Republic of the Philippines

Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

LECTURE NOTES
ON
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
DESIGN (RESIDENTIAL) &
WIRING INSTALLATION

SUBJECT CODE: ESW 1

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Disclaimer

This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed
textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the faculty assigned for their respective
teaching loads assignments. Various sources are cited and mentioned at the end of document as well as freely
available open access material from internet were utilized for preparing this document. The ownership of the
information lies with the respective authors or institutions. Further, this document is not indented to be used
for commercial purpose and the faculty are not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of
use of this document. The faculty make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The faculty member shall not be liable for any loss of profit
or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other
damages.

Acknowledgement

The Faculty member gratefully acknowledge all references utilized for preparing this lecture note also
wants to express gratitude to the person out there who think knowledge should be free and be accessible and
sharable without any restrictions so that every single students on this university has the same opportunity to
explore, expand and become enlightened.

However apart from this lecture notes students are strongly recommended to follow the listed
references at the end of each modules and above all confer and consult with the concern faculty for through
understanding of the given subject in electrical engineering.

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Activities / Instructions

For the Orientation:

- Accomplish the student’s profile survey form. Link will be posted to your chat box.

- I will discuss the course syllabus, course requirements, student’s handbook, house rules, and basic use of
MS Teams for your familiarization.

- Course Duration: We have 6 hours session per week. For one to two hours per meeting, we will be having
a live online video discussion for the scheduled topic and the remaining hours will be a self-pace study of
additional materials, sources and exercises posted on your MS Teams.

- House Rules: Mute your microphone and off your video so as lagging of presentation can be minimize due
to bandwidth constrain and to avoid unnecessary distraction if the lecture is ongoing especially if your
surrounding area had a lot of unusual sound. Just unmute and open your video when you called to recite,
you can use the virtual raising hand if you want to answer. For any questions or clarifications, you can use
the chat box for any concerns.

- For Offline students: Study in advance or with-in given time schedule for the subjects and a lot data
allowance for your quizzes and exams for an hour or two. All of you will be given a softcopy via your TUP
e-mail add or hard copy via EE Department distribution of Lectures Notes.

For the Topics:

- We will be having a live video online lecture and problem-solving discussion. Have your scientific calculator
or E-calculator ready.

- For interactive discussion, participate on the Q&A portion during end or pausing of lecture.

- Jot down important lesson notes for you will be able to answer correctly short quizzes given at the end of
each lecture.

- Link to your quiz will be posted after our live discussion. Kindly accomplish the quiz after the link was
posted for it will expire after one to two hours or less.

- Recorded online video discussion, additional resources and materials will be given to you as well for your
self-pace study. Please study these lessons.

- For those who are offline, study and accomplished the exercises given on each Modules hard copy or
Learning Material soft copy. But still you need to go on-line during quizzes and Exams upon receiving the
link on our group chat via messenger.

- Lesson Proper

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Introduction
Module 2 will last for a week it covers the following; Basic electrical safety, basic tools and equipment
required in electrical house wiring installation.

Objectives:
After the 4th week the students will be able to understand, apply and familiarize on the ff:

a. Basic Principle of Electrical Safety

b. Safe Work Practices
c. Correct Response to Emergencies
d. Circuit Protection Devices
e. LOTO
f. Recognizing and Effects of Electrical Hazards
g. Proper use of PPE
h. Apply the right tools and equipment for the job
i. Types and Classification of BTE
j. Execute proper care and maintenance of BTE
k. Operate VOM

Topic/Content:

A. Review of Basic Electrical Safety

B. Review of Basic Tools and Equipment (BTE)

Lesson # 1:

A. Basic Electrical Safety

a. Basic Principle

1. What are Direct Currents and Alternating Currents?

- Direct Current (DC) is current that flows in one direction and voltage never changes, like a car battery.
- Alternating Current (AC) is current that changes direction at a regular rate, like electrical current supplied to
your home.
2. What are Voltage and Resistance?
- The amount of current that flows in a circuit depends on voltage and resistance
- The pressure that pushes electrons through a circuit is called voltage.
- The opposition the circuit offers to the flow of electrons is called resistance.
3. What is an Electrical Conductor?
- A material having many free electrons that can move easily.
- A good conductor; for example, copper wire allows billions of electrons to flow in the same direction, thus
providing a great path for energy to electrical systems and equipment.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

4. What is an Electrical Insulator?

- A material having few free electrons that cannot move easily.
- Rubber, dry wood, porcelain, and clay are good insulators.
- Insulators prevent electricity from flowing where it should not flow and control the flow of electricity in order
to prevent accidents.
5. How is electricity measured?
- The pressure (voltage) that pushes electrons through a circuit is measured in volts.
- The flow of electrons (current) passing a given point is measured in amperes (amps).
- The opposition to the flow of electrons (resistance) is measured in ohms.

b. Safe Work Practices

I. Safety first
Three bad things can happen when an electrical practitioner messes up:
1. The electrical practitioner dies
2. Someone else dies
3. Facilities burns down resulting in massive financial loss
II. Points to be remembered for electrical safety
1. Always turn-off the power supply during repair and maintenance or simply not in used. “Power off”
2. Conduct Testing using VOM to ensure everything is totally de-energize. “LOTO”
3. Never touch any electrical parts with wet hands and not wearing safety gloves and shoes. “PPE”
4. Plan, check availability of everything needed before doing maintenance. “Pro Active”
5. Used the right tools for the specific job, all tools shall be insulated. “Electrical Tools”
6. All terminations, connections, joints shall be inside a utility, junction or panel box with secured cover
and properly reinsulated by electrical tape only.” Wiring Installation Standards”
7. Conduct regular inspection, maintenance and cleaning on all electrical apparatus. “Preventive”
8. Never overload your connection in any convenience outlets by using multiple adaptors and check
your extension cord if within standard wire size. “Avoid”
9. Follow PEC latest edition or consult a licensed Electrical Practitioner. “Within Standard”
10. Used of certified electrical devices with PS mark or approved by NEMA. “Certified”

c. Correct Response to Emergencies

I. Electrical Emergencies

Electrical accidents as shown in the figure cause countless injuries and cost the lives of hundreds of
people each year. Injury could be minimized, and many lives saved if proper rescue techniques and treatment
are used. Electrical accidents may occur at almost any time or place. Timely response and treatment of victims

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

is a major concern. You must use your best judgment in an electrical emergency. Do you know the proper
actions to take? Do you know what dangers could be encountered? When an electrical accident occurs,
because of muscle clamping, a victim is often incapable of moving or releasing the electrical conductor.
Attempts to rescue an accident victim may pose as great a hazard for the rescuer as it does for the victim.
Caution should be a primary consideration during any electrical accident or emergency. There should always
be an emergency response plan for scheduled electrical maintenance or work. The figure 1.1 shows a Worker
with an Electrical Injury Electrical Accidents. Ask the following questions before doing hazardous electrical
work. If an accident occurs, what will you do?

