VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM, MAMBAKKAM

WORKSHEET 3 ANSWER KEY

TOPIC: Sexual Reproduction
I. 1. (c) cracking of voice 2. (d) menstruation
3. (b) formation of sperm 4. (c) (iii) and (iv)
5. (b) fusion of nuclei of male and female gamete.
II. 1. (b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not correct explanation of the assertion.
2. (d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true.
III. 1. No, it can only prevent unwanted pregnancy. It will not be able to prevent contact of
body fluids.
2. These are called hermaphrodites, e.g. earthworm and leech.
3. (i) Ovary produces eggs for fertilisation.
(ii) They also produces hormones oestrogen and progestrone.
4. Fertilisation is the process in which pollen grain and egg fuse to form zygote.
Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grains from stamen to the stigma of
carpel. It means that fertilisation is not possible without pollination.
5. Watermelon, Cucumber and Willows (Any two)
6. (i) Special cell division involved in the process of gametes formation is the cause of
variations.
(ii) Genetic material comes from two parents, which brings variations in offsprings.
7. (i) Testis produces sperms.
(ii) It produces testosterone hormone.
8. Sepals and petals are not directly involved in reproduction.
9. Scrotum regulates the temperature of testes and maintains it at 35°C, two degree
below the body temperature, so as to protect sperms from high temperature.
10. Chromosomes can be seen as thread like structure having specific shape when
cell is dividing by which they can be identified.
11. Scrotal sac temperature is less by 2° because sperms are safe at a little lower
temperature than body temperature. It is outside the body that is why it has lower
temperature than body.
12. Pollen grains contain male gametes in plants and ovules contain female gametes.
13. Germination: Involves development of embryo into a seedling.
Fertilisation: It involves fusion of male with female gametes.
14. Diseases that spread through the sexual contact
are called STDs AIDS damages the body’s
immune system.
15. When egg is not fertilised, blood and mucus comes out through vagina. This
process is called
menstruation.
16. The lining of uterus becomes thick and spongy by the action of progesterone to
receive and nurture the development of embryo.
17. Zygote is a single celled fusion product of sperm and ovum whereas embryo is a
multicellular product produced by mitotic divisions from zygote.
 18. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.
19. Hibiscus, Mustard (Any one)
IV. 1. The process of transfer of pollens from anther to stigma is called pollination, which takes
place only in plants.
Fertilisation is a process in which male sex cell and female sex cell join or fuse together to
form zygote. It happens in all living organisms, in sexual reproduction.
2. Seminal vesicle: It holds the liquid that mixes with sperm to form semen.
Prostate gland: It secretes fluid adding upto the semen and contains enzymes and other
substances. It also provides nutrition to the sperms, in the form of fructose and calcium. It
protects sperms.
3. (i) The inner uterine wall becomes thick.
(ii) More blood vessels develop in its lining.
4. Ovaries contain thousands of immature eggs at the time of birth. Some of these eggs start
maturing when girls attain puberty. One egg is produced every month by one of the
ovaries.
5. Testes Æ vas deferens Æ urethra Æ penis and then opens to outside.
6. Sperms are motile (movable) and have X or Y chromosomes whereas eggs are non-motile
and have X chromosome only.
The sperms can reach to egg for fertilisation because these are motile. Chromosomes in
them help in determination of sex of a new born child.
7. (i) In sexual reproduction, fusion of male and female gametes takes place, each of their
germ cells or gametes contain half the number of chromosomes.
(ii) When male and female gametes fuse at the time of fertilisation it restores the original
number of chromosomes of parent.
8.

9. (i) To prevent unwanted pregnancies.

(ii) To prevent STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases).
(iii) To have proper gap between two children.
(iv) To control population.
(v) To have sound health.
10.

11.(a) Formation of sperms takes place in testes.

