Class Notes

Google Play Games

다운로드하기
지금 PC에서 플레이하기

 MENU

Home » Class 10 » Social Science » Geography » Geography Chapter 1 Resources and

Development – Notes & Study Material

Geography Chapter 1 Resources and

Development – Notes & Study Material
Last Updated on July 3, 2023 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Powered By

포토샵 AI 자세히보기
by [Link]

0:30
 

☛ NCERT Solutions – Chapter 1 Resources and Development

Contents [hide]

1 Important Terms
2 Important Notes
 3 Classification of Resources
4 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
5 Resource Planning in India
6 Human activities that caused degradation of land in India
7 Types of soil
7.1 (1) Alluvial soil ​
7.2 (2) ​Black soil
7.3 (3) Red and yellow soil ​
7.4 (4) ​Laterite soil
7.5 ​(5) Arid soils
7.6 (6) ​Forest soils

Important Terms

Resources: All the useful elements of the environment that satisfy our basic needs
are called resources.

​Natural resources: A natural resource is something that is found in nature and can
be used by people for economic gain. Earth’s natural resources include light, air,
water, plants, animals, soil, stone, minerals, fossil fuels, etc.

Man-made resources: Man-made resources are resources that are created by

humans to transform and use the gifts of nature, for example buildings; roads;
vehicles; machinery, equipment, etc.

Non-renewable resources: Resources that once used, can’t be reproduced or

replenished, such as fossil fuels, minerals like copper and iron ore.

Biotic resources: These are obtained from the biosphere and have a life, such as
human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock, etc.

​Abiotic resources: Resources that comprise of non-living things, such as rocks,

minerals, etc.

​Renewable resources: Resources which can be reproduced by physical, chemical

or mechanical processes, such as: solar energy and wind energy.

​National resources: All the resources, which are present in the political boundary
of a nation up to 12 nautical miles in the ocean from the coast, such as minerals,
water resources, forests, wildlife, land termed as territorial water and resources
therein belong to the nation.
International resources: The resources that do not belong to any individual
country.

​Potential resources: Resources which are available in a region, but have not been
utilized, such as wind and solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat have not been
developed fully.

Developed resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quantity and
quality have been determined for utilization.

Stock: Materials present in the environment, which have the potential to satisfy
human needs, but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access
these materials.

​Reserves: They are the subsets of the stock, which can be put into use with the
help of existing technology but their use has not been started yet.

Sustainable development: It means that development should take place without

damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise
with needs of future generations.

​Resource planning: It is the widely accepted strategy for the judicious use of
resources.

Resource conservation: It refers to the sustainable utilisation of natural resources,

such as soil, water, plants, animals, minerals. It topsoil, pasture land and minerals.
It also refers to the preservation of forests, watershed areas, etc.

Gross cropped area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net
sown area is known as gross cropped area.

​Fallow land: A land which is left without cultivation for one or less than one
agricultural year for increasing its fertility is known as the fallow land.

Wasteland: Land which is not suitable for cultivation is known as wasteland.

​Net sown area: Area sown once in a year is known as the net sown area.
Pasture: Land covered with grass and other plants that makes it suitable for grazing
animals is known as pasture.

Soil erosion: The washing away of top fertile soil by natural agents like wind,
glacier and water is called soil erosion.

​Gullies: When the running water, cutting through the clayey soil creates deep
channels. These deep channels are known as gullies.

Sheet erosion: When the top soil is washed away due to heavy flow of water down
the slopes, it is known as sheet erosion.

​Wind erosion: When the top fertile soil blows off due to wind, it is known as wind
erosion.

Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grasses are left to
grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known
as strip cropping.

Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines is known as contour

ploughing. Contour ploughing can slow down the flow of water down the slopes and
prevent soil from eroding away.

Shelter belts: Sometimes, trees are planted in rows to reduce the force of wind to
prevent wind erosion. Such rows of plants are known as shelter belts.

Important Notes

Resources are the means available for economic and political development, such as
mineral wealth, labour force, livestock etc. In other words, everything available in
the environment that can be used to satisfy our needs provided it is technologically
accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be called resource.

Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals are called
natural resources.

Even human beings are essential components of resources as they also provide
services and thus contribute to the economic and political development. They
convert material available in our environment into resources and use them.
Classification of Resources

(a) On the basis of origin, we have biotic and abiotic resources.

(b) On the basis of exhaustibility, we have renewable and non-renewable

resources.

