PROPOSAL

UNDERGROUND UTILITY DETECTION AND MAPPING WORK FOR PROJEK MENAIKTAAF

PERPUSTAKAAN SEDIADA DAN STRUKTUR BUMBUNG BANGUNAN POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI,
PULAU PINANG.

FOR

PENGARAH KERJA RAYA PULAU PINANG.

Prepared by:

SMART INFRA RESOURCES

No. 1588 (Tingkat 1 & 2), Jalan Nakhoda,
Taman Teluk Air Tawar
13050 Butterworth, Pulau Pinang,
Tel/Fax: +604-3515171
Email: smartinfraresources@[Link],
smartinfraresources@[Link]
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SCOPE OF WORKS 3
3.0 METHODOLOGY OF UNDERGROUND UTILITY DETECTION AND MAPPING (UDM) 5
3.1 Definition 5
3.2 Benefits 5
3.3 Limitation/Expectations/Misconceptions 5
3.4 Equipment and Techniques 6
3.4.1 Electromagnetic Locators (EML) 6
3.4.2 Direct Connection 8
3.4.3 Sonde 9
3.4.4 Clamp 9
3.4.5 Induction 9
3.4.6 Passive 11
3.4.7 Frequencies 12
3.4.8 Positioning 12
3.5 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 13
3.5.1 Single Scan Line, Single Frequency System 13
3.5.2 Single Scan Line, Multiple Frequency System 14
3.6 GPR Methodologies 15
3.6.1 On-Site data analysis interpretation and mark-out 15
3.6.2 Data Collection with offsite analysis interpretation involving post processing 17
3.7 Close Circuit Television (CCTV) 18
4.0 METHODOLOGY OF SURVEY WORK 19
4.1 Survey Equipment and Calibration 19
4.2 Strip Survey with Spot Levels, Details and Contour within Right of Way and Station Compound 19
4.3 Buried Pipeline and Utilities Detection Survey 19
4.4 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey 20
4.5 Underground Pipeline Excavation For Verification 20
4.6 General Land Survey 20
4.6.1 Monumenting Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) 21
4.6.2 Levelling to establish Temporary Bench Marks 21
4.6.3 Planimetric Control 21
4.6.4 Height Control 21
4.6.5 Detail Topographic Survey 22
4.6.6 General Work – Wood Pack and Flag Mark 22
4.7 Mobilisation and Demobilisation 22
5.0 DELIVABLES (DRAWINGS) 23
6.0 GENERAL ON-SITE FIELD WORK 24
6.1.1 Safety Program 24
6.1.2 Confined Space Works 24
6.1.3 Road Work Safety 24
6.1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 24
6.2 Planning and Setting Up 24
6.3 Boundary Definition and Visual Inspections 25
6.4 Underground Utility Detection & Mapping Using Electromagnetic Locator and GPR 25
PHOTOGRAPHS 27-28

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List of Tables

Table 1. List of Locations for Works...................................................................................................................4

List of Figures

Figure 1. Example of Electromagnetic Locator (EML) Equipment. 7

Figure 2. Example of Electromagnetic Locators (EML) Equipment with transmitter. 7
Figure 3. Passive tracing with EML. 8
Figure 4. Locating with an EML. 11
Figure 5. Single Scan line, Single Frequency System Equipment. 14
Figure [Link] Scan line, Single Frequency System Equipment. 14
Figure 7. Single Scan Line, Multiple Frequency System Equipment (Noggin Plus 250 MHz). 15
Figure 8. Single Scan Line, Multiple Frequency System Equipment. (Mala Pro EX) 15
Figure 9. Examples of GPR Radar trace from buried pipes. 16

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Smart Infra Resources (The Contractor - SIR) is writing this proposal for the project titled –“ Kerja-Kerja
Underground Utility Mapping Project Menaiktaraf Perpustakaan Sediada Dan Struktur Bumbung Bangunan
Politeknik Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang “ for ( Jabatan Kerja Raya - The Client). The Client is intended to
perform detailed survey to locate accurately the location, spot levels, depths, dimensions, names and
direction of all features within the area / compound. The project also includes the detection of utilities
survey to identify buried electric cables, water pipeline, buried sewerage drainage, telecommunication and
etc. The final deliverables are a complete set of drawings for the detection of all features within the ROW
and station compounds of Politeknik Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang.

SIR shall perform the detection, drawing, mapping and verification work by using available electronic
detection devices, advanced methods and techniques to comb thoroughly within the boundaries of the
proposed area.