(b) Prostate gland contributes fluid to the semen.
12. (i) Placenta: The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special
tissue called placenta.
Uterus: After fertilisation, embryo gets attached to the walls of uterus.
(ii) Unisexual flowers: Flowers which contain either stamens or carpels.
Bisexual flowers: Flowers which contain both stamens and carpels.
V. 1. (i) Testosterone regulates formation of sperms.
(ii) The appearance of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty like beard, genital hair,
change in voice is due to testosterone.
2. (i) Change in voice.
(ii) Increase in size of breasts.
(iii) Appearance of hair in armpit and genital hair (pubic hair).
 (iv) Widening of hips.
(v) Rapid physical growth.
(vi) Onset of menstruation.
3. The three techniques which prevent pregnancy are:
(i) Barrier method, (ii) Chemical method (iii) Surgical
method Chemical methods are not for males.
The use of contraceptive have a direct effect on the health and prosperity of the family.
(i) To avoid unwanted pregnancy–if the woman is not physically or mentally prepared to
bear a child her health gets adversely affected.
(ii) Contraception allows the parents to space the birth of two children and helps in family
planning.
(iii) This way they can decide how many children to have and allows them to bring them up
properly especially in case of limited resources. (or any other)
4. (i) Placenta is a disc like special tissue connection between embryo and uterine wall. It
acts as an endocrine gland. It possesses villi that increases the surface area for
absorption of nutrients. Facilitates passage of nutrition and oxygen to embryo from
mother through blood.
(ii) Waste substances produced by embryo are removed through placenta into mother’s
blood.
(iii) Birth of child takes place after the gestation period (9 months inside the womb of
mother). When the contractions in muscles of the uterine walls is at highest then the
birth of child takes place by the birth canal.
5. (i) Ovary produces eggs
(ii) Zygote is implanted in womb or uterus
(iii) Entry of sperms through vagina.

Plumul Radicl
e e
It is part of growing embryo which gets The part of growing embryo which later
converted into shoot of young plant. forms the root of plant.
It shows positive photoropism and It shows phototropi a positi
negative geotropism. negative sm n ve
geotropism. d
M Female gamete
a
l
e

g
a
m
e
t
e
It is smaller in It is bigger in size.
size.
It is motile. It is non-motile.

6. ‘A’ is anther. It contains pollen grains.

‘B’ is style. It allows growth in pollen tube up to the ovary from
the stigma. ‘C’ is ovary. It contains ovules.
7. The male reproductive part of an angiosperm is stamen. The female reproductive part is
pistil/carpel, which consist of stigma, style and ovary.
Stigma: It is the site for deposition of pollen grains after
pollination. Style: It is a tube that allows growth of pollen tube
to reach the ovary. Ovary: It contains ovules that develops into
seeds.
8. (i) Barrier method: Condom is placed on the erect penis of male before sexual intercourse. In
female,
a thin rubber disc is placed in the vagina, which covers the opening of cervix.
(ii) Oral pills: Birth control pills can be taken to prevent pregnancy.
(iii) Surgical methods: Use of copper-T in females, surgically implanted at the opening of the
cervix, prevents entry of sperms.
Vasectomy in males, tubectomy in females can also help in population control. In
vasectomy, sperm ducts are cut. In tubectomy, oviducts are tied, blocked or cut.
Sperms cannot reach the ova and thus pregnancy is avoided.
 9.

10. Structure of placenta: It is a special disc like tissue embedded in mother’s uterine
wall and connected to the foetus/embryo.
Functions of placenta: It provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen/nutrients to
pass from mother’s body to the developing/developed embryo/foetus and also helps in
passing the waste from the foetus/embryo to the mother’s body.

11.

12. Sperm formation takes place at a lower temperature than body temperature therefore
testes are located outside the body and its temperature is 2°C below the body
temperature.
Functions of Testes:
Endocrine Function: The production of testosterone hormone.
Exocrine Function: The production of sperms.
13. (i) Two parents are involved
(ii) Two dissimilar gametes are formed
(iii) Variations are produced
(iv) Occurs in higher and some of lower organisms
(v) Fertilisation is needed for zygote formation
(vi) It is a slow process.
14.(a) (i) Ovary: It produces ova and female sex hormones.
(ii) Fallopian tube: It is the site of fertilisation and transfer of female gamete from the
ovary.
(iii) Uterus: Implantation of zygote and it keeps foetus till complete development.
(b) (i) Scrotum: It protects testes.
(ii) Testes: It produces sperms.
(iii) Vas deferens: It delivers sperms from testes to urethra.
15. Pollination must occur before fertilisation as it has to reach the male gametes present in
pollen grain which will germinate to form a pollen tube and carry the male gametes to the
ovum. Pollination is different from fertilisation because here the pollen grain with its male
gametes just reaches the stigma, whereas fertilisation of male gamete to ovum results in
formation of diploid zygote which is the foundation of new generation.
16. (i) Ovary ripens and developed into fruit.
(ii) Ovules develop into seed.
 (iii) Petals and sepals wither and drop.
(iv) Stigma, style and stamens dry up and fall off.
17. Sperms travel upwards through uterus to oviduct where they may meet an
ovum and hence fertilise it. Fertilisation takes place in oviduct to give rise to single
celled zygote. The zygote divides to become multicellular embryo which gets fixed in
uterus. The embryo remains attached to uterine walls throughout gestation period which
is about 40 weeks in humans.
18.