(c) On the basis of ownership, there are four types of resources:

Individual resources
Community-owned resources
National resources
International resources.

(d) On the basis of status of development, we have again four types of

resources:

Potential resources
Developed resources
Stock
Reserves

Resources are very important for human survival as well as for maintaining the
quality of life. An equitable distribution of resources is very important for sustainable
existence of all forms of life and global peace.

Resources are compulsory for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality
of life. It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature.

Sustainable economic development means development should take place

without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not
compromise with the needs of the future generations. For a sustained quality of life
and global peace, it is essential that resources should be distributed equally.

As human beings are using the resources unevenly it has led to the some major
problems like

(a) depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals

(b) accumulation of resources in few hands and

(c) indiscriminate exploitation of resources which has led to global ecological crises
such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion etc.

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992

In June 1992 considering the same issue more than 100 heads of states met in Rio
de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International Earth Summit.

The summit was organised for addressing urgent problems of environmental

protection and socioeconomic development at the global level.

The Rio Convention endorsed the global forest principles and adopted Agenda 21 for
achieving sustainable development in the 21st century.

Agenda 21 was the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which aimed at
achieving global sustainable development.

It is an agenda to fight environmental damage, poverty, disease through global

cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

One major objective of the Agenda 21 was that every local government should draw
its own local Agenda 21.

Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy for cautious use of resources.
In a country like India it is very important to follow and execute such planning as
India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.

Some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other
resources.

Some regions are self sufficient in terms of the availability of resources while others
have acute shortage of some vital resources.

Balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels is very
important. But mere presence of resources is not enough for development. It should
be accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes
too.
Resource Planning in India

Resource planning is a technique of proper utilization of resources.

Resource planning is a complex process which involves the following steps:

(a) Identification and keeping record of resources which involves surveying, mapping
and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

(b) Developing a planning structure with proper technology, skill and institutional set
up for implementing resource development plans.

(c) Comparing the resource development plans with national development plans.

Resource development and planning reduces wastage, keeps the environment

pollution free and takes care of future needs.​The management of resources by
humans is known as conservation.​Conservation of resources includes a judicious and
planned use of resources. Optimum exploitation is must, but over-exploitation
should be checked.

India has a variety of relief features like mountains, plateaus and plains. 43% of the
country is covered with plains and they provide cultivable land for growing crops.
30% of the country is covered by mountains and they provide natural resources like
forests and wildlife. 27% of the country is covered by plateaus, which contain
mineral resources, forests and some arable land.

Land resources are used for the following purposes :

(1) ​Forests ​

(2) ​Land not available for cultivation

(a)​Barren and waste land

(b)​Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.

(3) ​Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)

(a)​Permanent pastures and grazing land

(b)​Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area)

(c)​Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years). ​

(4) Fallow land

(a)​Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year)

(b)​Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural

years). ​

(5) ​Net sown area

The use of land is determined by

(a) Physical factors—topography, climate, soil types.

(b) Human factors—population density, technological capability and culture and

traditions etc.

Several steps have been taken to create awareness about the conservation of
resources:

(a) For the first time in 1968, the Club of Rome supported resource conservation at
an international level.

(b) In 1974, Gandhian philosophy was presented by Schumacher in his book Small is
Beautiful.

(c) The influential contribution was made by the Brundtland Commission Report in
1987. It introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ which was later
published in the book Our Common Future.

Land supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport
and communication systems. Thus it is very important to conserve land resources
with careful planning.

Human activities that caused degradation of land in India

(1) Deforestation ​

2) O
​ vergrazing ​

(3) Mining and quarrying

Suggestions for conservation of land

(1) A
​ fforestation

(2) P
​ roper control on grazing ​

(3) P
​ lanting of shelter belts of plants ​

(4) S
​ tabilisation of sand dunes by planting thorny bushes ​

(5) P
​ roper utilization of wasteland

(​6) Control on mining ​

(7) Discharge of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment

Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.

(a) It is a medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms
on the earth and is an important living system. It takes millions of years to form soil
upto a few cm in depth.

Factors that help in the formation of soil are relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate,
vegetation and other forms of life and time.

Various natural forces such as change in temperature, actions of running water, etc.
also contribute to the soil formation.

Soils of India can be classified on following basis:

(1)​Factors responsible for the formation of the soil ​

(2) C
​ olour of the soil
(3) Thickness of the soil ​

(4) Texture of the soil ​

(5) Age of the soil

(6)​Chemical and physical properties of the soil

Different types of soil are: Alluvial soil, Black soil, Red and Yellow soils, Laterite
soil, Arid soil and Forest soil.