Figure 1.1 An electrocuted worker may have any of the number of signs and symptoms

II. Electrical Rescue Techniques

1. Approaching the accident:
a. Never rush into an accident situation.
b. Call 911 as soon as possible.
c. Get the aid of trained electrical personnel if possible.
d. Approach the accident scene cautiously.
2. Examining the scene:
a. Visually examine victims to determine if they are in contact with energized conductors.
b. Metal surfaces, objects near the victim or the earth itself may be energized.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

c. You may become a victim if you touch an energized victim or conductive surface.
d. Do not touch the victim or conductive surfaces while they are energized.
e. De-energize electrical circuits if possible.
3. Methods to de-energize:
a. An extension or power cord probably powers portable electrical equipment.
b. Unplug portable electrical equipment to remove power.
c. Open a disconnecting device or circuit breaker to de-energize fixed electrical equipment.
4. Hazards and solutions:
a. Be alert for hazards such as stored energy, heated surfaces and fire.
b. If you can’t de-energize the power source use extreme care: Ensure that your hands and feet
are dry.
c. Wear protective equipment such as low voltage gloves and overshoes if available.
d. Stand on a clean dry surface.
e. Use nonconductive material to remove a victim from the conductor.
5. High voltage rescue:
a. Special training is required for rescues if high voltage is present.
b. Protective equipment such as high voltage gloves and overshoes must be worn.
c. Special insulated tools should be used Insulated tools: Insulated tools, with high voltage
ratings, are a lifesaver.
d. Use devices such as hot sticks or shotgun sticks to remove a victim from energized conductors.
In some cases, nonconductive rope or cord may be used to remove a victim from a conductor.
6. Rescuing the victim:
a. Stand on a dry rubber blanket or other insulating material if possible.
b. Do not touch the victim or conductive material near the victim until the power is off.
c. Once power is off, examine the victim to determine if they should be moved.
d. Give “First Aid.”
7. First Aid:
a. A victim may require Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
b. If the victim is breathing and has a heartbeat, give first aid for injuries and treat for shock.
c. Ensure the victim gets medical care as soon as possible.

Provide medical personnel with information on voltage level, shock duration & entry/exit points. The
treating/attending physician must have detailed specific information to properly diagnose and care for the
victim. The physician must determine whether the victim should be sent to a “Trauma or Burn Center.” Stay
with the victim until help arrives.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

d. Circuit Protection Devices

I. Electrical Protective Devices

As a power source, electricity can create conditions almost certain to result in bodily harm, property
damage, or both. It is important for workers to understand the hazards involved when they are working around
electrical power tools, maintaining electrical equipment, or installing equipment for electrical operation.
The electrical protective devices we will discuss include fuses, circuit breakers, and ground-fault
circuit-interrupters (GFCIs). These devices are critically important to electrical safety. Overcurrent devices
should be installed where required. They should be of the size and type to interrupt current flow when it
exceeds the capacity of the conductor. Proper selection considers not only the capacity of the conductor, but
also the rating of the power supply and potential short circuits.
Types of Overcurrent

There are two types of overcurrent:

1. Overload - When you ask a 10 hp motor to do the work of a 12 hp motor, an overload condition exists.
The overcurrent may be 150 percent of normal current.
2. Fault - When insulation fails in a circuit, fault current can result that may be from 5 times to 50 times
that of normal current.

When a circuit is overloaded, the plasticizers in the insulation are vaporized over a long period of time,
and the insulation becomes brittle. The brittle insulation has slightly better electrical insulating properties.
However, movement of the conductors due to magnetic or other forces can crack the insulation, and a fault
can result. Conductors should be protected from overload and the eventual damage that results.
Faults occur in two ways. Most of the time a fault will occur between a conductor and an enclosure. This
is called a ground fault. Infrequently, a fault will occur between two conductors. This is called a short circuit.
The basic idea of an overcurrent protective device is to make a weak link in the circuit. In the case of a fuse,
the fuse is destroyed before another part of the system is destroyed. In the case of a circuit breaker, a set of
contacts opens the circuit. Unlike a fuse, a circuit breaker can be re-used by re-closing the contacts. Fuses and
circuit breakers are designed to protect equipment and facilities, and in so doing, they also provide
considerable protection against shock in most situations. However, the only electrical protective device whose
sole purpose is to protect people is the ground-fault circuit-interrupter.

A. Fuse

A fuse is an electrical device that opens a circuit when the current flowing through it exceeds the
rating of the fuse. The "heart" of a fuse is a special metal strip (or wire) designed to melt and blow out when
its rated amperage is exceeded.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Fuses are designed to protect equipment and conductors from excessive current. It is important to
always replace fuses with the proper type and current rating. Too low a rating will result in unnecessary
blowouts, while too high a rating may allow dangerously high to pass.

source: [Link]

Figure 1.2 Fuse

B. Circuit Breaker

Circuit breakers provide protection for equipment and conductors from excessive current without the
inconvenience of changing fuses. Circuit breakers trip (open the circuit) when the current flow is excessive.

source: [Link]

Figure 1.3 Circuit Breaker

There are two primary types of circuit breakers based on the current sensing mechanism. In the
magnetic circuit breaker, the current is sensed by a coil that forms an electromagnet. When the current is
excessive, the electromagnet actuates a small armature that pulls the trip mechanism - thus opening the circuit
breaker. In the thermal circuit breaker, the current heats a bi-metallic strip, which when heated sufficiently
bends enough to allow the trip mechanism to operate.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

C. Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter

A ground-fault circuit-interrupter is not an overcurrent device. A GFCI is used to open a circuit if the
current flowing to the load does not return by the prescribed route. In a simple 120 V circuit we usually think
of the current flowing through the black (ungrounded) wire to the load and returning to the source through
the white (grounded) wire. If it does not return through the grounded wire, then it must have gone somewhere
else, usually to ground. The GFCI is designed to limit electric shock to a current- and time-duration value below
that which can produce serious injury. The operation of the GFCI will be discussed later in this module.