19. The basic requirements for sexual reproduction to take place are involvement of two
parents and fusion of their haploid gametes. In the sexual reproduction, a new individual
is formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes, one from the male parent and the other
from the female parent. Since the new individual formed is diploid in nature, the gametes
must be formed by meiosis, so that chromosome number can be reduced to half. When
fusion of gametes occurs, the two nuclei of these two gametes fuse and the chromosome
number is restored to normal. The zygote, thus formed is diploid in nature.
Importance of sexual reproduction:
Sexual reproduction involves fusion of male and female gametes coming from both the
parents. The fusion of these gametes results in genetic variations in the offsprings. This
way sexual reproduction promotes diversity of characters in offsprings by providing
genetic variations. These genetic variations, thus lead to evolution of species as well as
allow the organisms to become better adapted in the changing environment.
20. (a) When the implantation has occurred in uterus of the mother, the inner lining of the
uterus thickens and is richly supplied with the blood vessels to provide nourishment
to the growing embryo.
(b) If the egg is not fertilised, it lives for about one day. Since, the thickened uterus lining
is no more required, it will slowly break down and come out through the vagina as
blood and mucus known as menstruation which lasts for about two to eight days.
21. The four main steps involved in sexual reproduction are:
(i) In the first stage of sexual reproduction, meiosis process occurs and the number of
chromosomes reduces from diploid (2n = 46) to haploid (n = 23) for each gamete.
(ii) In the second stage, there is transfer of male gametes into the female body.
(iii) In the third stage, the two gametes will fuse together after fertilisation, a single male
gamete will fuse with a female gamete. i.e. fertilisation process takes place.
(iv) After fusion of male and female gametes, they form a zygote, in which the number of
chromosomes is restored to diploid (2n = 46).
The two main advantages of sexual reproduction are:
(i) There are more variations, which leads to better adaptability of the offsprings in the
environment.
(ii) Promotes the diversity in the characteristics of offspring, because it results by fusion of
gametes.
22. Any one of the following differences:
(i) In sexual reproduction two opposite sexes are involved whereas in asexual
reproduction only one individual is involved.
(ii) In sexual reproduction male and female gametes formation take place whereas in
asexual reproduction no gamete formation occurs.
 • Sexually reproducing organisms have better chances of survival. A

• This is because more variations are generated. B

VI. 1. (i) ‘A’ is stigma, ‘B’ is pollen tube, ‘C’ is ovary and ‘D’ is egg cell (female germ cell).
(ii) Pollination is a process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther of stamen to the C

stigma of carpel. It is necessary for fertilisation by sexual reproduction.

(iii) When male gamete and egg fuse together to form zygote, it is called fertilisation.
It takes place in ovule. After that the ovule develops a tough coat and is gradually
D
converted into seed.
Fruit: The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit after ovule has been
fertilised.

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Only single parent is needed. Two parents are involved.
Gametes are not produced. Male and female gametes are produced.
Offsprings produced are identical to parent. Offsprings are different from parent.
No mixing of genetic material. Mixing of genetic material from both the
parents.
It is not useful for natural selection in the It helps in natural selection in the evolution of
evolution of species. species.
It is a rapid process, under proper conditions. It is a slow process.

Self pollination Cross pollination

(i) It involves transfer of pollen grains (i) Cross pollination is the transfer of
from anther to stigma within the same pollen grains from anther to stigma in
flower. another flower of another plants.

(ii) It occurs in same flower or in two (ii) It occurs between two flowers of
flowers of same plant. different plants but of same species.

