DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

Vector Control
For mosquito immature stages

INTEGRATED VECTOR MANAGEMENT

Costa Palmera Resort

Calayucay, Sto. Domingo Albay
November 27-30, 2017
 Learning Objectives
• The participants should be able to determine the
vector control measures used for immature and
mature stages of mosquito vectors

• The participants should be able to select locally

appropriate vector control methods

• The participants should be able to integrate various

vector control methods for optimal use of resources

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 2
 Learning Objectives
• Preparation for Space Spraying

• Describe the procedures for Space Spraying

• Describe the different dengue vector control

• Differentiate the TIRS/TORS & SS

• Describe the procedures for TIRS & TORS

• Describe the procedures for SS

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 3
 Common terms
• Vector/Carrier
Small organisms that carry serious diseases
The transmission by a vector may be
Biological (Vector) / Mechanical (Carrier)

• Vector-borne disease
Disease that is transmitted to humans or other
animals by an insects such as mosquito or other
arthropod

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 4 4
 Common terms
• Vector control
Any method to limit or eradicate the vectors.
The most frequent type of vector control is
mosquito control using a variety of strategies

• Vector bionomics (Greek: bio=life; nomos=law)

is the comprehensive study of vectors & its
relation to environment

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 5 5
 Vector bionomics
Why is it important?

• Each vector occupies a separate ecological

habitat, and has specific requirements to….
…..Breed, Develop, Feed, Mate & Lay Eggs

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 6 6
 Vector bionomics
Why is it important?

• Establishing the relationship between the

epidemiology of a disease & the ecological
status of its vector

• To devise effective measure to control the vector

with understanding this relationship

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 7 7
 Mosquito life cycle
• Egg - 2-3 days
*viable for 1 year
(Genus Stegomyia)
• Larva - 4-5 days

• Pupa - 1-2 days

• Adult - 4 weeks

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 8
 Selection criteria for vector control

• Effectiveness
• Human and environmental safety
• Risk for development of resistance
• Affordability
• Community participation
• Policy support
• Logistic support

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 9
 Categories of vector control methods
for mosquito stages
• Environmental
• Mechanical
• Biological
• Chemical

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 10
Existing Vector Control

Methods under Development

 Environmental control
• Source reduction
 reduce mosquito breeding sites by removing
mosquito breeding sites

• Habitat manipulation
 reduce mosquito breeding sites by removing
potential breeding sites

• Environmental modification
 reduce mosquito breeding sites by changing the
condition of the area

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 12
 Environmental control
• Changes to human behavior
 actions to reduce human-vector contact

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 13
 Environmental control

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 14
 Environmental control

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 15
 Environmental control
• Source reduction and Habitat manipulation
Pro’s Con’s
• Needs to be conducted on a
regular basis
• Can be conducted together • Needs constant monitoring
with Dengue Vector • Needs to address community
Surveillance problems like overcrowding,
• Can be done by the household pollution, suboptimal waste
owners water drainage, and
inappropriate garbage and
waste disposal

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 16
 Environmental control
• Environment modification and Changes to human behavior
Pro’s Con’s
• Needs to address community
problems like overcrowding,
• Provides a long-term solution
pollution, suboptimal waste
for the management of
water drainage, and
mosquito breeding grounds
inappropriate garbage and
waste disposal

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 17
 Biological control
• Natural enemy conservation
 Larvivorous fishes
 Predatory insects

• Biological/Microbial larvicides
 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
 Bacillus sphaericus

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 18
 Biological control

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 19
 Biological control
• Natural enemy conservation
 Larvivorous fishes
 Predatory insects

Pro’s Con’s
• Can only reduce, not eliminate
• Target-specific • Slow process
• Self-sustaining system • Expensive during start up
• Cost-effective in the long run • Needs constant monitoring
• Environment-friendly • Must tolerate a level of
infestation

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 20
 Biological control
• Biological/Microbial larvicides
 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
 Bacillus sphaericus

Pro’s Con’s
• Susceptible to sunlight
(potency degrades within a
• Target-specific
week)
• Not to toxic to humans
• Shorter shelf life compared to
synthetic insecticides