Figure 1.4 GFCI

D. Grounding

Grounding must be considered wherever electrical current flows. It can never be stressed too strongly
that proper grounding and bonding must be correctly applied if the system, the equipment, and the people
that come in contact with them are to be protected.
Effective grounding means that the path to ground: (1) is permanent and continuous, and (2) has
ample current-carrying capacity to conduct safely any currents liable to be imposed on it, and (3) has
impedance sufficiently low to limit the potential above ground and to facilitate the operation of the
overcurrent devices in the circuit.
Effective bonding means that the electrical continuity of the grounding circuit is assured by proper
connections between service raceways, service cable armor, all service equipment enclosures containing
service entrance conductors, and any conduit or armor that forms part of the grounding conductor to the
service raceway.
When such a ground fault occurs, the equipment grounding conductor goes into action to provide the
following:

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a) It prevents voltages between the electrical enclosure and other enclosures or surroundings.
b) It provides a path for large amounts of fault or overload current to flow back to the service
entrance, thus blowing the fuse or tripping the circuit breaker

How does grounding do its job?

Proper grounding requires connecting all the metal enclosures (equipment housings, boxes, conduit,
etc.) together, and back to the service entrance enclosure. This is accomplished by means of the green wire in
the cord (portable equipment), and the conduit system or a bare wire in the fixed wiring of the building.
When a ground fault occurs, as in a defective tool, the grounding conductor must carry enough current
to immediately trip the circuit breaker or blow the fuse. This means that the ground fault path must have low
impedance. The only low impedance path is the green wire (in portable cord) and the metallic conduit system
(or an additional bare wire if conduit is not used).
Note that the normal useful current flows in the "current-carrying" loop from the transformer over
the black wire, through the tool motor and back over the white wire to the transformer. The grounding
conductor carries no current.
However, when the insulation on the black (ungrounded) conductor fails and the copper conductor
touches the case of the tool, the ground-fault current flows through the green (grounding) conductor and the
conduit system back to the service entrance.

But what happens if the grounding does not do the job?

If the ground-fault path is not properly installed, it may have such high impedance that it does not
allow a sufficiently large amount of current to flow. Or, if the grounding conductor continuity has been lost
(as when the "U"-shaped grounding prong has been broken off the plug), no fault current will flow. In these
cases, the circuit breaker will not trip out, the case of the tool will be energized, and persons touching the tool
may be shocked.
The hazard created is that persons touching the tool may provide a path through their body and
eventually back to the source of voltage. This path may be through other surfaces in the vicinity, through
building steel, or through earth. The dangerous ground-fault current flowing through this high-impedance
path will not rise to a high enough value to immediately trip the circuit breaker. Only the metallic equipment-
grounding conductor, which is carried along with the supply conductors, will have impedance sufficiently low
so that the required large amount of fault current will flow.

E. Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters Operations

In most cases, insulation and grounding are used to prevent injury from electrical wiring systems or
equipment. However, there are instances when these recognized methods do not provide the degree of
protection required.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

How Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters Work

A ground-fault circuit-interrupter is not an overcurrent device like a fuse or circuit breaker. GFCI's are
designed to sense an imbalance in current flow over the normal path. The GFCI contains a special sensor that
monitors the strength of the magnetic field around each wire in the circuit when current is flowing. The
magnetic field around a wire is directly proportional to the amount of current flow, thus the circuitry can
accurately translate the magnetic information into current flow.

Types of Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters

There are several types of GFCI's available, with some variations to each type. Although all types will
provide ground-fault protection, the specific application may dictate one type over another.

1. Circuit-Breaker Type

The circuit-breaker type includes the functions of a standard circuit breaker with the
additional functions of a GFCI. It is installed in a panelboard and can protect an entire branch circuit
with multiple outlets. It is a direct replacement for a standard circuit breaker of the same rating.

source: [Link]
Figure 1.5 GFCI CB Type

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2. Receptacle Type

The receptacle style GFCI incorporates within one device one or more receptacle outlets,
protected by the GFCI. Such devices are becoming very popular because of their low cost. Most are of
the duplex receptacle configuration and can provide GFCI protection for additional non- GFCI type
receptacles connected "downstream" from the GFCI unit.

source: [Link]

Figure 1.6 GFCI Outlet Type

3. Permanently Mounted Type

The permanently mounted types are mounted in an enclosure and designed to be

permanently wired to the supply. Frequently they are used around large commercial swimming pools
or similar wet locations. The 2017 NEC has also changed their clause for GFCI receptacles in pool areas.
Originally, outlets that supplied power to the circulation system of the pool had to be located further
than 10 feet away from the inside of the wall without needing to provide ground fault protection.
Now, all electrical outlets must be at least 6 feet from the inside of the wall and must be GFCI
protected. GFCI protection is required for ALL 15-amp, 20-amp, 125V, or single phase electrical
outlets installed within 20 feet from a pool.

source: [Link]
Figure 1.7 Enclosure for GFCI

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4. Portable Type

Several styles of portable GFCI's are available. The portable types are designed to be easily
transported from one location to another. They usually contain one or more integral receptacle outlets
protected by the GFCI module. Some models are designed to plug into existing non-GFCI protected
outlets, or in some cases, are connected with a cord and plug arrangement. The portable type also
incorporates a no-voltage release device which will disconnect power to the outlets if any supply
conductor is open. Units approved for use outdoors will be in enclosures suitable for the environment.
If exposed to rain, they must be listed as rainproof.

source: [Link]
Figure 1.8 GFCI portable Type

Classes of Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters

Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters are divided into two classes: Class A and Class B. The Class A device
is designed to trip when current flow, in other than the normal path, is 6 milliamperes or greater. The
specification is 5 milliamperes ± 1 milliampere. The Class B device will trip when current flow, in other than
the normal path, is 20 milliamperes or greater. Class B devices are approved for use on underwater swimming
pool lighting installed prior to the adoption of the 1965 National Electrical Code.
Testing Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters
Due to the complexity of a GFCI, it is necessary to test the device on a regular basis. For permanently
wired devices, a monthly test is recommended. Portable type GFCI's should be tested each time before use.
GFCI's have a built-in test circuit which imposes an artificial ground fault on the load circuit to assure that the
ground-fault protection is still functioning. Test and reset buttons are provided for testing.
F. Reversed Polarity
One potentially dangerous aspect of alternating current electricity is the fact that many pieces of
equipment will operate properly even though the supply wires are not connected in the order designated by
design or the manufacturer. Improper connection of these conductors is most prevalent on the smaller branch
circuit typically associated with standard 120 V receptacle outlets, lighting fixtures and cord- and plug-
connected equipment.

