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R Lab Assignment: Statistical Analysis

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20PH022 Sruthi
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12 views14 pages

R Lab Assignment: Statistical Analysis

Uploaded by

20PH022 Sruthi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

R LAB ASSIGNMENT

SRUTHI.A.M
23MSP1014
m=50
> m
[1] 50
> ps=0.6
> ps
[1] 0.6
> #exactly no errors
> lambda=m*ps
> lambda
[1] 30
> p1=dpois(0,lambda)
> p1
[1] 9.357623e-14
> round(1000*p1)
[1] 0
> #exactly one error
> p2=dpois(1,lambda)
> p2
[1] 2.807287e-12
> round(1000*p2)
[1] 0
> #exactly 2 errors
> p3=dpois(2,lambda)
> p3
[1] 4.21093e-11
> round(1000*p3)
[1] 0
> #plotting the distribution
> x1=0:m
> x1
[1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
[30] 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
> px1=dpois(x1,lambda)
> px1
[1] 9.357623e-14 2.807287e-12 4.210930e-11 4.210930e-10 3.158198e-09
1.894919e-08
[7] 9.474593e-08 4.060540e-07 1.522702e-06 5.075675e-06 1.522702e-05
4.152825e-05
[13] 1.038206e-04 2.395861e-04 5.133987e-04 1.026797e-03 1.925245e-03
3.397491e-03
[19] 5.662486e-03 8.940767e-03 1.341115e-02 1.915879e-02 2.612562e-02
3.407689e-02
[25] 4.259611e-02 5.111534e-02 5.897924e-02 6.553248e-02 7.021338e-02
7.263453e-02
[31] 7.263453e-02 7.029148e-02 6.589826e-02 5.990751e-02 5.285957e-02
4.530820e-02
[37] 3.775683e-02 3.061365e-02 2.416867e-02 1.859128e-02 1.394346e-02
1.020253e-02
[43] 7.287524e-03 5.084319e-03 3.466581e-03 2.311054e-03 1.507209e-03
9.620485e-04
[49] 6.012803e-04 3.681308e-04 2.208785e-04
> plot(x1,px1,xlab = "value of x",ylab = "probability distribution of
x")
> ex=[Link](x1,px1)
> ex
[1] 29.99337
> varx1=[Link](x1*x1,px1)-([Link](x1,px1))^2
> varx1
[1] 29.86076
sample1=c(23,20,19,21,18,17,23,16,19)
> sample1
[1] 23 20 19 21 18 17 23 16 19
> sample2=c(24,19,22,18,20,22,20,23,20,18)
> sample2
[1] 24 19 22 18 20 22 20 23 20 18
> sample1=c(23,20,19,21,18,20,17,23,16,19)
> sample1
[1] 23 20 19 21 18 20 17 23 16 19
> t=[Link](sample1,sample2)
> t

Welch Two Sample t-test

data: sample1 and sample2


t = -1.0183, df = 17.764, p-value = 0.3222
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-3.065199 1.065199
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
19.6 20.6

> alpha=0.05
> alpha
[1] 0.05
> tv=t$[Link]
> tv
[1] 0.32222
> if(tv>alpha){print("accept hypothesis")}else print("reject
hypothesis")
[1] "accept hypothesis"
mean=52
> mean
[1] 52
> sd=10
> sd
[1] 10
> mean_p=50
> mean_p
[1] 50
> sd_p=8
> sd_p
[1] 8
> mean_c=48
> mean_c
[1] 48
> sd_c=6
> sd_c
[1] 6
> #180 or above
> p1=1-pnorm(180,mean+mean_p+mean_c,sd+sd_p+sd_c)
> p1
[1] 0.1056498
> p2=1-pnorm(135,mean+mean_p+mean_c,sd+sd_p+sd_c)
> p2
[1] 0.7340145
> marks=seq(0,200,by=5)
> marks
[1] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
80 85 90 95 100
[22] 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180
185 190 195 200
> p=pnorm(mean+mean_p+mean_c,sd+sd_p+sd_c)
> p
[1] 1
> distribution_table=[Link](marks,p)
> distribution_table
marks p
1 0 1
2 5 1
3 10 1
4 15 1
5 20 1
6 25 1
7 30 1
8 35 1
9 40 1
10 45 1
11 50 1
12 55 1
13 60 1
14 65 1
15 70 1
16 75 1
17 80 1
18 85 1
19 90 1
20 95 1
21 100 1
22 105 1
23 110 1
24 115 1
25 120 1
26 125 1
27 130 1
28 135 1
29 140 1
30 145 1
31 150 1
32 155 1
33 160 1
34 165 1
35 170 1
36 175 1
37 180 1
38 185 1
39 190 1
40 195 1
41 200 1