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 21
 Chemical control
• Larviciding
 Temephos (Abate 1SG - Organophosphate)
 Diflubenzuron (Sumilarv –Insect-growth regulator)

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 22
 Chemical control

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 23
 Chemical control

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 24
 Chemical control

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 25
 Chemical control
• Larviciding
 Temephos (Organophosphate)
 Diflubenzuron (Insect-growth regulator)

Pro’s Con’s
• Effective against container- • Toxic to other organisms
breeding Aedes mosquitoes in • Development of resistance
clean water • Accumulation
• Relatively low cost • Residue
• Availability • Needs consistent
• Stability monitoring

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 26
 Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal (RIDL)

• Release mosquitoes that

carry a gene that kills the

progeny

Wilke 2012. Genetic control of mosquitoes: Population suppression strategies

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 27
 Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB)

• Sprayed on plants
or provided on
bait stations

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 2828

 Chemical Control
 Removal of mosquito breeding sources as the
most effective method of control
 Use of chemicals has temporary effect and
expensive
 Space spraying or fogging of community is
recommended only during epidemics
 Carried out by:
- trained & knowledgeable applicator
- authorized by Public Health Officer

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 29
 Space Spraying Requires
• Knowledge of the biology & bionomics of
the target vectors
• Knowledge of insecticides & formulations
• Know which equipment is needed & how to
use it
• Monitoring & surveillance of the target
species

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 30
 Methods of application
• Thermal Fogging

• Cold fogging or ULV

• <5-100 microns

• Impact on flying and

resting insects

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 31
 Space Spraying Equipment
 Thermal Fogging

 Cold Fogging/ULV

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 32
 Other Supplies
• Funnels
• Water (for water –based insecticide to
be used in ULV)
• Diesel (for thermal fogging)
• Gasoline/petrol to run the machine
• 2-T oil (ULV)
• Measuring cup/cylinder
• Service kits

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 33
 Operators
• Knowledgeable on the proper used of insecticides,
machines & methods of application
• Calibration of machines should be performed
output (volume) per minute
• Wear PPE such as overalls, goggles,
respirators/facemask, gloves

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 34
 Community & householders
• Inform in advance the purpose & schedule of
operations
• How they can cooperate
• Information about safety of the treatment
• Advise on beekeepers & pet owners
• Advise to leave the house with windows & doors
opened
• Children should not be allowed to follow during
spraying

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 35
 Where to Spray?
• Households in reference to cases
• Extended area of 100-200 meters
• Indoors & outdoor surroundings

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 36
 When to Spray?

• Early morning
(between 7-9am)

• Late afternoon
(between 4-6pm)

• Repeated spraying
7-10 days interval
Optimal space spray application time relative to flight activity of
target species A. crepuscular B. Diurnal C. Nocturnal

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 37
 Air movement as indicated by
smoking chimneys

• A. Still

• B. In wind

• C. Under inversion.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 38
 Spray application route relative
to wind direction

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 39
 Equipment
• Size of the area to be treated
• Machine weight & horsepower
• Cost
• Spare parts & maintenance service
• Safety of operation
• Size of particles emitted (10-25 microns)
• Availability of trained staff

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 40
 Cold Fogging
Advantages Disadvantages
• particle size can be • higher insecticide
controlled concentrate needed
• preferred for indoor • rapid settling of fog
• easily operated • can cause wet fogs on
floors
Thermal Fogging
Advantages Disadvantages
• highly visible • affected by wind
• less time to • fire hazard
saturate the area • false alarm for fire
• penetration & drift • traffic hazard
can be judged • risk of burns
visibly
• loud noise
• environmental pollution
 Calculation of solution
General formula:
X = (A/B) - 1

X = parts of diluent to 1 part insecticide

A = commercial concentration
B = required concentration of final formulation

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 43
 Amount of diluted quantity
needed
For Indoor
Diluted qty = space vol. x application rate

For Outdoor
Diluted qty = area (ha.) x application rate

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 44
 Amt. of insecticide conc. needed

amt. of diluted solution

Concentrate qty = x
recommended dilution rate

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 45
 ULV or Cold fogging
Type a.i. % Diluent Dilution a.i.% in g a.i. Spraying
Rate solution /ha volume
Insecticides