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Section 1910.304(a)(2) of the OSHA standards and Section 200-11 in the National Electrical Code cover
the requirements for the connection of the grounded conductor. It is from these sections that the so-called
"reversed polarity" expression comes. Although these sections are addressing the connection of the grounded
conductor, it is extremely important to realize that improper termination of any conductor can introduce a
serious hazard.
Correct polarity is achieved when the grounded conductor is connected to the corresponding
grounded terminal and the ungrounded conductor is connected to the corresponding ungrounded terminal.
The reverse of the designated polarity is prohibited. Terminals are designated and identified to avoid
confusion. An easy way to remember the correct polarity is "white to light" - the white (grounded) wire should
be connected to the light or nickel-colored terminal; "black to brass" - the black or multi-colored (ungrounded)
wire should be connected to the brass terminal; and "green to green" - the green or bare (grounding) wire
should be connected to the green hexagonal head terminal screw.

e. Lock Out Tag Out

I. Lockout Operations Every Technician MUST Perform and Respect

The lockout operations or safety procedures are precisely and clearly defined operations, the aim of
which is always to ensure that situations are, and remain, safe. This will enable people to work on all or part
of an installation (or a device), with return to operation (removal of lockout) only being possible by the
intentional, concerted action of those responsible. (Csanyi, 2016)

A. Lockout consists of several essential steps:

1. Separation
2. Immobilization
3. Dissipation
4. Checking
5. Signaling
6. Identification

B. Before any work carried out you must have

1. Training and qualification
2. Accreditations
3. Authorizations

A.1 Separation
This consists of “de-energizing” all power, control and monitoring, and emergency circuits by breaking
with visible or positive contact indication.

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Figure 1.9 Main Circuit Breaker

A.2 Immobilization
This is carried out by mechanical means using padlocks or locks and tags. It prevents any intentional
or accidental operation of the immobilized device. It should be noted that profiled keys such as triangle,
square, etc. are not permitted for this function.

Source: (Safety Management Group, 2016)

Figure 1.10 Lock Out Figure 1.11 Lock Out Tag Out

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A. 3 Dissipation (or setting to the lowest energy level)

This consists of discharging the capacitors. For maximum safety, it includes the earthing and short
circuiting of the conductors. It is compulsory above 500 V but is not compulsory below this level (LV range)
unless there is a risk of induced voltages, capacitive effects (capacitors or considerable lengths) or a risk of
back feed.

A.4 Checking the voltage

This must be carried out as close as possible to the location of the operation, with a standard device
for “detecting the absence of voltage” between all the conductors including the neutral and between those
conductors and earth. Multimeter or tester type checking devices are expressly prohibited. This systematic
step must be accompanied by the means required for informing people “not working and working” on the
electrical equipment.

Source: (Safety Management Group, 2016)

Figure 1.12 Voltage presence detection

A.5 Signaling
This consists of clear, precise and permanent information on the lockout status of the installation. It
may be necessary to mark out the area. It should be noted that in the LV range (< 500 V), it is possible to affix
a sign prohibiting operation of the separation device in exceptional circumstances if the device has no means
of immobilization. This practice must not be permitted if the device cannot be seen from where it is operated.

A.6 Identification
This must enable targeted work, with no ambiguity, to be carried out on the device or part of the
installation concerned. To this end, up to date wiring diagrams, geographical location maps, markings, etc.,
must be available.

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II. Detailed Steps

It goes without saying that industrial equipment can be dangerous when it’s being used. That’s why
machines are designed with safety equipment and operators wear personal protective equipment when using
them. But machinery can also present hazards when it’s not in operation. If energy sources such as electricity,
natural gas, steam, pressurized water, and compressed air are attached to the machine, a hazard exists.
Workers who maintain or repair the equipment, or who will be working near it, need to be made aware of
these hazards and recognize that steps have been taken to protect them.
That’s why OSHA requires a formal lockout/tagout program. While it may seem that having a formal
program with multiple steps may be overkill, it makes good sense. After all, most companies use a variety of
equipment that has very different safety practices. In addition, any number of workers may be asked to deal
with the equipment, and some will be more familiar with it than others.
Just as airline pilots with thousands of hours in the cockpit still go through step-by-step checklists
before even the shortest flight – even though they could probably perform the actions in their sleep – having
a detailed lockout/tagout program is one of the best ways to ensure that nobody gets injured and no
machinery gets damaged.
When developing a lockout/tagout program, I like to imagine that it’s Christmas night, and a
contractor has been called in to perform an emergency shutoff of some complex machine. He’s never seen
the machine before, and he can’t reach anyone from the company. By creating sound, detailed, clear
guidelines, I can prepare him for what he might encounter, so he’ll be able to work safely.

An effective lockout/tagout program should include the following eight steps.

Step 1: Detailed procedures for equipment

Begin by making sure you’ve identified the equipment correctly and accurately, including its specific
location. Next, determine the correct procedure for shutting down and restarting the equipment.
Detail that procedure, step by step, in writing. Consider all the energy sources that may be connected
to the equipment. Be very specific, because ambiguous language could lead to an incorrect or even
dangerous action.

Step 2: Notify affected employees

When maintenance is going to be performed, all the employees that may be affected should be
notified. Let them know the timing of the work, and how long the equipment may be unavailable. If
the unavailability of the equipment requires a change in work processes, be sure they are familiar with
the steps to be taken.

Step 3: Shut down equipment properly

Explain the shutdown process in detail. It’s not enough to say something like “disconnect the
machine.” To ensure everyone’s safety and reduce the potential for damage, the shutdown
instructions should be detailed. Spell out the exact actions to be taken and the correct sequence for
performing those actions.
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Step 4: Disconnect all primary energy sources

Although this may seem self-explanatory, once again, it’s important to be very detailed. Whether the
primary energy sources include electricity, steam, water, gas, compressed air, hydraulic or others,
don’t assume that the person performing maintenance will know the correct procedure to follow.
again, explain exactly what needs to be done.

Step 5: Address all secondary sources

While disconnecting the primary energy sources may remove much of the potential danger, it’s
possible that their sources of residual energy, such as trapped heat in a thermal system, fumes that
may need to be vented, or even tension in a spring assembly. Identify the process that will relieve any
remaining pressure or other energy. Also consider other hazards, such as moving equipment that must
be secured before work begins.