> data=matrix(c(25,13,9,47,62,53,49,164,12,34,43,89,99,100,10,300),ncol=4,byrow=T)
> data
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 25 13 9 47
[2,] 62 53 49 164
[3,] 12 34 43 89
[4,] 99 100 10 300
> totalrow=rowSums(data)
> totalrow
[1] 94 328 178 509

> totalcolumn=colSums(data)
> totalcolumn
[1] 198 200 111 600
> total=sum(data)
> total
[1] 1109
> exp=c(totalrow,totalcolumn)/(total)
> exp
[1] 0.08476105 0.29576195 0.16050496 0.45897205 0.17853922 0.18034265 0.10009017
0.54102795
> sum(exp)
[1] 2
> cv=[Link](data)
> cv

Pearson's Chi-squared test

data: data
X-squared = 100.23, df = 9, p-value < 2.2e-16

> cv=cv$[Link]
> cv
[1] 1.415387e-17
> alpha=0.05
> alpha
[1] 0.05
> if(cv>alpha){print("accept the hypothesis")}else{print("reject the hypothesis")}
[1] "reject the hypothesis"

>

x=c(0,1,2,3,4,5)
> x
[1] 0 1 2 3 4 5
> f=c(142,156,69,27,5,1)
> f
[1] 142 156 69 27 5 1
> u=sum(f)
> u
[1] 400
> data=[Link](x=rep(x,f),freq=rep(1,u))
> data
x freq
1 0 1
2 0 1
3 0 1
4 0 1
5 0 1
6 0 1
7 0 1
8 0 1
9 0 1
10 0 1
11 0 1
12 0 1
13 0 1
14 0 1
15 0 1
16 0 1
17 0 1
18 0 1
19 0 1
20 0 1
21 0 1
22 0 1
23 0 1
24 0 1
25 0 1
26 0 1
27 0 1
28 0 1
29 0 1
30 0 1
31 0 1
32 0 1
33 0 1
34 0 1
35 0 1
36 0 1
37 0 1
38 0 1
39 0 1
40 0 1
41 0 1
42 0 1
43 0 1
44 0 1
45 0 1
46 0 1
47 0 1
48 0 1
49 0 1
50 0 1
51 0 1
52 0 1
53 0 1
54 0 1
55 0 1
56 0 1
57 0 1
58 0 1
59 0 1
60 0 1
61 0 1
62 0 1
63 0 1
64 0 1
65 0 1
66 0 1
67 0 1
68 0 1
69 0 1
70 0 1
71 0 1
72 0 1
73 0 1
74 0 1
75 0 1
76 0 1
77 0 1
78 0 1
79 0 1
80 0 1
81 0 1
82 0 1
83 0 1
84 0 1
85 0 1
86 0 1
87 0 1
88 0 1
89 0 1
90 0 1
91 0 1
92 0 1
93 0 1
94 0 1
95 0 1
96 0 1
97 0 1
98 0 1
99 0 1
100 0 1
101 0 1
102 0 1
103 0 1
104 0 1
105 0 1
106 0 1
107 0 1
108 0 1
109 0 1
110 0 1
111 0 1
112 0 1
113 0 1
114 0 1
115 0 1
116 0 1
117 0 1
118 0 1
119 0 1
120 0 1
121 0 1
122 0 1
123 0 1
124 0 1
125 0 1
126 0 1
127 0 1
128 0 1
129 0 1
130 0 1
131 0 1
132 0 1
133 0 1
134 0 1
135 0 1
136 0 1
137 0 1
138 0 1
139 0 1
140 0 1
141 0 1
142 0 1
143 1 1
144 1 1
145 1 1
146 1 1
147 1 1
148 1 1
149 1 1
150 1 1
151 1 1
152 1 1
153 1 1
154 1 1
155 1 1
156 1 1
157 1 1
158 1 1
159 1 1
160 1 1
161 1 1
162 1 1
163 1 1
164 1 1
165 1 1
166 1 1
167 1 1
168 1 1
169 1 1
170 1 1
171 1 1
172 1 1
173 1 1
174 1 1
175 1 1
176 1 1
177 1 1
178 1 1
179 1 1
180 1 1
181 1 1
182 1 1
183 1 1
184 1 1
185 1 1
186 1 1
187 1 1
188 1 1
189 1 1
190 1 1
191 1 1
192 1 1
193 1 1
194 1 1
195 1 1
196 1 1
197 1 1
198 1 1
199 1 1
200 1 1
201 1 1
202 1 1
203 1 1
204 1 1
205 1 1
206 1 1
207 1 1
208 1 1
209 1 1
210 1 1
211 1 1
212 1 1
213 1 1
214 1 1
215 1 1
216 1 1
217 1 1
218 1 1
219 1 1
220 1 1
221 1 1
222 1 1
223 1 1
224 1 1
225 1 1
226 1 1
227 1 1
228 1 1
229 1 1
230 1 1
231 1 1
232 1 1
233 1 1
234 1 1
235 1 1
236 1 1
237 1 1
238 1 1
239 1 1
240 1 1
241 1 1
242 1 1
243 1 1
244 1 1
245 1 1
246 1 1
247 1 1
248 1 1
249 1 1
250 1 1
251 1 1
252 1 1
253 1 1
254 1 1
255 1 1
256 1 1
257 1 1
258 1 1
259 1 1
260 1 1
261 1 1
262 1 1
263 1 1
264 1 1
265 1 1
266 1 1
267 1 1
268 1 1
269 1 1
270 1 1
271 1 1
272 1 1
273 1 1
274 1 1
275 1 1
276 1 1
277 1 1
278 1 1
279 1 1
280 1 1
281 1 1
282 1 1
283 1 1
284 1 1
285 1 1
286 1 1
287 1 1
288 1 1
289 1 1
290 1 1
291 1 1
292 1 1
293 1 1
294 1 1
295 1 1
296 1 1
297 1 1
298 1 1
299 2 1
300 2 1
301 2 1
302 2 1
303 2 1
304 2 1
305 2 1
306 2 1
307 2 1
308 2 1
309 2 1
310 2 1
311 2 1
312 2 1
313 2 1
314 2 1
315 2 1
316 2 1
317 2 1
318 2 1
319 2 1
320 2 1
321 2 1
322 2 1
323 2 1
324 2 1
325 2 1
326 2 1
327 2 1
328 2 1
329 2 1
330 2 1
331 2 1
332 2 1
333 2 1
334 2 1
335 2 1
336 2 1
337 2 1
338 2 1
339 2 1
340 2 1
341 2 1
342 2 1
343 2 1
344 2 1
345 2 1
346 2 1
347 2 1
348 2 1
349 2 1
350 2 1
351 2 1
352 2 1
353 2 1
354 2 1
355 2 1
356 2 1
357 2 1
358 2 1
359 2 1
360 2 1
361 2 1
362 2 1
363 2 1
364 2 1
365 2 1
366 2 1
367 2 1
368 3 1
369 3 1
370 3 1
371 3 1
372 3 1
373 3 1
374 3 1
375 3 1
376 3 1
377 3 1
378 3 1
379 3 1
380 3 1
381 3 1
382 3 1
383 3 1
384 3 1
385 3 1
386 3 1