2.0 SCOPE OF WORKS

The scope of works shall include the supply of manpower, machines, tools, equipment, consumables, land
survey data and any other related materials to perform the Works as follows:

i. Site Verification
ii. Mobilization Of Team
iii. Monumenting of temporary bench mark
iv. Underground Utility Detection Mapping ( UUDM )
v. General Land Survey (GLS)
vi. Demobilization of team
vii. Data Processing & Integration
viii. Drafting Work for Producing Drawings
ix. Map Printing

The Works shall focus on the following locations:

Table 1. Area Calculation

Num Descriptions Hectar ( Ha ) Acres ( Acr ) Meter Square ( m2 )

1. Politechnic Compound Area 41.02 101.369 410 233

2. Build Up Area ( Bangunan ) 9.724 24.028 97 241

3. Proposed Area Of Doing UUDM 31.299 77.341 312 992

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3.0 METHODOLOGY OF UNDERGROUND UTILITY DETECTION AND
MAPPING (UDM)

Underground Utility Detection & Utility Mapping is a combination of a work system that can gather
information using various devices, equipment and technologies. It involve the detection, location and
identification of underground services using various techniques and methods to complete a task (length or
area) before getting a good and accurate detection results for the area. The detected underground infra
network can be used as an As-built data and it may be integrated for engineering usage.

The infra network gathered includes electric, gas, telecommunication, water, fiber-optic, road signal and
lighting, drains, sewer and major gas and oil pipelines.

The most important is the commitment that we have to put on the field work and the knowledge on
various utility network to accomplish accurate and reliable detection.

3.1 Definition

The term of Underground Utility Detection & Mapping (UDM) refers to the location, positioning and
identification of buried pipes and cables beneath the ground. Other terms used for this type of survey
include:

1. Service Tracing
2. Underground Utility Detection
3. Underground Utility Mapping
4. Utility detection Survey
5. Radar Survey or Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey

3.2 Benefits

There are many benefits which come from a well-executed utility survey including:

1. The safety of the workforce and public

2. Minimize utility damage
3. Minimize project delays
4. Save delay and damage costs
5. Designing and planning knowing the constraints
6. Saving costs with producing as built records
7. Promoting good relationships between client and surveyor

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3.3 Limitation/Expectations/Misconceptions

There is a perception held by many that all buried pipes, cables and ducts can be detected and mapped
irrespective of their size, duty, depth, location, material type, geology and proximity to other utilities. A well
designed and executed survey should be able to detect up to around 95% of utilities but it may not be
possible to achieve a 100% detection rate. It should be noted that most utility surveys are commissioned to
map mains rather than services to private properties. Services to properties can be difficult to detect
particularly small diameter plastic gas and water pipes laid at a depth of one meter or more.

Due to the high cost associated with damage to fiber-optic cables comment should be made here on the
detect ability of this type of utility. Larger fiber-optic cables are likely to have metal sheathing making them
detectable with both EML and GPR. Unsheathed cables laid within a duct should be detectable with GPR
but not with EML unless access to the duct is possible with a tracer cable. Small diameter fiber-optic cables
laid directly into the ground are likely to be undetectable.

A utility survey is not a condition survey. However, the use of CCTV within gravity drainage systems, or any
accessible pipes and ducts, as an addition to the survey would provide useful information on the service
and structural condition of the pipes. Similarly trial excavations dug to verify the results of a utility survey
would also provide verification of, for example, the extent of corrosion of a cast iron gas main.

3.4 Equipment and Techniques

A number of techniques involving different types of equipment can be part of an Underground Utility
Detection & Mapping as discussed below.

3.4.1 Electromagnetic Locators (EML)

This Electromagnetic Locators (EML) essentially forms the backbone of a utility surveyor’s toolkit and is very
effective when in capable hands. Consisting of a transmitter and a receiver, the technology has two primary
function modes, active and passive.

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 Figure 1. Example of Electromagnetic Locator (EML) Equipment.

Figure 2. Example of Electromagnetic Locators (EML) Equipment with transmitter.

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 Figure 3. Passive tracing with EML.

Within these two modes are various methods of deployment, each of which will potentially provide a piece
of the puzzle that is a utility detection/survey. These deployment methods, if used in a logical order, will
generally provide a reliable picture of the utility networks within a search area, with the exception being
inaccessible plastic pipes. It should be noted that its reliability can be greatly affected in densely populated
utility network situations by interference from other sources such as high voltage substations, reinforced
concrete and difficult ground conditions. Above all, as with the other technologies required to perform a
trustworthy utility survey, the skill and experience of the operator is the key to obtaining the most from this
technology. The main methods of deployment are described below. Depth measurements are possible with
all methods except radio mode. This depth is to the center line of the utility being measured. With the
advancements in the technology, it is possible to locate the depth of the induced line with good accuracy by
a well-trained operator.