Aqua K- EW 2 water 1+9 0.2 1.00 0.5 L/ha

Othrine

Aqua EW 11 water 1+9 1.1 11.00 1.0L/ha

Resigen EW
20
Resigen EC EC water 1+9 1.1 11.00 1.0 L/ha
Deltacide EC 0.5 water 1+9 0.05 0.50 1.0 L/ha

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 47
 Thermal fogging
Type a.i. Diluent Dilution a.i.% in g a.i. Spraying
Rate solution /ha volume
Insecticides %

Aqua K- EW 2 water 1+99 0.02 1.00 5L/ha

Othrine
Aqua EW 11 water 1+49 0.22 11.0 5L/ha
Resigen
EW20
Resigen EC EC diesel 1+49 0.22 11.00 10L/ha

Deltacide EC 5 oil 1+99 0.05 5.00 10L/ha

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 48
 Mixing & Loading
• Read label
• Mix in well ventilated area
• Stand with the wind blowing from behind
when mixing
• Mix solution in separate container
• Do not overfill solution tank
• Make sure solution tank does not leak
• Washing facilities must be accessible

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 50
 Actual Fogging for Indoor
• Wear protective clothing
• Select an appropriate diluent
• Assistant should be present
• Open doors & other hiding places
• Start at the top floor & remotest
corner of the room
• Apply not more than 2 liters soln.
per 1000 cu.m.
• Switch on outside the room
• Close treated rooms atleast 1/2
hour

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 51
 Actual Fogging for Outdoor
• Carry out at early
morning/late afternoon
• Study street maps
• Conduct appln. 100 m from
dengue cases
• Spray from downwind to
upwind
• Direct fog at mosquito resting
sites

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 52
 Post Fogging
• Decontamination & disposal of container
a. Decontaminate by rinsing 2-3x
b. Burying it away from water supply
c. Never re-use for other purpose
d. Do not throw containers & leftovers
• Follow-up after 7-10 days

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 53
 For LGU & Community Leaders
• Lead partners in the implementation
• Provide funding & logistic
• Arrange a clean up campaign
• Focus on elimination of breeding
habitats
• Announce schedule & site
• Institute & support Health Education
activities

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 54
 For home owners/ residents
• Extinguish all open fires
• Turn-off aircon & fire
detection device
• Cover aquariums &
foodstuffs
• Keep children especially
infants & animal pets away
• Stay out of house

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 55
 For Fogging Team

• Prepare a plan & have a map

• Inspect & study the area
• Get authority from local leaders/officials
• Do not eat, drink & smoke
• Do not smell/inhale insecticide sol’n
• Exposure should not exceed 5 hrs a day

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 56
 For Fogging Team

• Keep unconcerned people away

• Prepare only enough mixture
• Containers should be secured & can
withstand transport
• Do not put in compartment of office
supplies or foods
• Know first aid and antidotes

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 57
 Space spraying bioefficacy trial

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 5858

 Space spraying bioefficacy trial (cont.)

• Magnesium oxide
coated glass slide
reading Glass
slide

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 5959

 Vector breeding habitats vary with
the area
Distribution of Breeding Containers D i st r i bu t i o n o f A e de s B r e e d i n g C o nt a i ne r s
Cabatuan, Iloilo S t a . Cr uz , M a ni l a
July 1998 M a r c h 19 9 7

Flower vases
Jar s
4%
12% Dr ums
Trough Glass cup Tin can
Pl asti c contai ner s 34%
4% 4% 4%
Drums 14%
8% Bamboo
Water plant vase 38%
Pail s
8% 14%
Plasti c gal lons
22%

Clay jar
15% Tires
19%

Distribution of Breeding Container Aedes Breeding Containers

Tadian, MT. Province Baler, Aurora
July 1998 May 1997

Container 20L
9% Plastic container
5% bamboo
Trough 13%
clay pots
9% Flower vase
13%
43%
Galon Drum plastic container
9% 54% 6%used tyre
Lusong 6% coconut shell
14% 19%