Step 6: Verify the lockout

Once you’ve disconnected all primary and secondary sources of energy, attempt to start the
equipment to verify that the lockout has been successful. Before you try to start it, verify that nobody
is in a position where they could be hurt. Assuming that the procedures have been successful, return
all switches and other equipment back to their “off” positions so the machine won’t start unexpectedly
when the energy sources are reconnected. Once you’ve verified the lockout, attach a lockout or tagout
device to the equipment to ensure that it cannot be started without removing the device.

Step 7: Keep it in force during shift changes

The equipment must remain in lockout/tagout condition across shift changes, so that workers arriving
at the site are aware that the equipment is out of service. If individual locks or tags are used, the
individual responsible for designating the lockout/tagout and the individual responsible for it during
the next shift must both be present as the locks or tags are switched.

Step 8: Bring the equipment back online

When the work is done and all tools and other materials have been removed, the machine can be
brought back into operation. Here again, the procedure should spell out the exact steps that are
involved, along with the correct sequence. For example, you may need to open a machine’s discharge
valves before you open the inlet, so any unexpected water or steam remaining in the lines has a place
to go.

Bonus step: Keep procedures up to date

Equipment and operating procedures tend to change over time, and your lockout/tagout program
needs to reflect those changes. Sometimes, the changes may be so minor that only the people working
directly with the equipment are aware of them.

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That’s why it’s a good idea to review all your lockout /tagout procedures regularly to verify that they’re
still accurate. A company with just a small number of machines may be able to check all of them every
year, while a larger organization may need to study a certain number or a random sample every year.
Another benefit of regular review is that it gives you an opportunity to deploy newer and better ideas
or more accurate descriptions. (Safety Management Group, 2016)

f. Recognizing and Effects of Electrical Hazards

I. The primary hazards associated with electricity and its use are:

1. SHOCK. Electric shock occurs when the human body becomes part of a path through which electrons
can flow. The resulting effect on the body can be either direct or indirect.
a. Direct. Injury or death can occur whenever electric current flows through the human body.
Currents of less than 30 mA can result in death. A thorough coverage of the effects of
electricity on the human body is contained in the section of this module entitled Effects of
Electricity on the Human Body
b. Indirect. Although the electric current through the human body may be well below the values
required to cause noticeable injury, human reaction can result in falls from ladders or
scaffolds, or movement into operating machinery. Such reaction can result in serious injury or
death.

Figure 1.13 Electrical Shock

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2. BURNS. Burns can result when a person touches electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used
or maintained. Typically, such burn injuries occur on the hands or whole body.

source: [Link]

Figure 1.14 Electrical Burns

3. ARC-BLAST. Arc-blasts occur from high-amperage currents arcing through air. This abnormal current
flow (arc-blast) is initiated by contact between two energized points. This contact can be caused by
persons who have an accident while working on energized components, or by equipment failure due
to fatigue or abuse. Temperatures as high as 35,000 F have been recorded in arc-blast research. The
three primary hazards associated with an arc-blast are:
a. Thermal Radiation. In most cases, the radiated thermal energy is only part of the total energy
available from the arc. Numerous factors, including skin color, area of skin exposed, type of
clothing influence the degree of injury. Proper clothing, work distances and overcurrent
protection can improve the chances of curable burns.
b. Pressure Wave. A high-energy arcing fault can produce a considerable pressure wave.
Research has shown that a person 2 feet away from a 25-kA arc would experience a force of
approximately 480 pounds on the front of their body. In addition, such a pressure wave can
cause serious ear damage and memory loss due to mild concussions. In some instances, the

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pressure wave may propel the victim away from the arc-blast, reducing the exposure to the
thermal energy. However, such rapid movement could also cause serious physical injury.
c. Projectiles. The pressure wave can propel relatively large objects over a considerable distance.
In some cases, the pressure wave has enough force to snap the heads of 3/8 inch steel bolts
and knock over ordinary construction walls. The high-energy arc also causes many of the
copper and aluminum components in the electrical equipment to become molten. These
"droplets" of molten metal can be propelled great distances by the pressure wave.

source: [Link]

Figure 1.15 Arc Blast

4. EXPLOSIONS. Explosions occur when electricity provides a source of ignition for an explosive mixture
in the atmosphere. Ignition can be due to overheated conductors or equipment, or normal arcing
(sparking) at switch contacts. OSHA standards, the National Electrical Code and related safety
standards have precise requirements for electrical systems and equipment when applied in such
areas.

source: [Link]

Figure 1.16 Explosion

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5. FIRES. Electricity is one of the most common causes of fire both in the home and workplace. Defective
or misused electrical equipment is a major cause, with high resistance connections being one of the
primary sources of ignition. High resistance connections occur where wires are improperly spliced or
connected to other components such as receptacle outlets and switches. This was the primary cause
of fires associated with the use of aluminum wire in buildings during the 1960s and 1970s.

source: [Link]

Figure 1.17 Electrical Fires

II. Effects of Electricity on The Human Body

The effects of electric shock on the human body depend on several factors. The major factors are:
1. Current and Voltage
2. Resistance
3. Path through body
4. Duration of shock

The muscular structure of the body is also a factor in that people having less musculature and more fat typically
show similar effects at lesser current values.

Current and Voltage

Although high voltage often produces massive destruction of tissue at contact locations, it is generally
believed that the detrimental effects of electric shock are due to the current flowing through the body. Even
though Ohm's law (I=E/R) applies, it is often difficult to correlate voltage with damage to the body because of
the large variations in contact resistance usually present in accidents. Any electrical device used on a house
wiring circuit can, under certain conditions, transmit a fatal current. Although currents greater than 10 mA can
produce painful to severe shock, currents between 100 and 200 mA can be lethal.
With increasing alternating current, the sensations of tingling give way to contractions of the muscles.
The muscular contractions and accompanying sensations of heat increase as the current is increased.

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Sensations of pain develop, and voluntary control of the muscles that lie in the current pathway
becomes increasingly difficult. As current approaches 15 mA, the victim cannot let go of the conductive surface
being grasped. At this point, the individual is said to "freeze" to the circuit. This is frequently referred to as the
"let-go" threshold.
As current approaches 100 mA, ventricular fibrillation of the heart occurs. Ventricular fibrillation is
defined as "very rapid uncoordinated contractions of the ventricles of the resulting in loss of synchronization
between heartbeat and pulse beat." Once ventricular fibrillation occurs, it will continue, and death will ensue
within a few minutes. Use of a special device called a de-fibrillator is required to save the victim.
Heavy current flow can result in severe burns and heart paralysis. If shock is of short duration, the
heart stops during current passage and usually re-starts normally on current interruption, improving the
victim's chances for survival.

