieve anything without unity and integrity. Hence
Backward Classes who are more than 350 in number were unorganized and
scattered. To unite them and to fight for their cause, movements were started.

.
Page 8
 Political implications of Backward Classes. (March 2018)
Constitution of India provided many provisions for the upliftment of backward
classes and brings them to the mainstream. Many rights have incorporated to
empower backward classes.
1. Constitutional provisions
2. Other provisions
Explanation:
1. Constitutional provisions: Constitutional Provisions in favour of Backward
Classes are as follow:
 As per article 16(4) reservation has been provided for Backward Classes.
 According to Article 340 the President of India is authorized to appoint
National Backward Classes Commission.
 National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation is formed to
provide loan and financial assistance to the backward classes.
 All the States can form State Backward Classes Commissions and Development
Corporations for the welfare of the Backward Classes.
 The National Human Rights Commission receives complaints against the
violation of rights and discrimination against Backward Classes.
2. Other provisions: Other Provisions for Backward Classes in the Constitution:
 The Government of India appointed Backward Classes Commission headed by
Kaka Kalelkar in 1953.
 The Union Government appointed the commission headed by B.P. Mandal in
1979 to recommend the reservation for Backward Classes.
 On the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. 27% of reservation
facilities have been provided to Backward Classes in both Central and State
Governments.
 The maximum age limit has been enhanced for Backward Classes in Public
employment.

.
Page 9
 Write the causes of Feminist Movement. or Explain the causes and
political implications of Feminist movement? (March 2015, 2016, 2018) (July 2015)
Indian women played an eminent role in Indian society since times immemorial. Less
than 1% of women enjoy the facilities in the field of education, freedom, equality,
property right and social status. The remaining is deprived of the above facilities. Her
activities are restricted to home making and the allied work which is unproductive.
The causes for Feminist Movement are as follows,
1) Inequality
2) The evils of dowry
3) Denial of human rights
4) Social strata based on gender
5) Sexual abuse and molestation
6) Domestic violence
Explanation:
1) Inequality: It is evident that Indian Society is male dominated and preference is
given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally, women
are deprived of education, employment, decision making and property rights.
2) The evils of dowry: The evils of dowry have drawn parents to become debtors, the
girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide. As a
result of this uneven ratio of men and w7omen in society this leads to rape and
other heinous crimes.
3) Denial of human rights: The atrocities on women have denied the human rights
and other rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and others.
4) Social strata based on gender: Men have not spared any of the fields including
cultural, social, religious, and political and exercise their monopoly and continue
their atrocities on women.
5) Sexual abuse and molestation: Irrespective of age, time and place, sexual
harassment and molestation is on in present context in all walks of life.
6) Domestic violence: Women are exploiting by‟ their husbands in the families for
various reasons continuously. They became the victims for all the reasons day by
day. Hence for the above all reasons women organize themselves and start
agitation.

.
Page 10
 The political implications of Feminist Movement. (March 2015) (March 2019)
Feminist movement tries to overcome women exploitation and atrocities. In this
behalf various measures have been taken for the empowerment of women as follows:
1) Constitutional opportunities
2) Legislative measures
3) Special privileges for women
4) Reservation in local bodies
5) National policy of the women empowerment
Explanation:
1) Constitutional opportunities: Article 14. 15. 15(3), 16, 34(A), 39(B) and 42 of the
Constitution of India provides for the removal of inequality and discrimination
based on gender.
2) Legislative measures: Some legislative measures have been taken to eradicate
gender based inequality. For example, Rape is a criminal offence under IPC
Section 376. Kidnapping and using women for illegal purpose is an offence under
TPC Section 363-373. Torture for dowry is prohibited under IPC Section 498-A.
Other legislative measures are, Family Court Act 1954. Special Marriage Act 1954.
Hindu Marriage Act 1955, The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961. Protections of
Women against Domestic Violence Act 2005 and Abolition of Child Marriage Act
2006 have been enforced to protect the interests of women.
3) Special privileges for women: National Women Commission was established in
1992 to recommend the government for the improvements of women.
4) Reservation in local bodies: Through 73ld and 74‟h Constitutional Amendment
Acts, 33% of seats are reserved for women in Local Body Elections.
5) National action plan for girl child: To provide safe, bright and strong future for
girls, this programme was implemented.
6) National policy of the women empowerment: Department of Women and Child
Welfare under the Secretariat of Human Resource Development framed a
National Policy for the empowerment of women.