W. Aure , 1998. Unpublished report

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 6060

Percent of resting Ae. aegypti by
collection distance from street, height
above the ground & habitat

More Ae aegypti where collected

- in > 6m from street (outdoor)
- 0.1m from ground
- in indoors

61
 Aedes aegypti resting sites differences
in indoor & outdoor settings

24.7 %

75.1 %

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 62
 Total & percent collected of resting Ae.
aegypti from the type of object &
surface

The four surface types found most

frequently with both females and males
were cement,
wood, cloth, and metal.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 6363

 Adult Ae. aegypti collected from
different rooms in houses

Study showed the major

resting sites of Ae. aegypti
were bed rooms (81.9%),
living rooms (8.7%)
and kitchen (6.9%).
64
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 64
 Percent of Ae. aegypti collected from
various areas around homes

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 6565

Vector bionomics & its importance
in the planning for dengue vector control
• Anthrophilic – human preference
• Feed in the dark
• Peak biting time early morning & twilight hours
• Endophilic – indoor resting behaviour
• Secluded stationary locations
 Under furniture
 Lower walls (mostly <1.5m of height)
 Curtains
 Hanging clothes/wardrobes
 WHO 2009. Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control: new edition, Geneva- Switzerland
World Health Organization.
• Dzul-Manzanilla F, Ibarra-LoÂpez J, Bibiano MarõÂn W, Martini-Jaimes A, Leyva J Torres, Correa-Morales
F, et al. 2017 Indoor Resting Behavior of Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Acapulco, Mexico. J
Med Entomol 54 (2), 501±504. 2017 Mar 01 [Link] PMID: 28011725
 Strobel M, Lamaury I 2001. Dengue fever: a review. Rev Med Interne, 22, 638±47 PMID: 11508157
Liebman KA, Stoddard S heterogeneous blood feeding patterns by Aedes aegypti in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS neglected
tropical diseases, 8, e2702 T, Reiner RC, Perkins TA, Astete H, Sihuincha M, et al. 2014. Determinants of

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 6666

"Given that the " classic " form of IRS was developed for controlling malaria vectors
in rural areas, there is room for optimizing the technique to make it more targeted
to the control of Ae. aegypti. Most indoor adult Ae. aegypti are found resting
below 1.5m (82%), leading to the possibility of focusing insecticide applications on
lower resting sites as a way to reduce spraying time and insecticide costs and
improve community acceptance. In Cairns, Australia, this form of targeted IRS (TIRS)
led to a ~70% reduction in gravid female Ae. aegypti.

Selected spraying of premises (indoors and outdoors) targeting typical

mosquito resting sites was considered important in containing the outbreak and a
useful tool to control adult mosquitoes in a few studies. Spraying has to be
implemented correctly and preferably following source reduction interventions.

67
 What is IRS?
• Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is
the application of residual
insecticides to internal surfaces
& eaves of dwellings, shelters &
structures to kill or repel
mosquitoes when they use
these surfaces to rest.
• IRS proven and cost-effective
intervention method for malaria
control

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 6868

 Key assumptions within an effective
IRS program:
• there are a high number of sprayable surfaces
within each dwelling
• the target vectors feed and rest indoors
(endophagic & endophilic)
• the vectors are susceptible to the insecticide
which is being applied
• a large number of dwellings within the target
area can be sprayed (usually 8-10 houses
surrounding the confirm case)

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 6969

 Other important considerations
within an IRS campaign
• Safety of the operator, household
residents, and the environment
• Residual efficacy of the product
• Cost effectiveness (which is also
related to residual lifespan)
• Level of acceptance of the product
by the residents (e.g. due to odour
or staining)

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 7070

 Why IRS for dengue vector control?