Resistance

Studies have shown that the electrical resistance of the human body varies with the amount of
moisture on the skin, the pressure applied to the contact point, and the contact area. The outer layer of skin,
the epidermis, has very high resistance when dry. Wet conditions, a cut or other break in the skin will
drastically reduce resistance. Shock severity increases with an increase in pressure of contact. Also, the larger
the contact area, the lower the resistance. Whatever protection is offered by skin resistance decreases rapidly
with increase in voltage. Higher voltages have the capability of "breaking down" the outer layers of the skin,
thereby reducing the resistance.

Path Through Body

The path the current takes through the body affects the degree of injury. A small current that passes
from one extremity through the heart to the other extremity can cause severe injury or electrocution. There
have been many cases where an arm or leg was almost burned off when the extremity came in contact with
electrical current and the current only flowed through a portion of the limb before it went out into the other
conductor without going through the trunk of the body. Had the current gone through the trunk of the body,
the person would almost surely have been electrocuted.

Duration of Shock

The duration of the shock has a great bearing on the outcome. If the shock is of short duration, it may
only be a painful experience for the person. If the level of current flow reaches the approximate ventricular
fibrillation threshold of 100 mA, a shock duration of a few seconds could be fatal. This is not much current
when you consider that a small light duty portable electric drill draws about 30 times as much.

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At relatively high currents, death is inevitable if the shock is of appreciable duration; however, if the
shock is of short duration, and if the heart has not been damaged, interruption of the current may be followed
by a spontaneous resumption of its normal rhythmic contractions.

Summary of Effects

We can sum up the lethal effects of electric current as follows:

1. Current flow greater than the "let-go" threshold of an individual may cause a person to collapse,
become unconscious and can result in death. The current flow would most often have to continue for
longer than five seconds. Although it may not be possible to determine the exact cause of death with
certainty, asphyxiation or heart failure are the prime suspects.

2. Current flow through the chest, neck, head or major nerve centers controlling respiration may result
in a failure of the respiratory system. This is usually caused by a disruption of the nerve impulses
between the respiratory control center and the respiratory muscles. Such a condition is dangerous
since it is possible for the respiratory failure to continue even after the current flow has stopped.

3. The most dangerous condition can occur when fairly small amounts of current flow through the heart
area. Such current flow can cause ventricular fibrillation. This asynchronous movement of the heart
causes the hearts' usual rhythmic pumping action to cease. Death results within minutes.

4. When relatively large currents flow through the heart area, heart action may be stopped entirely. If
the shock duration is short and no physical damage to the heart has occurred, the heart may begin
rhythmic pumping automatically when the current ceases.

5. Extensive tissue damage, including internal organ damage due to high temperatures, occurs when
very large currents flow through major portions of the body.

6. There are recorded cases of delayed death after a person has been revived following an electrical
shock. This may occur within minutes, hours or even days after the event has occurred. Several
assumptions for such delayed effects are:
i. internal or unseen hemorrhaging
ii. emotional or psychological effects of the shock
iii. aggravation of a pre-existing condition

In many accidents, there is a combination of the above effects, or additional effects may develop after
the initial accident, thus making an accurate diagnosis quite difficult. (US Department of Labor, 2001)

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source: Hydro One Networks Inc.

Figure 1.18 Biological Effects of Electricity

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g. Proper Use of PPE

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to items typically worn by a worker to provide protection
from recognized hazards. Depending on the job task to be performed, PPE for the electric power industry
generally includes safety glasses, face shields, hard hats, safety shoes, insulating (rubber) gloves with leather
protectors, insulating sleeves, and flame-resistant (FR) clothing. Additional PPE, such as fall protection
equipment, respirators, chemical-resistant or cut-resistant gloves, and chaps, may be required, depending on
the results of the hazard assessment (for example, when working with brush chippers, chain saws, or stump
cutters).
In addition to PPE, electric power workers often use Insulating Protective Equipment (IPE), such as line
hoses, rubber hoods, rubber blankets, and insulating live-line tools (for example, hot sticks, switch sticks, or
shotgun sticks) for protection. However, since IPE is not worn, it is technically not considered to be PPE.

Prior to requiring workers to wear PPE, employers are required to:

1. Perform hazard assessments, as required, and determine the PPE needed to protect workers.
2. Provide training on the proper use of PPE for working on or near exposed energized parts
3. Discuss PPE needs during required job briefings.
4. Inspect and test certain PPE such as insulating (rubber) gloves and sleeves to ensure that they are not
damaged or defective and will provide the needed protection.

Figure 1.19 Arc Flash ratings per category Figure 1.20 Gloves Rating source: [Link]

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Figure 1.21 PPE category level Chart for Arch Flash Protection

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Figure 1.22 Safety Equipment source: [Link]

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Name: Course, Yr. & Sec. Subject:

Group No. Time: Days: Rm: Date:
Professor/Instructor: Rating:

Safety Awareness Activity

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

I. Objectives:
At the end of the activity, students should be able to:
1. Be aware of the hazards of electricity to the human body.
2. Observe all electrical precautionary measures and guidelines to ensure safety.
3. Appreciate the importance of practicing safety in various conditions and situations.

II. Technical Information:

Physiological Effects of Electricity

 Threshold of perception: The minimal current that an individual can detect. For AC (with wet hands)
can be as small as 0.5 mA at 60 Hz. For DC, 2 ~10 mA

 Let-go current: The maximal current at which the subject can voluntarily withdraw. 6 ~ 100 mA, at
which involuntary muscle contractions, reflex withdrawals, secondary physical effects (falling, hitting
head) may also occur.

 Respiratory Paralysis / Pain / Fatigue At as low as 20 mA, involuntary contractions of respiratory

muscles can cause asphyxiation / respiratory arrest, if the current is not interrupted. Strong
involuntary contraction of other muscles can cause pain and fatigue

 Ventricular fibrillation 75 ~ 400 mA can cause heart muscles to contract uncontrollably, altering the
normal propagation of the electrical activity of the heart. Heart rate can raise up to 300 bpm, rapid,
disorganized and too high to pump any meaningful amount of blood ventricular fibrillation. Normal
rhythm can only return using a defibrillator

 Sustained myocardial contraction / Burns and physical injury At 1 ~6 A, the entire heart muscle
contracts and heart stops beating. This will not cause irreversible tissue damage; however, as normal
rhythm will return once the current is removed. At or after 10A, however, burns can occur, particularly
at points of entry and e

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III. Reflection/Evaluation:

1. In your own words, define safety and explain why it is important to your field of specialization.

2. List unsafe practices you have experience, or you have observed from others that involve
electricity, electrical appliances or devices? Cite specific examples to clarify your answer.