A receiver with a twin aerial antenna uses the two aerials to measure depth in the same way that two eyes
can judge a distance. The signal strength at the bottom aerial is compared to the signal strength at the
upper aerial. The receiver circuitry does the arithmetic calculations to provide a depth reading on the
receiver display.

3.4.2 Direct Connection

The direct connection methodology involves the transmitter being directly attached to a stop valve tap or
actually on to a metallic pipe itself. The transmitter is earthed via another connection to something metallic
that is partially buried. In an attempt to complete the circuit, signals are drawn along the pipe in an effort to
reach the earth point. This effectively “lights up” the pipe in question and a receiver unit can then be used
to “follow” and mark the pipe along the ground surface. The further, at right angles, the earth point is from

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the main signal connection point, the greater the traceable distance on the utility will be. Experience in
operating the systems is essential here as the signal will jump to a better conductor at every opportunity,
giving a potentially false location of the service being traced. An experienced operator would normally be
able to isolate these situations and ensure that the line marked corresponds to the targeted pipe being
traced. The direct connection methodology is fundamental in any site based utility search, as it lets the
operator identify and trace different services in sequence.

3.4.3 Sonde

The Sonde is an actual transmitter which is attached to the end of a flexible cable and then threaded along
a pipe. Periodically the Sonde is left stationary, within the pipe or duct, and its position located and marked
on the ground surface using a receiver. The Sonde is then pushed further along the pipe and again, located
and marked from the surface. The result is a series of marks along the ground that can be joined to
represent the position of the pipe being traced. Sondes are available in many different sizes; however, they
are especially useful in providing positional information on deeper drainage pipes; indeed some Sondes are
rated to 10m plus with regards to depth range. Allowance must be made when tracing large diameter pipes
for the ability of the Sonde to move sideways across the pipe.

Although it is an AC signal, the magnetic field or signal produced by a Sonde is different to the signal
produced by the signal transmitter. The Sonde produces a field distribution, which is not cylindrical as with
a line, but is sausage shaped along the orientation of the aerial core. As a Sonde is approached with a
horizontal aerial, a rising signal will be detected as it comes within range. This will then fall off again to null,
giving the impression that the peak signal over the Sonde has been passed. But if the traverse is continued,
the signal will rise again to a much higher level, the peak of which indicates the actual and exact position of
the Sonde. It will then fall to null again, followed by a small rise and then fade away. The small ghost peaks
either side of the nulls may be misleading unless the peak signal is located.

A vertical aerial produces a single null response over the Sonde but this null response is present along an
axis at right angles to the Sonde. For this reason a vertical aerial should not be used to locate a Sonde.

3.4.4 Clamp

Another essential method of deployment, where a visible cable is present, is the cable clamp system.
Essentially a clamp is placed around a visible cable and connected into the transmitter unit. The clamp
allows the transmitter to “induce” a signal into the cable (through its protective outer casing) and results in
the receiver being able to actively trace the cables position from the surface of the ground. Where
electricity cables – particularly high voltage cables – are being clamped extra care is needed as well as
obtaining the necessary permission.

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3.4.5 Induction

An electromagnetic locator does not locate buried pipes or cables by itself. It detects a magnetic field
around the line created by an Alternating Current (AC) flowing along the line. The magnetic field forms a
cylindrical shape around the line and is known as the ‘signals’. It is possible to insulate against the flow of
electricity, however, it is not possible to insulate against a magnetic field, and the shape of this field is not
altered by cable insulation or by the presence of different soil types.

Alternating currents create the detectable magnetic field or signal which provides a magnetic field with a
reversal oscillating frequency. The generation of the magnetic field and the oscillating reversal frequency
makes the positioning is possible using the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Instruments for locating buried pipes and cables use the principles of electromagnetic induction in the
following two ways:

1. Locating the AC signal on a line with a receiver

2. By the transmitter remotely applying a detectable AC signal to the line

An electric circuit has to be completed to allow a current to flow. Low powered signal source at the surface
shall affect the detectable of current flow in a properly insulated buried conductor. The voltages available
are shall be incapable of punching through insulation. And capacitance on AC circuits shall also affect the
detectable of current flow. Capacitance is the effect by which signals are able to jump across insulation.
The mass of the surrounding soil acts as if there is a conducting layer around the conductor.