Common questions

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The computation of p-values in hypothesis tests allows for inference on data trends, indicating whether deviations from assumed patterns are statistically significant. Low p-values lead to hypothesis rejection, as seen in the chi-squared test, suggesting significant deviations, whereas high p-values in the t-test indicate no significant difference between sample means .

The null hypothesis was accepted because the p-value from the Welch Two Sample t-test was 0.3222, which is greater than the significance level of 0.05. This indicates there's insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the means of the two samples are equal .

The weighted mean of the Poisson distribution, calculated as 29.99337, suggests that on average, approximately 30 successes are expected, which aligns with the lambda value. This value helps to summarize the distribution and provide a clear measure of central tendency .

The Poisson distribution plot shows the probability distribution of the number of errors ranging from 0 to 50, with a lambda value of 30. This visual representation helps to understand the likelihood of different error counts and identify where most probabilities lie, indicating that errors around 30 are most probable .

The probability of having zero errors is extremely low (9.357623e-14), indicating that the likelihood of perfect performance is negligible. This suggests that planning and resource allocation should account for potential errors, tolerating more than zero to minimize risk impact, which is critical for realistic and effective strategy formulation .

The chi-squared test results in a p-value of 1.415387e-17, which is significantly lower than the significance level (alpha = 0.05). This result leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis, suggesting that there are statistically significant differences within the dataset being analyzed .

The variance of 29.86076 is very close to the lambda value of 30, reflecting a key property of the Poisson distribution, where mean equals variance. This demonstrates the stability and expected spread of the number of occurrences in a fixed period .

Expected values in a chi-squared test represent the theoretical frequencies of occurrences under the null hypothesis. These values, calculated from the observed data, are crucial for comparing against actual frequencies to determine if deviations are due to chance. Here, they inform the test statistic calculation that suggests non-random differences .

The probability of scoring above 180 is significantly lower (0.1056498) compared to the probability of scoring above 135 (0.7340145). This is because scoring 180 is much further from the mean value, resulting in a smaller area under the normal distribution curve beyond this point .

The lambda value is calculated as the product of the mean number of trials (m) and the probability of success (ps), which in this instance results in a lambda of 30 (lambda = m * ps = 50 * 0.6). Lambda represents the average number of successes in the given time period or space and is a crucial parameter for defining the Poisson distribution .

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