3. Why is it important to understand the nature of electricity e.g. how it is generated, transmitted
and utilized, to avoid any electrical related accidents?

4. Write at least fifteen (15) safety guidelines that can be adapted in your electrical shop rooms,
residence or any location that utilizes electricity.

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IV. Conclusion (How will you ensure safety in your shop work?):

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Lesson # 2:
A. Basic Tools and Equipment (BTE)

Workers rely on tools for accuracy, resiliency, craftsmanship, comfort, and safety. This includes
electricians who keep our homes illuminated, connected, and energy efficient. There are different types of
tools that are essential to the personnel assigned in Electrical Maintenance Department. It is classified into:

a. Basic electrical maintenance tools

b. Essential electrician tools
c. Electrician tools for staying safe
d. High-tech electrician tools

Basic Electrical Maintenance tools includes pliers, screwdrivers, tape measure, electrical tape, cable
ties, electric drill and level. Essential Electrician tools includes wire/cable lugs, coax connector, wire strippers,
fish tape, terminal block, voltage tester, reaming bit, conduit bender, splicing connector, and flashlight.
Electrician tools for staying safe includes insulated gloves, flame retardant work shirt, safety glasses, and
rescue rod/hook. High-tech Electrician Tools includes circuit analyzers, circuit finders and cloud-based
business software.

Pliers is often referred to as cutting pliers or lineman pliers—are a staple on any electrical tools list.
They are mainly used for cutting wire, or gripping, twisting, bending or straightening wires. Any prepared
electrician stocks an array of pliers in their toolbox or truck, including needle nose pliers, side-cutting pliers,
and reaming pliers for tightening locknuts, fittings and caps.

Figure 2.1 Types of Pliers

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Electricians use a variety of screwdrivers, another toolbox necessity, for loosening and fastening
various pieces of hardware. Many professionals now carry versatile and adaptable screwdrivers with
interchangeable bits, so they're never stuck without the proper electrical maintenance tool.

Figure 2.2 Types of Screwdriver

When working with wiring, it's essential to know exact measurements when cutting and stripping. A
simple retractable tape measure does the trick, but available models with magnetic tips, multi-step locks, and
other features make this process easier.

Figure 2.3 Measuring Steel Tape

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Electrical Tape is made from plastic, vinyl, or fiberglass cloth, this adhesive material is pressure
sensitive and essential for insulating wires or other materials that conduct electricity. Electrical tape prevents
the electrical current from accidentally passing to other wires, and possible electrocution when touching live
wires.

Figure 2.4 Electrical Tape

Cable Ties is also known as zip ties, these inexpensive fasteners are great at binding electrical cables
or wires together. Keep your electrical space neat and organized with cable ties.

Figure 2.5 Cable Ties

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Electricians regularly install new lighting fixtures or need to disassemble installed hardware to access
wiring and other electrical components. A handheld electric drill with various bits helps expedite these tasks—
and allows professionals to affix specialty bits (like the reaming bit, see below) for industry-specific purposes.

Figure 2.6 Electric Drill

When installing light fixtures, finding precise points for placement is key. An electrical tools list isn’t
complete without a standard level, as it helps electricians ensure fixtures, screws, and other installations are
placed exactly where they need to be.

Figure 2.7 Level Gauge

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Wire/Cable Lugs is like the features used on jumper cables and car batteries, wire and cable lugs
connect wires to appliances, cables, and other devices in need of power.

Figure 2.8 Wire and cable Lugs

Coax connectors link cables to devices, while simultaneously protecting the cable from shredding.
Multiple connectors exist and keeping a variety on hand ensures you always meet your customers’ needs.

Figure 2.9 Coax Connectors

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Professional electricians regularly strip the plastic coating on wires to expose the copper and make
customized connections with other wiring or components. This wire stripper essential electrical maintenance
tool comes in a variety of models and types.

Figure 2.10 Wire Stripper

Fish tape is one of many popular electrician tools. It’s used to run wiring between gang boxes (or other
electrical components) through conduit piping. Fish tape is housed in a retractable coil and can be fed through
installed conduit piping. Once the end of the fish tape appears on the opposite side, wiring can be hooked to
the tape and the tape can be retracted—pulling the wire along the conduit.

Figure 2.11 Fish Tape

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Terminal Block is an insulated device assist electrician when grouping multiple wires together. They’re
used to connect wiring to a ground or connect electrical switches and outlets to mains.

Figure 2.12 Terminal Block

To safely perform electrical work, electrical power must be cut off in key sections of the property
(usually via the circuit breaker). A handheld voltage tester allows electricians to test outlets for power, so they
know when they’re safe to work on. Electricians also use this tool to confirm power has been restored.

Figure 2.13 Voltage Tester

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Installing new conduits or replacing old ones means connecting different segments of piping together
to create a wiring route between electrical components. A reaming bit attaches to an electric drill and widens
the opening on one end of the piping, allowing it to connect to another segment of piping and complete a
secure conduit.

Figure 2.14 Reaming Bit

When determining a wiring route, electricians often run wiring along the corner of the wall or in other
mostly hidden areas. Conduit benders are electrician tools used to curve conduit piping to accommodate
these routes and ensure the conduits remain nonintrusive and efficiently placed in the customer’s home.

Figure2.15 Conduit Bender

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Splicing Connector helps electricians make quick connections with multiple pieces of wire. They can
be used with multiple cables, including device wires, telephone cables, and electrical cables.

Figure 2.16 Splicing Connector

Flashlights for an electrician, working in the dark is a potential hazard of the job. Keep essential
electrician tools, like flashlights and other various work lights, handy and within reach.

Figure 2.17 Flashlights

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Electrocution poses real danger for electricians, so they need to take precautions. Wearing insulated
gloves provides another layer of protection, so include them as one of your electrical maintenance tools.
Insulated gloves come in various styles for fit and comfort, so choose the type that works best for you.

Figure 2.18 Rated Insulated Gloves

Skilled and trained electricians learn how to take precautions against dangerous arc flashes,
electrocutions and fires. Part of this training includes making sure they wear work shirts made with fire-
resistant material to prevent serious burn injuries.

Figure 2.19 Fire Resistant Clothing

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42
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Electricians need to protect their eyes when closely examining electrical wiring or operating power
tools. Apprentices and seasoned veterans alike need a pair of safety glasses on hand at every job site, as part
of their essential electrician tools.