As the name suggests, this method of application consists of the transmitter being placed at strategic
locations around the site, whilst emitting signals directly down into the ground. These signals will travel
along the nearest conductors which will normally be metallic pipes or cables. The receiver is then used to
“circle” the transmitter (at a suitable distance to prevent airborne feedback) to locate any metallic utilities
that pass through the area. This method is also handy when a direct connection trace has faded due to a
break or weakness in the conductor such as a joint. The transmitter can be placed directly over the end of
trace position and often the utility in question can be pursued a great distance by repeating this method.
Again, experience is essential here as this method will reveal the better conductors in the area and it is easy
to end up following a completely different service if the operator lacks the skill in the use of this
technology. Inductive searches (also known as parallel sweeps) are a good technique for locating unknown
lines. Induction methodology should be employed following the Direct Connection, Tracer Cable, Sonde and
Clamp methods so that the utilities already detected can be discounted from the search.

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 Figure 4. Locating with an EML.

3.4.6 Passive

The passive detection method is usually the last to be employed within a site based utility survey. It has two
effective modes - ‘Power’ and ‘Radio’. In power mode, the receiver can detect the presence of active
electric cables by detecting the electro-magnetic field surrounding them. The deployment is relatively
simple with the receiver being used in a grid format to traverse the search area looking for signs of features
that have been missed using the previous methods of deployment. Once a signal is detected, the utility
concerned can be followed through the area. It should be noted that metallic water pipes can often be
mistaken for active power cables and with some location devices will appear to be the same. Obviously, a
mis-identification could have serious consequences. It is therefore essential that a proven methodology is
employed by experienced personnel to limit the possibilities of such mistakes. One such way of avoiding
this situation is to have previously traced all the water pipes by the direct connection method, thus
allowing them to be discounted from the passive search results. It should also be noted that whilst the
passive methodology will locate most live power cables, it will tend to indicate the position of the highest
energy emitter. In other words, you may end up tracing a single line that represents the “left hand side” of
a 20-way bank of power cable ducts! A well balanced high voltage cable will generate only a small electro-
magnetic field so caution is needed when working with such power distribution systems. Similarly, live pot-
ended cables are not detectable in power mode.

The radio mode allows the receiver to pick up very low frequency radio signals that are re-radiated from
conductors within the ground, namely metallic pipes or cables. Using the same system of work described
previously, buried metallic utilities can be located, traced and marked in the same way. The length of
buried conductor needs to be at least 10m long in order for this technique to work.

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3.4.7 Frequencies

Most of the EML systems available today offer the user multiple frequency options to use in tracing utilities.
An experienced operator will know which frequency ranges will suit the given application best; however, it
is essential that both the transmitter and receivers are using the same settings! It is also worth noting that
only certain frequencies on certain makes of EML systems are approved for use in sensitive locations.

The basic law regarding signal frequency can be summarized as follows:

“The higher the signal frequency, the greater the A.C. voltage and signal induced in the conductor and the
greater the capacitance current flow”.

It would therefore appear that high frequency signals are more effective than low frequency signals.
However, because a high frequency signal flows to ground via capacitance more easily, it will not carry as
far as the same strength of a low frequency signal. A further drawback of high frequencies is the ease with
which signals aimed along the target line can couple by mutual induction to other lines in the vicinity. This
often makes it more difficult to trace a target pipe or cable in a congested area.

A large pipe or cable diameter increases the line’s surface area that is in contact with the soil, therefore the
signal leaks to ground. The same signal strength leaks away over a much shorter distance from a large pipe
than from a small one.

The ability of the ground to pass current varies locally. Wet soil is a better conductor than dry sands, and
the resulting capacitance effects will vary the apparent conductivity of the conductor. The effect of high
ground conductivity is to make it easier to induce current flow and therefore a signal in a buried conductor
because of the good return path. At the same time, the easy return means that the signal becomes lost
along a short rather than a long length of conductor.

Conversely, low ground conductivity requires more energy to induce a signal onto a line, but it will then be
detectable along a greater length of the conductor. To successfully locate and trace each different type of
pipe or cable, operators shall tune the devices to an optimum frequency for the survey.

3.4.8 Positioning

As with all survey methodologies, there is no point in accurately tracing utilities if they are not positioned
correctly when permanent records are required. If the EML system is being used for the clearance of a
borehole position, then it could be argued that marking the ground is sufficient and adequate. But in the
event of a subsequent utility strike during the drilling process it would benefit the surveyor if documented
records could be produced of what had been found and marked out on the ground. Such a procedure will
give all parties concerned an added confidence in the services procured/rendered.