• IRS is most effective against indoor

feeding (endophagic) and indoor-
resting (endophilic) vectors. 1.5 m

• Before IRS is not generally

recommended for dengue vector
control
• Dramatic reductions in Ae. aegypti
populations have been observed in
places where IRS is routinely used for
malaria control

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 7171

 Targeted Residual Spraying
- Application of chemical insecticides on walls
and other surfaces targeting Aedes
mosquitoes resting sites inside the house
(TIRS) & nearby outdoor area (TORS)
- Reduce the density of vectors within the
treatment area
• Spraying on the lower portion of the wall (<
1.5m)
• Dark & moist surfaces & all sprayable
breeding sites e.g. discarded tyres (within 6-
20m from the target house)
• Does not require the spraying of all exposed
surfaces in houses
• It can only be limited to dengue confirm
household and its nearby surrounding houses
( 8-10 houses).

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 72
 Planning for TIRS/TORS
• Estimating insecticide for TIRS / TORS
target area
• Preparing an operational plan
• Planning for human resource
requirements
• Transportation

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 7373

 Equipment and logistics for spray teams
• TRS spray teams require that sufficient materials and
supplies be procured and delivered in time for
training and preparation for field operations.
• Core requirements are insecticides, hand-
compression sprayers with adequate spare parts,
and protective clothing for spray operators.
• TRS coordinators must develop and implement a
stock inventory with a maintenance plan or
replacement schedules for field equipment (hand-
compression sprayers, vehicles and personal
protective equipment).

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 7474

 Example of Housing Coverage for TIRS/TORS

6
7
3 8
2
1
4
9 5
10
11

Target houses for TIRS/TORS = 8 -10 surrounding houses from one confirm case
Legend

Confirm case

75
 COMPUTATION OF SPRAYABLE SURFACE

Area/Room Length Width Perimeter

7m (m) (m) L+W X 2

Living room 4 4 16
Toilet1 Toilet2
3 Bedroom 1 Laundry area
m
Bedroom 1 4 3 14

Store room
Bedroom 2
7m Kitchen 6m Bedroom 2 3 3 14
Living room
4 Dining area
m Kitchen 6 2 16
Storeroom 3 1 8
6m
Toilet 1 1.5 1.5 6
4m
Toilet 1 1.5 1.5 6
TOTAL (indoor) 80
TOTAL (outdoor) 10 7 34
Note: not drawn to scale
OVERALL TOTAL 114m

Sprayable surface = 114m X 1.5m = 171m2

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 76
 Example of sprayable surface record form for baseline estimation
of insecticide quantification needs

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 7777

Example of Rate of Application of Insecticide

Dilution rate
20 g : 5 L water

Application rate
of diluted insecticide

50 ml per m2

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 7878

 Calculating the required insecticide & cost

Number of Ave. Application Dilution Grams Conversion

Target sprayable Rate Rate per factor
houses area per pack
house

Diluted 1 sachet grams 1 kg Total kgs

________
Number of m2 ________ ________
= Needed for
X ______ X insecticide (li) X X 1 sachet X 1000
houses ______ Water (li) Campaign
house grams
m2

Total kgs
Needed for Price Total cost of
X ______
=
Campaign kg insecticide

Example
Number of Ave. Application Dilution Grams per Conversion
Total kgs
Target sprayable Rate Rate pack factor Needed for
houses area per Campaign
house

150 m2 50 ml 1 sachet 20 grams 1 kg

10 houses ______ ______
X X X 0.300 kg
X X ________ ________ ________
=
house m2 5000 ml 1 sachet 1000
grams
P 500
0.300 kg X ______ = P 7,500
0.020 kg
 Operational plan for TIRS/TORS
• Consider when to spray and when to end spraying.
Plan to complete TIRS/TORS before rains are expected.
• Consider the efficacy of insecticides.
• Quantify insecticides (calculated on the basis of the
number, size, and construction materials of sprayable
surfaces), spray pumps, spare parts, and PPE according
to the number of operators to be deployed per day
and the duration of the operation. Include the
expected breakdown rates of equipment.
• Estimate transportation needs according to distances
to be covered and where the spray teams are based.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 8080

 Operational plan for TIRS/TORS (cont.)
• Calculate the financial expenditure for the entire spray
operation, including transportation.
• Determine how to recruit and train permanent and
temporary spray staff, such as spraymen, team leaders,
supervisors, field officers, logisticians, warehouse
managers/storekeepers, washers, guards, and drivers.
• Prepare clear terms of reference for all staff who will be
involved in the spraying program.
• Include baseline data collection, and training for
spraymen, supervisors, drivers, health facility staff, store
clerks and washers.
• Prepare reporting system and forms.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 8181