.
Page 11
 What are the causes for Labour Movement? or Explain the causes and
political implications of Labour movement. (March 2015)
Labourers are those workers who invest their physical labour either on agriculture or
industry. Their livelihood depends on their wages. In most of the cases they are not
getting the minimum wages and they work mysterious conditions which many times
take their lives as toll. For want of congenial working conditions and adequate wages,
they unite together and go for agitation.
The causes for Labour Movement are as follows:
1) Interest of labourers
2) Negligence towards employees
3) To get facilities
4) Welfare programs
5) Plight of workers of unorganized sectors
Explanation:
1) Interest of labourers: Generally industrialists concentrate on their profit rather
than workers and their welfare. Labours are exploited by way of giving lesser wages,
not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of medical facilities,
dismissal from service, etc.
2) Negligence towards employees: The matters concerning to labourers were
decided unilaterally by the Apex Body of the company. Naturally the interests of
labourers were neglected.
3) To get facilities: As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain, they
need to have a leisure, proper facilities like potable water, cafeteria, toilet rooms,
rest rooms, creaches, medical requirements etc., for both men and women.
4) Welfare programs: The fate of the companies depends upon the welfare and well-
being of the workers. They need some benefits like bonus, allowances, loans,
insurance, free quarters, transport and education facilities, pension, family
pension, etc.
5) Plight of workers of unorganized sectors: Anganawadi workers, agricultural
labourers, workers on daily wages are exploited to the core as they are still fighting
for their rights. The above all reasons leads to the Labour Movements.

.
Page 12
 Political implications of Labour movement. (July 2018)
To meet the demands of labourers and to provide benefits, the government has taken
certain constitutional measures. They are:
1) Part IV of the Indian Constitution which deals with the Directive Principles of
State Policy directs State Governments to adopt socialist measures like equal pay
for equal work for both men and women, to provide leave facilities for pregnant
women for both prenatal and postnatal care. The concurrent list empowers the
governments to legislate on the workers welfare.
2) The Government of India enforced certain laws for the improvement of labourers.
The Labour Laws of 1970 have fixed the wages of workers appointed on contract
basis. Workmen Compensation Act of 1923. Salary Payment Act of 1936, Weekly
Holidays Act of 1942. Minimum Wages Act of 1948. Employees State Insurance
Act of 1948. Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952. Bonus Act of 1965 are the
other law7s implemented for the benefit of labourers.

What are the causes for Peasant Movement? or Explain the cause
and political implications of Peasant Movement. (July 2018)
India is a country of villages; the farmers are the back bone of the nation. The former
of India is depending upon monsoon for agriculture. They find it difficult to meet
the demands of both family and profession. In addition to it, interest, unscientific
land acquisition, improper price for their produce, inadequate supply of electricity,
feudal attitude of land lords and the exploitation like bonded labour have led to
protests and agitations.
The causes for Peasant Movement,
1) Feeling of deprivation
2) Negligence of farmer’s problem
3) Unbearable debts
4) Natural calamity
5) Unscientific land acquisition
6) Support price
Explanation:
1) Feeling of deprivation: Peasants are deprived of the facilities when compared to
organized sectors like industry. They face problems like shortage of quality seeds,
fertilizers and pesticides, lack of adequate price and support price waiving of loans,
subsidies for agricultural implements, insurance for crops, etc. „