For the borehole situation, an indicative plan with a few dimensions from above ground features is most
likely adequate. After all, what is important is that the borehole is drilled in a clear area, not actually where
the services are. Generally, however, the positions of the traced utilities need to be accurately portrayed

11
within an accurate representation of the site area. Otherwise, once the paint marks fade, the remaining
drawing will only be indicative at best. This would not be of any use on city based civil engineering projects
where space within the already over congested subsurface environment is very limited. With designers
basing the positioning of new build or essential utility diversions on the location of existing utilities
provided through utility surveys, it is essential that everything is thoroughly traced and that every located
utility is topographically positioned to a common survey grid.

3.5 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an established technology that has recently become widely accepted
within the utility surveying market. It is not as conclusive as the EML system; however, when used in
conjunction with the EML technology, a very accurate picture of the subsurface environment can be
realized. The main benefit of these systems is that they can work in areas with high ambient background
noise, such as electric sub-stations. They can detect virtually anything that contrasts to the surrounding
underground environment, such as plastic pipes. They are also effective in detecting larger utilities where
ground filling has increased the depth of burial, beyond the normal range of EML, through the use of lower
frequency antennas.

Depth measurement using GPR depends on an assessment of the radar velocity being made where an
accuracy of +/- 10% is normal i.e. the actual depth can vary by up to +/-10% of the calculated amount. The
depth is to the top of the utility. This accuracy can be improved through calibration using targets of known
depths, for example, close to manholes.

The main draw backs are the inability of GPR to identify a utility type, and the necessity of an experienced
user to operate the equipment effectively. GPR will not deliver useable results if applied to the wrong
situation and in the wrong manner. It is important to be sure that the survey contractor has appropriate
GPR training and experience.

Radar systems can be divided into six categories as described below. Each has advantages and
disadvantages as described in the brief synopsis below.

3.5.1 Single Scan Line, Single Frequency System

The single scan line/ single frequency system is the lowest in cost and is usually the easiest to learn and
operate. It is compact and can therefore be easily transported to site and quickly set up at the start of a
survey and can access restricted areas. It lends itself easily to ‘on site mark out’ survey. The system can also
be used to collect close-centered transects allowing a full 3D matrix to be compiled in the same way as
multichannel systems. However, this does require a considerable amount of off-site data processing time.
Different frequency antennae can be selected for single channel systems so that deeper searches can be
carried out or higher resolution shallow searches as needed. The selection of the correct frequency would
be up to the operator unless it can be safely predetermined within the survey brief.

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 Figure 5. Single Scan line, Single Frequency System Equipment.

Figure [Link] Scan line, Single Frequency System Equipment.

3.5.2 Single Scan Line, Multiple Frequency System

This system is similar to the single channel single frequency systems but has either two complementary
frequencies or wide band frequencies offering both lower resolution but greater penetration and higher
frequency with improved resolution but limited depth range.

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 Figure 7. Single Scan Line, Multiple Frequency System Equipment (Noggin Plus 250 MHz).

3.6 GPR Methodologies

The main methods of deployment are ‘on-site data analysis, interpretation and mark-out’ & ‘office analysis
and interpretation involving post processing’. There are two basic (GPR) survey approaches for the
detection of buried utilities;

a. The use of dense grid of orthogonal data which is then processed and interrogated back in
the office. The lines of utilities establish and incorporated into final CAD drawings.
b. On-site interpretation where the radar data is interrogated by the field surveyor during
data collection and the lines of utilities are marked on the ground for possible later
topographical survey and incorporated into CAD drawings

3.6.1 On-Site data analysis interpretation and mark-out

This method relies on the competency of the operator supplemented where possible with suitable on
board software. It involves the radar being deployed over a given area. It is either scanned systematically or
used to scan around surface indications of a non-metallic pipe, such as a stop valve. The radar will show the
position of buried objects which the user needs to identify. Pipes, if crossed at or near a right angle, give a
response in the radar in the form of a hyperbola (known as diffraction).

If, when marked out on the ground, the detected diffractions form a line then the user is able to interpret
this as a linear feature – probably a pipe. Some GPR systems are not able to retain a record of the data
collected but most allow an assessment of depth to be made. The lines of detected utilities when marked
out can be recorded using topographic survey techniques to provide a record of the survey results which
can be reproduced as drawings.

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 Figure 8. Examples of GPR Radar trace from buried pipes.