Human resource requirements for
TIRS/TORS

Adapted from IRS for Malaria

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 8282

 Activities for TIRS/TORS
• 8-10 surrounding houses from confirm dengue case
shall be targeted for residual insecticides spraying
• All hanging clothes must be folded or placed inside
the cabinet prior to spraying to deny the vectors of
resting sites
• Verandas, porches and all bedrooms, living rooms,
toilets, kitchen and all other rooms in the house
should be sprayed thoroughly. Spraying in all rooms
must be directed below 1.5 m of the walls.
• Doors and windows from inner side and
undersides/behinds of furniture should also be
sprayed.
• Walls behind the curtains

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 8383

 Activities for TIRS/TORS (cont.)
• Keep the children and animals away from room during
the treatment.
• Never leave any open food items inside the room during
spraying or it should be covered with plastic sheets at
least after 1 hour of spray.
• After spraying, room should be closed for at least half an
hour.
• Never clean (mop/broom) the wall after spray.
• There is no need of spraying in open air/sunlight
exposed surfaces.
• The pyrethroid insecticides with longer residual efficacy
should be preferred.
• The recommended dose criteria of manufacturer should
be strictly followed.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 8484

 Assessment of Residual Efficacy of
Insecticide on Treated Walls
• Done by wall bio-assay testing; check the mortality of
the mosquito vector on the treated surface
• Determine the residual efficacy of an insecticide on a
sprayed wall
• Evaluates the quality of spraying operations

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 85
 Safe use of insecticides
All pesticides are toxic to some degree. Safety precautions for their use –
including care in the handling of pesticides, safe work practices for those
who apply them, and appropriate field application – should be followed.
A safety plan for insecticide application can be organized along the
following lines:

• Instructions on pesticide labels should be followed carefully.

• Spray operators should be provided with at least two uniforms to
allow for frequent changes.
• Safety gloves, goggles and masks should be used for high-exposure
activities such as machine calibration.
• Changing and washing facilities should be available.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 86
 Safe use of insecticides
• All work clothes should be removed at the end of each day's
operations and a shower or bath taken.
• Work clothes should be washed regularly, preferably daily.
• Particular attention should be given to washing gloves, as wearing
contaminated gloves can be dangerous.
• Spray operators should wash their hands and face before eating and
should not smoke during work hours.
• Spray operators should not be exposed to toxic material for periods
that are longer than recommended.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 87
 Safe use of insecticides
• After each day's operation, any unused liquid larvicide should be
disposed of safely.
• Blood cholinesterase levels should be monitored if organophosphate
insecticides are used.
• Operator supervision by a well-trained individual is essential.
• During and immediately after indoor space spray operations,
householders and pets must remain outside the dwelling.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 88
 References
• Guidelines for Dengue Surveillance and Mosquito
Control, 2nd edition (2003)
• WHO Guidelines for Dengue Vector Surveillance,
Prevention and Control
• Control methods for Aedes albopictus and Aedes
aegypti (10 August 2017)
([Link]
58.CD012759/full)

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 89
 References
• Vector management and delivery of vector control
services (2009)
([Link]
• Advantages and disadvantages of BT
([Link]
916074/Advantages%20and%20Disadvantages)
• Advantages and disadvantages of biological control
([Link]
Disadvantages-of-Biological-Control)

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 90
 References
• The pros and cons of biological control Part I: Bugs
for hire ([Link]
[Link]/mag/grounds_maintenance_pros_cons_bi
ological/)
• The advantages and disadvantages of chemical
pesticides ([Link]
[Link]/how_control_pests_and_diseases_biological
_vs_chemical)

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 91
 Vector control equipment

ULV / Cold fogger for Space spraying

Sprayer for Insecticidal Residual Spraying (IRS) Thermal fogger for Space spraying
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 9292
If you know the enemy and you
know yourself, your victory will
not stand in doubt.

Sun Tzu

93
Thank You!

94