.
Page 13
 2) Negligence of farmer’s problem: The previous governments have neglected the
interests of farmers. In this behalf Bengal Government banned the Blue Crop and
acquired farmers‟ lands and also imposed heavy taxes.
3) Unbearable debts: Peasants raise loans from Banks and Financial Institutions but
they are not in a position to repay it for reasons like market fluctuation, the
tactics of brokers, etc. This leads to unbearable debts and they commit suicide.
4) Natural calamity: Peasants depend more on monsoon which are usually irregular.
Hence it is popularly known as „„Indian agriculture is playing gamble with
monsoons”. As a result, floods and famine, diseases to crops, soil erosion leads to
infertility of the soil.
5) Unscientific land acquisition: In the wake of Urbanisation and industrialization,
the governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many a times, proper
compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As a result
they become landless and unemployed.
6) Support price: Amidst innumerable problems, farmers do not get adequate price
to their produce. At that time the Government has to intervene and announce
support price to the farmers produce. When the Government fails to do so, they
intensify agitation.

Political implications of Peasant Movement

The Governments have taken the following measures to reduce the problems of
peasants.
1) Agricultural Loans
2) National Agricultural Scheme
3) Waiving of Debt
4) Establishment of Peasant Liaison Centre
5) Veterinary Services
6) Land Reforms Act
1) Agricultural Loans: The Governments have made provisions for the farmers to
avail National Crop Insurance Programme. National Agricultural Insurance
Scheme. Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme and Primary Land Development
Bank was established to provide agricultural assistance to the farmers.
2) National Agricultural Scheme: The National Development Council has made
enormous arrangements in 2007 for the agricultural improvements. The National
Agricultural Scheme was implemented to determine agricultural policy and
provide essential facilities.
3) Waiving of Debt: When farmers are not able to get the yield to their expectations,

.
Page 14
 they cannot clear the debt. To uplift the farmers from debts, the Governments
have taken necessary measures to wane the debts of farmers. This has reduced the
suicide and death rate of farmers.
4) Establishment of Peasant Liaison Centre: The Peasant Liaison Centres are
opened to provide necessary information related to protect the farmers from low
quality seeds, fertilisers and protection of crops from diseases.
5) Veterinary Services: Government is providing veterinary service to the livestock
which also supports agriculture. It is also encouraging dairying and saavayava
krishi.
6) Land Reforms Act: National Land Reforms Act was implemented to provide
justice to the real fanners. National land reforms act was implemented in
Karnataka in 1974. When Sri Devaraj Urs was the chief minister of Karnataka.

Write a note on the unscientific land acquisition.

Unscientific land acquisition is one of the most trouble factors for farmers. It has
become so common in the present context. In the name of urbanization and
industrialization, the governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many
times proper compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As
a result they become landless and unemployed. There is a close contact between
Ruling class and business class for such developments and thus they can get some
favors. Finally farmers are going to become victims in this juncture.

What are the causes for Human Rights Movement? (July 2016) or
Explain the causes and political implications of the Human rights Movement.
Human rights are those rights which are inherent to the human beings is entitled to
enjoy without distinction of race, colour, religion, language, gender, birth place,
social, economic, political and other status. The rights relating to life, liberty, equality
and dignity individual guaranteed under the constitution or embodied in the
international covenants‟ and enforceable by courts.
The ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (UDHR) was accepted on 10th
December 1948 by the United Nations of Organization through it resolution.
The causes for Human Rights Movement are as follows,
1) To protect civil liberty
2) To remove slavery
3) To protect family life

.
Page 15
 4) To protect the right of Dalits
5) Reject to file cases
Explanation:
1) To protect civil liberty: All men are born equally and they had the liberty to
shape their lives. But in actual practice dalits, women and children are being
suppressed and exploited. To avoid such atrocities, human rights activists are
struggling hard to create awareness.
2) To remove slavery: Slavery is constitutionally banned but is active in many parts
of the country. Instances like child labour, bonded labour, etc, and are seen
frequently. Hence agitations become inevitable.
3) To protect family life: Every citizen has the right to family life. Due to
modernization youths are heading towards inter-caste and inter religious
marriages. Elders of family to maintain family respect and values go even to the
extent of Maryada Hatye.
4) To protect the right of Dalits: Injustice, atrocities, social ostracism, Mada-Made
Snana, forced to carry night soil by upper castes. This is a clear violation of
human rights.
5) Reject to file cases: Though the aggrieved persons approach the authorities to file
the case, it is not filed due to the interference of some politicians of dominant
castes. Most of the times the authorities do not respond positively and do not
provide medical aid which is urgently required. Hence such cases do not come to
limelight.
The political implications of Human rights (March 2017)
The political implications of Human Rights Movement are as follows:
1) National Human Rights Commission
2) State Human Rights Commission
3) Child rights
4) Creating awareness
Explanation:
1) National Human Rights Commission: It came into existence on 8th January
1994. It prepares a list of human rights and gets the approval by the government,
whenever violation is done. Systematic inquiries are to be conducted and
transparency should be maintained with the help of judiciary.
2) State Human Rights Commission: It came into existence in 2005 to look into
the matters of the violation of human rights in the state level. „
3) Child rights: Violation child rights are seen everywhere. The Deputy