The advantages of on-site interpretation are:

a. Interpretation in-situ limits the cost of the survey.

b. The on-site interpretation allows the detection of utilities within their context at the time of the
survey
c. This approach should minimize potential loss of location information
d. The operator is strongly motivated to monitor data quality during the survey

The disadvantages of the on-site interpretation are;

a. It is difficult to ensure all utilities are detected reliably in a complex environment containing
multiple services.
b. There is a risk of misinterpretation in a complex environment containing multiple utilities.
c. There is a potential for loss of quality control which is heavily dependent upon the experience of
the GPR surveyor.

3.6.2 Data Collection with offsite analysis interpretation involving post processing

Here the data is collected in a systematic manner over the designated survey area. In areas where high
densities of services are expected, the radar transects will typically be collected orthogonally at 0.5m
centers. The transect centers will widen in less complicated areas. The coordinates for the start and finish
of each transect are recorded along with the radargram itself. It is also possible to use GPR systematically
with simultaneous recording of GPS, particularly useful where the above ground environment contains a
number of obstacles which might otherwise impede systematic data collection. Where high buildings may
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obscure line of sight to satellites robotic total stations would be an alternative.

Once the data has been collected, it is transferred to an office environment where it is analyzed. This will
involve post-processing the data where both 2D (vertical scans) and a 3D data block can be made. Detailed
analysis of the information collected can then be made. Though this methodology is time consuming, it will
allow complicated underground environments to be more accurately understood. From this analysis, linear
patterns can be exported into CAD where they can be recognized as the routes of possible utility pipes or
cables. Both line and depth are determined from the radar data but not its use. This has to be determined
where possible from other data such as record drawings or surface features such as valve covers. Some
service providers offer on-site analysis and interpretation within the survey vehicle to help speed up the
turn round of reporting.

The advantages of offsite interpretation are:

a. This approach offers an increased potential to resolve multiple targets which is of increasing
importance in urban contexts.
b. Quality control, in terms of probability of detection can be appraised in a more rigorous manner.
c. This strategy allows the use of different grades of personnel to collect and to interpret the data,
although this may not always be appropriate.

The disadvantages of the offsite interpretation are;

a. This approach potentially involves a greater input of time both data collection and in post survey
processing and hence is potentially more costly.

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4.0 METHODOLOGY OF SURVEY WORK
Before the start of any works, we will conduct investigation to obtain all the necessary survey information
and drawings to ensure the proper execution of the survey works. These will include liaising with the
appropriate local authorities and third parties for information on development along the pipeline route by
conducting search for new or future development that will impact the infra network.

The Contractor will prepare the Work method statement to detail the execution plan for the survey works
which includes:
1. DGPS control station network
2. Pipeline alignment and corridor survey
3. Pipeline crossing site survey
4. Site survey of stations, and
5. Detection of all buried utility infra

4.1 Survey Equipment and Calibration

We will utilize modern and proven survey equipment for fast and accurate survey data acquisition. The
main survey equipment used will include GPS receivers, Survey Total Stations, Survey Automatic Levels and
Underground Pipe Detection Devices including Electromagnetic Locator (Pipe Locator) and Ground
Penetration Radar. All survey equipment will be calibrated and verified and a copy of the Calibration ( if
needed ) and verification report will be submitted before the start of the survey work. The Total Station
Equipment used for the Works will be as according to Clause 22.5 in the Tender. A GPS receiver used will be
of a dual-frequency type as per Clauses 22.6 - 22.7. The GPS survey equipment will be able to record both
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) and Malaysia Rectified Skewed Orthography (MRSO) coordinated
system for integration to GIS software and levels adjusted to Mean Sea Level (MSL) with metric unit.

4.2 Strip Survey with Spot Levels, Details and Contour within Right of Way and Station
Compound

We will perform detailed survey to locate accurately the locations, spot levels, depths, dimensions, names
and direction of all features within the width of proposed area including:-
1. Significant features such as roads, drainages, manholes, valves, poles, cabinets, sub stations, trees,
signage, and etc related to preparation of basemap and be plotted in the drawings
2. Existing and future public road, private road , tracks and path
3. Existing structure above or below the ground level, indicating whether welling, industrial or other
relevant particulars
4. Ground condition of terrain e.g. steep slope, foot of mountains, large boulders
5. Existing water courses and their flow of directions, invert level and width
6. Existing and future transmission and power lines and their supporting towers
7. Existing boundaries of vegetation (including their types), swamps and rocky areas.

4.3 Buried Pipeline and Utilities Detection Survey

We will perform utilities detection survey to identify buried infra network, water pipeline, buried
sewerage drainage, telecommunication and electric cables and utilities at proposed area. Electronic
detection devices will be used to comb thoroughly on both sides of the road crossings and identified
underground piping in stations to locate and marked underground services that exit sat the crossings.
Utilities detected shall be surveyed and marked using hardwood pegs, warning tape and to be color coded

17
to indicate the type, size, depth and number of utilities presence.