(iii) Flowers should be genetically same. (iii) It occurs between flowers which are
genetically
different.
2. (i) (a) Egg develops in ovary.
(b)Fertilisation takes place in fallopian tube.
(c)The fertilised egg gets implanted in uterus.

(ii) (a) The inner uterus lining becomes thick to receive the zygote and is supplied with blood
and nutrients to nourish the embryo.
(b) The inner uterus lining breaks and released in the form of blood and mucus through
vagina.
3. Significance of reproductive health in society are:
(i) Prevent STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease)
(ii) Advantages of small family
(iii) Less mortality among new borns
(iv) Reduces cases of maternal mortality
Two areas of Improvement are:
(i) Family planning. (ii) Decrease in STD cases.
4. (a) (i) Formation of sperms and change in appearance.
(ii) Thick hair growth on face stet and pubic region and change in voice.
(b) A tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels through the style to the ovary.
(c) Zygote is formed i.e. fertilisation takes place.
(d) Each piece grows into new organism.
(e) Buds may fall on the soil and change into new organism.
5. Two causes of human population explosion are:
(i) Reduced mortality rate due to better medical facilities.
(ii) Desire for male child.
(iii) Less awareness of birth control methods.
(iv) Illiteracy and poverty. (Any two)
Methods to check population explosion are:
(i) By using contraception methods.
(ii) Awareness among people of the advantage of small family.
6. (a) The organ that produces sperms as well as secretes male hormone is testis. The
hormone secreted by it is testosterone. Its important functions are as follows:
It stimulates sperm production.
It stimulates the development of secondary sexual characters in males like growth of
beard hairs, low pitch voice, etc. It involves in the development, maturation and
functioning of the male accessory sex organs like vas deferens and seminal vesicles
 (b) In human female reproductive system, the process of fertilisation takes place in one of
the fallopian tubes.
(c) The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue
called placenta. Placenta is a vascular membranous organ that connects the
developing foetus to the uterine wall of the mother. It contains villi on the embryo’s
side of the tissue. On the mother’s side are blood spaces, which surround the villi.
This provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to
the embryo. The placenta draws nutrients and oxygen, which it supplies to the foetus,
from the maternal circulation. In turn, the placenta receives carbon dioxide and
wastes of foetal metabolism and discharges them into the maternal circulation for
disposal.
7. (a) (i) Fallopian Tube/Oviduct
(ii) Uterus
(iii) Vagina

(b) People prefer use of condoms as it prevents STDs/gives privacy to the user. Condoms
help create a mechanical barrier preventing meeting of sperms and ovum.
8. (i) Prostate glands and seminal vesicle add their secretions so that the sperms are in a
fluid state and it makes their transport easier and also provides nutrition to sperms.
Testes secrete testosterone hormone which brings about changes in the appearance
in the boys at the time of puberty.
(ii) Female foeticides/illegal sex selected abortion of female child.
(iii) Interfere in release of egg and eggs are not released.
9. (a) (i) Barrier method, (ii) Oral pills, (iii) Use of copper-T, (iv) Vasectomy in males,
tubectomy in females.
(b) • It is because female foeticide is increasing.
• It leads to unbalanced sex ratio i.e., more males, less females.
On long run, it will help in maintaining healthier (equal) sex ratio.
It will save mothers from illegal medical termination of pregnancy and health issues.
(c)Gonorrhoea and syphilis are bacterial
infections. Warts and HIV-AIDS are viral
infections.
10. [Diagram drawn and annotated with the following points will also be considered]
– Stamen is the male reproductive part and it produces pollen
grains.
• The ovary contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell.
• The pollen needs to be transferred from the stamen to the
stigma.
• If this transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower, it is
referred to as self-pollination./ On the other hand, if the
pollen is transferred from one flower to another, it is
known as cross- pollination.
After the pollen lands on a suitable stigma, it has to reach
the female germ-cells which are in the ovary. For this, a
tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels through the
style to reach
the ovary/Figure • This fusion of the germ-cells or fertilisation
• The male germ-cell produced by pollen grain gives the zygote.
fuses with the
female gamete present in the ovule.
Germination of pollen on stigma
• After fertilisation, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule.
• The ovule develops a tough coat and is gradually converted into a seed. The ovary grows rapidly and
ripens
to form a fruit.
• Meanwhile, the petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma may shrivel and fall off.