.
Page 16
 Commissioner is authorized to look into the details of exploitation on children.
Measures are to be taken to register the complaints through Child Help Line in
matters relating to child labour, child abuse, etc.
4) Creating awareness: Awareness is being created in various stages against the
violation of human rights. Grievances are disposed speedily so as to provide
justice to the concerned.

What are the causes for Environment Movement? (July 2015, 2016) or
Explain the causes and political implications of the Environment Movement.
The causes for environment movement are as follows:
1) To protect the environmental degradation
2) To protect biodiversity
3) Environment education and consciousness
4) To curb environment decay
Explanation:
1) To protect the environmental degradation: The Government of India has taken
measures for economic development including industrial and technological
development. This has led to industrialization, urbanization and their adverse
effects like loss of cultivable land and on the fertility of the soil.
2) To protect biodiversity: Deforestation for fuel and construction purposes has left
the wild life and birds to become orphan. Hence Chipko, Appiko and save
Western Ghats Movements started.
3) Environment education and consciousness: Living amidst environment, formal
education in schools, colleges and non-governmental organisations have created
awareness and consciousness among human beings. Programmes, Rallies and
Jathas have gone a long way in this direction.
4) To curb environment decay: The greediness of the people to excavate and exploit
resources have resulted in soil erosion, drying up of rivers and reservoirs,
pollution of water, air, sound, etc. To maintain equilibrium and to pressurize the
people in power to take measures, these movements emerged.
The political implications of Environment Movement (July 2017)
Matters related to environment protections are inserted through 42nd Constitutional
Amendment in Part IV of the Constitution. The Government of India established
the National Committee for Environmental Planning. Following are some of the
measures to control the pollution and save the environment.
1) Ganga Water Cleaning Plan: Sri M.C. Mehta, Environmentalist filed an affidavit

.
Page 17
 in Supreme Court with regard to cleaning of the Ganga water. The committee
appointed by the Union Government recommended establishing a processing
unit to clean the drainage water near the river and to stop throwing dead bodies
to the river and suggested to construct 28 crematoriums.
2) Krishna Mahajan Committee Report: Sri S.K. Ghosh and R.C. Trivedi
conducted a study on the factors responsible for the pollution in and around Taj
Mahal. It submitted its report stating that suitable measures are to be taken to
protect the Taj Mahal.
3) Legislative measures: Legislations made by the Government of India to save the
environment are as follows:
 Wild Life Protection Act-1972.
 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974.
 Protection of Forest Act of 1980.
 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981.
 Environmental Maintenance Act of 1986.
 Bio Diversity Act of 2002.
 Forest (Conservation) Act 1980.

Write a brief note on the achievements of Saalumarada Thimmakka.

Thimmakka and Bikkalu Chikkaiah couple of Hulikal village of Magadi Taluk,
Ramanagara District. They were childless, to overcome this, they started planting
Banyan saplings in road side between Kudur and Hulikal. They reared, cared and
guarded them with their meagre earnings with sheer love and affection.
The Government of Karnataka has taken the responsibility of these 248 trees. The
great achievement of SaaluMarada Thimmakka is recognized and honoured by
awarding Rajyothsava and National Award. A seminar paper was presented in the
UN on her contribution to environment. To create awareness among people ‘World
Environment Day’ is celebrated on 5th June every year.

*****

.
Page 18