4.4 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey

At identified locations or crossings, we will perform ground penetration radar survey (minimum corridor
20mx8m ) to carry out underground scanning and mapping of the underground utilities including but not
limited to pipes, cable, metal objects, slab etc. Equipment used for this activity will include but not limited
to Ground Penetrating Radar, Electromagnetic Radio Detection, Metal Locator, GPS and Total Station.
Result from the GPR will be integrated in to the as-built route and profile drawings.

The minimum Ground Penetration Radar performance specification will be:

 Antenna type will be dipole (mono staticorbi-static)
 Shallow penetration centre frequency antenna : 250MHz
 Deep frequency centre frequency antenna : 50MHz
 Penetration depth Range : 0.1m to 6.0m depending on dielectric properties of soil
 Able to download measurement data from survey equipment to computer

However, it is important to note that the Ground Penetration Radar has a depth limitation such that it will
not be able to penetrate in a ground with high water level.

4.5 General Land Survey

Land survey will be performed at specific location as requested by PGB. We will use modern and proven
survey equipment for fast and accurate survey data acquisition. The main survey equipment used shall
include GPS receivers, Survey Total Stations and Survey Automatic Levels. All survey equipment will be
calibrated and verified and a copy of the calibration and verification report will be submitted before the
start of survey work. We will procure any related document regarding land boundary and land title with
related local government department or any related agencies. After completion of boundary or land survey,
we will mark the boundary by using wooden peg every 10m interval for both side.

4.5.1 Monumenting Temporary Bench Mark (TBM)

The construction of monument for Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) is to establish the ground control.
Monumenting means construction of special type of Reference Marks, TBMs and Intersection Points. The
monuments will be constructed out of a 1 meter length of 40mm diameter galvanized iron pipe set in
concrete of dimensions 30cmx30cmx30cm. The pipe will be filled with concrete or cement, sand, mortar
and a brass bolt or stud will be affixed onto the mortar at the top of the pipe. Monuments will be placed
well away from the construction limits and/or from any disturbance. There should be at least 2 reference
markers. These reference markers will be well placed so as to allow for easy resetting of the affected IPs
and TBMs. The TBM number and the value of each TBM will be written on the concrete.

4.6.2 Levelling to establish Temporary Bench Marks

We will establish temporary bench marks at approximately 800m interval along the full length of the

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proposed road and relate them to Land & Survey Department’s Datum. Reduced levels of these temporary
bench marks will be clearly and legibly inscribed on the marks and referenced for identification for the
subsequent construction stage. The location of all bench marks will be clearly described and indicated on
the plans to be submitted. All these TBMs will be located well away from the construction limits. For flat
and undulating terrain all leveling will be done in sections of approximately 1km in length. The closing error
for each section will not exceed 16mm and the equipment used will be capable of executing the works to
this degree of accuracy. For mountainous terrain, simultaneous reciprocal trigonometrical heighting can be
adopted. The maximum error in spot levels in both cases will not exceed (±20√k)mm where K is the
horizontal distance in kilometer from the nearest Permanent BM.

4.6.3 Planimetric Control

Planimetric control is taken to mean control of plan or horizontal dimensions and shape of the structure.
Planimetric control will be provided by theodolite/Total Station traversing. For this purpose, the standard
of survey required is that of accuracy of not less than 1:4000 and an angular misclosure not exceeding 2’
30” in 40 stations. The theodolite control traverse will be tied to any available Land and Survey
Department’s Stations and Control Points.

4.6.4 Height Control

Accurate temporary bench marks (TBMs) will be fixed on the site at points where they are unlikely to be
disturbed. TBMs will be based on Lang and Survey Department’s Datum and a record kept of their levels.
Thereafter, the level of any part of the site or construction may be established by leveling from the TBMs
using the ordinary survey’s level. TBMs will be established at 800m interval.

4.6.5 Detail Topographic Survey

The Land Surveyor will map the position of the found utility alignments marked on site, data recording is
via on-board data logging facility using specially designed survey data collection software. The utility
information is transferred to digital format and presented in a utility drawing at (1:100 or 1:200 scale) in
DWG/DGN/IDMS format. Cover levels and invert levels are related to the arbitrary control point and the
Malaysia Principal Datum.