The removal of top fertile soil cover due to various reasons like wind, glacier and
water is called soil erosion. The processes of soil formation and erosion go
simultaneously and generally there is a balance between the two. But sometimes,
this balance is disturbed due to human activities. Natural forces like wind, glacier
and water lead to soil erosion. Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods
of farming.

Types of soil

(1) Alluvial soil ​

(a) Widely spread in north Indian plains, alluvial soil as a whole is very fertile. ​

​(b) It is classified as : Khadar (new alluvial) and Bangar (old alluvial). ​

(c) T
​ his soil is contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid

(d) This soil is contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime. ​

(e) T
​ his soil is ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and
pulse crops. ​

(2) ​Black soil

(a) Also called regur soil, this soil is black in colour. ​

(b) T
​ his soil is ideal for growing cotton. ​

(c) T
​ his soil is found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the south-east direction along the Godavari
and the Krishna valleys. ​

(d) T
​ his soil is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash
and lime, but poor in phosphorus contents. ​

(e)The black soils is made up of extremely fine i.e., clayey material. It is well-known
for their capacity to hold moisture. ​

(3) Red and yellow soil ​

(a) This soil develops in areas of low rainfall or crystalline igneous rocks. ​

(b) I​ t is found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh and the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. ​

(c) D
​ ue to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks, its colour
becomes reddish. ​

(4) ​Laterite soil

(a) This soil develops in areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall. ​

(b) H
​ umus content in the soil is low. ​

(c) I​ t is mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and hilly
areas of Assam and Odisha. ​

(d) I​ t is good for tea, coffee, cashew nut, etc. ​

​(5) Arid soils

(a) This soil is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. ​

(b) T
​ his soil lacks in humus and moisture. ​

(c) T
​ his soil is found in Western Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. ​

(d) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar. ​

(6) ​Forest soils

(a) T
​ his soil is found in hilly and mountainous regions. ​
(b) This soil is loamy and silty in valley sides, while coarse grained in the

Measures for soil conservation are Contour ploughing , ​Terrace farming ​,strip
cropping ,​Shelter belts of trees ​,​Plugging of gullies ,​​Afforestation ,​​Control of mining
activities.

Class 10 Geography – Notes & Study Material

Chapter 1 Resource and Development

Chapter 2 Forest and Wildlife Resources

Chapter 3 Water Resources

Chapter 4 Agriculture

Chapter 5 Mineral and Energy Resources

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Filed Under: Class 10, Geography, Social Science

About Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Author of this website, Mrs. Shilpi Nagpal is MSc (Hons, Chemistry) and
BSc (Hons, Chemistry) from Delhi University, [Link]. (I. P. University) and
has many years of experience in teaching. She has started this educational website
with the mindset of spreading free education to everyone.
Comments

M Seshirekha says
December 30, 2020 at 5:19 am

Your notes are very helpful in studying a subject in detail I help my grand daughter in her
studies. I want all the notes of all subjects which are available How can I get them
I am searching for civics class notes of class 10 please guide
You must charge for such excellent detailed notes
Pl help
Thank you

Chirag Singh says

April 3, 2021 at 7:25 am

Your Notes are Awesome as it helped me a lot in preparing for board exams. Please
upload the notes of Geography Class X Chapter-7 (Lifelines Of National Economy). Its
only one month left and I have to Finish Social Studies Syllabus. Please.
Thanks.

Farhana says
May 23, 2021 at 10:56 am

Your notes are in depth and it is very helpful for our students.

Radhika Gupta says

May 18, 2022 at 7:17 pm
 Your notes are just amazing. It helps me a lot. My mam just praises me so much and
announces my notes are the best notes of the class.
Thanku so much…

Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Comment *

Name *

Email *

Website

POST COMMENT
 Search the site ...

RECENT POSTS

Solutions for Chapter 4, State Government, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 4, Major Landforms, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 4, The Regional Kingdom -2, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 3, Democracy In Action, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 3, The Changing Earth, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 3, The Sultanate Period, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 2, Pillars Of Democracy, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 2, Inside Our Earth, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 2, The Regional Kingdom -1, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7

Solutions for Chapter 1, Democracy, Ratna Sagar Integrated Social Science Class 7
© 2016 - 2023 · Disclaimer · Privacy Policy · About Us · Contact Us · Youtube