Figure 2.20 Safety Glasses

Rescue rods/hooks are used to remove large items or unconscious people who have been
electrocuted from a hazardous area. Because a dangerous electrical current may still be live, emergency first-
responders must use the rescue rod to pull a victim away from the electrical source without getting
electrocuted themselves.

Figure 2.21 Rescue Hooks

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43
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Circuit analyzers is a digital handheld electrician tool, provides virtually instant information about the
circuit connected to an individual outlet. In seconds, these electrical maintenance tools measure voltage,
polarity, line voltage, reversals, and more.

Figure 2.22 Circuit Analyzer

Electricians often find it difficult to know which outlets are connected to which circuits in a house.
Modern electricians use circuit finders with two main components incorporated into the device: a handheld
digital transmitter and a small receiver that plug into outlets around the home. When an electrician holds up
the transmitter to circuits in the breaker, the device sends a signal to the receiver to indicate which circuit the
outlet belongs to.

Figure 2.23 Circuit Tracer

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

44
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

The multimeter is a compact electronic device (usually handheld) that measures AC and DC voltage,
amperes (current), and ohms (resistance). The device goes by several commonly used names such as volt-
ohmmeter (VOM), multi-tester, multi-meter, and others.

Multi-meter Is a Must-Have Tool

It is an essential tool for home repair projects involving electrical work at the branch electrical
circuit level or with HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) repair. This display on this electronic device
may be analog or digital. The analog version uses a calibrated meter with a needle. The digital version is more
common and used as a fully electronic display. Electronic versions can often measure DCV, ACV, DCA, ACA,
resistance, capacitance, frequency, temperature, duty cycle, transistor, diode, and continuity, and other
readings. The device has two electrical wire leads, red and black, and a dial to select the setting/mode. Various
tests can be run, and measurements made depending upon the setting. Electronic versions of the multimeter
are called a DMM (digital multi-meter) or DVOM (digital volt-ohmmeter).

Also Known As: Voltmeter, Multi-meter, Multi-tester, Volt-Ohmmeter, VOM, Continuity Tester, DMM, and
DVOM.

Figure 2.24 Multi Tester

The days of hauling a clipboard around and burdening homeowners with crinkled, scribbled-on
estimates and invoices are over. With a comprehensive, cloud-based residential and commercial services
software solution, electricians arrive armed with the right digital tools to make customer service, estimates,
sales, and invoicing simple and easy.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Figure 2.25 Cloud-based Software

ADVANTAGES

“You’re only as good as the tools you use!”

This saying has been around for many years and highlights the importance of using the correct tool
for the job. Consequently, it means that your employees are only as good as the tools that they use, too.

Here is the list of the advantages of using the right tools for a specific job.

1. Each tool is precisely designed for a specific purpose, having the right tool is imperative to successful
completion of the task at hand.
2. The right tools allow employees to complete their task efficiently, which affords employees
opportunities to expand their range of capabilities.
3. These tools help increase uptime and reliability at lower cost by allowing you to predict and prevent
failure.

DISADVANTAGES

1. At present times, tools are being created way smarter and more efficient, you always need to keep up
with the changing times.
2. Coping up with the newer version of tools may cost you more money.
3. Employees might not feel comfortable telling management that they need better devices or more of
them.

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46
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

APPLICATION

1. It is used for basic troubleshooting.

2. It is used for performing site maintenance.
3. It is used to perform duties to ensure site safety.

CONCLUSION

When employees aren’t provided with the correct tools, they are forced to rely on what is readily
available to them. This can lead to inefficient, slow work that might also result in incorrect completion of a
task, which companies would obviously like to avoid. These days, tools are being created that are smarter and
more efficient. Make sure you keep up with the changing times by providing your employees with the proper
and most effective tools for their jobs. Employees might not feel comfortable telling management that they
need better devices or more of them, so it’s a good idea to check with them yourself. Don’t let the lack of
correct equipment weigh your company down.

RECOMMENDATION

MAKE YOUR TOOLS LAST!

It’s all well and good to ensure you have all the tools of the trade, but if you don’t look after them, it
will just end up costing hundreds, if not thousands, to continually replace them. On top of this, tools that are
in better condition are safer and a safer working environment is essential. So, here are some tips and tricks.

1. Ensure they are stored correctly. Store them in bags, boxes, hang them on the wall or create a
dedicated tool shelf, but either way, never leave your tools just lying around. A peg board is a fantastic
way to store your small tools.
2. Make sure the storage place is dry. Humidity and moisture can do a world of damage to your tools so
take the required measures to protect them. There’s nothing worse than rusty tools.
3. Whenever you’re done for the day, clear your tools prior to storing them. A clean cloth to remove any
excess oils, sawdust or grease.
4. Repair your tools when required. Check your tools after every job and take immediate measures to fix
anything that needs fixing. If the tool is completely ruined, replace it immediately.
5. When it comes to the tools you require, it will largely depend on the types of jobs you do. Ensuring
your tools are taken care of and that you have the right tools for the job is crucial in the trade industry.

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

47
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

48
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

49
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

50
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
Assessment Procedures

- Participate on the Q&A portion

- You will be having an online quiz using MS Forms after the live discussion. Please attach the scanned
image of your handwritten solution on the quiz form if required. Write your solution legibly.

- Assignment must be submitted on your MS Team notebook or files on or before our next live online
meeting.

- For Offline submit all accomplish assignments soft copy thru my TUP e-mail add
edwin_espinas@[Link] or thru messenger. Portfolio type hardcopy is required via LBC or other
courier services if totally no net availability but subject for approval.
-

Learning Resources

References:

Csanyi, E. (2016, November 7). 6 Lockout Operations Every Electrician MUST Perform And Respect. Retrieved
from [Link]

Formisano, B. (2020, January 2). Multi-meter or Volt-ohmmeter. Retrieved from The Spruce:
[Link]

Hydro One Network Inc.,. (2013). Electrical Safety Handbook for Emergency Responders. Ontario, Canada:
Hydro One Networks Inc.

Safety Management Group. (2016, February 2). Eight steps for safer lockout tagout programs. Retrieved from
[Link]

Service Titan. (2020, May 22). 25 Essential Electrician Tools for 2020. Retrieved from
[Link]

U.S. Department of Labor. (2001, December 09). Basic Electrical Safety. Retrieved from OSHA Office of
Training and Education: [Link]

Other Resources

- Power Point Lecture, YouTube Videos, Module 1-5 Lecture Notes

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