The depth below ground will be annotated at each surface feature and at significant changes of depth. The
depth of metallic lines will be shown with a cross mark on the respective line. Depth of metallic lines,
which were located, by the EML or GPR are referenced to the center of the pipes/cables. Where cable/duct
bands are identified, notes will be included, showing the number of cables/ducts and configurations.
Where a bundle of cables are found, a carpet of cables will be marked on the drawing with the outer
cables show on each side of the bundle.

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 4.6.6 General Work – Wood Pack and Flag Mark

The Wood pack and flag mark will be made from wood size 1” x ½“ x 3’. The wood pack and flag mark
will be color code for the purpose of marking as required by the client. These wood pack and flag
mark will be used to make Works boundaries, Right of Way (FOW) and utilities markings. ( If necessary
).

4.7 Mobilisation and Demobilisation

The mobilization and demobilization scope will be considered from the Clint inclusive of kick-off meeting,
pre-job meeting, work execution, progress meeting and presentation for the final document as per PO.

5.0 DELIVABLES (DRAWINGS)

Route and profile drawings will be divided in to lateral parts to show the route plan, longitudinal profile,
pipeline crossing and engineering design data. The drawings shall show all features surveyed but not
limited to the following:
 Route and Profile drawings will include the Title page, Overall Route Map and Index Map in one A1
size sheet.
 Spot levels.
 Pipeline alignment and profile.
 Property boundaries for affected lots, lot numbers, road and reserve land.
 Existing man-made features, houses, plantations, vegetation, concrete pavement, culverts, electric
lines, poles, water, and other pipelines, roads and future roads.
 Existing structures, markers and buried pipelines (with depths).
 Buried utilities services
 All survey marks installed with listing of coordinates and levels.
 All locations of installed signage/markers.
 Scale of the Route and Profile drawings shall be arrange in scale

We will submit the preliminary ‘As-Built’ drawings for review and comment by PGB prior to submission of
final ‘As-Built’ drawings in formats specified below. All final ‘As-Built’ drawings will be endorsed by a
certified Surveyor. The final ‘As-built’ drawings will be produced as per commented and the drawings will
be submitted as follows:-
a) Two (3) copies in A1 size.
b) Two (3) copies in A3 size.
c) One (1) softcopies format drawings in AutoCAD version by request.

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6.0 GENERAL ON-SITE FIELD WORK

6.1.1 Safety Program

6.1.2 Confined Space Works

Staff entering manholes (due to the nature of works, manhole entry is not recommended for Utility Survey
as information can be acquired by Sonde and in case of unable to survey due to silt or flow or any other
dangerous possibilities, photographs will be taken for record purpose) would be required to be trained and
certified for confined spaces works before proceeding with the works.

6.1.3 Road Work Safety

When working on the carriageways, Temporary Traffic Arrangements will be coordinated in accordance
with the Code of Practice for Signing and Guarding as issued by the Highways Department.

6.1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE such as safety helmet, safety harness, safety shoes, and goggles will be always provided. Staff will take
necessary precautions and utilize them when potential hazards are identified. An emergency telephone list
will be provided for the Team Leader, to make sure that the Utility Companies, Police Department and Fire
Department can be contacted should the need arise.

6.2 Planning and Setting Up

Systematic planning will be undertaken before the commencement of the contract. A preliminary schedule
will be arranged in accordance with the agreement signed between contractor and the client

An exhaustive search of the available utility maps will be completed in order to get an understanding of the
potential layout of subsurface utilities. In fact, the client shall provide those records as part of their
obligation and to minimize the time spent on the issue.

The preparation kit includes utility drawings; all necessary permits for field works and safety precaution
procedures will be issued to the survey team before the commencement of field works. A report team will
be established who have a good understanding with reference to the requirements set out in the contract
signed with the client.

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6.3 Boundary Definition and Visual Inspections

The site boundary will be confirmed and agreed on site by the client's representative. The site boundary
will be marked with spray paint to provide on-site limits to the field crew and post-survey reference for any
follow-up activity. This is facilitated by the use of a Total Station and arbitrary control points. Where
possible manholes / valves / vaults / chambers will be opened in order to map their extents and depth.
Sewers are also marked, where visible, for the direction and flow of drain tunnels, diameter and depth of
each tunnel. Manhole covers and valves outside the immediate site boundary will also be opened, marked
and traced if they contain services which enter the boundary area.

6.4 Underground Utility Detection & Mapping Using Electromagnetic Locator and GPR

Electromagnetic Locator instruments will be used to locate metallic pipes and tracer wires are laid for non-
metallic pipes and drains where there is an access point within a reasonable distance (say 20 meters) from
the site or on the route being surveyed.

All surface features relating to underground utilities, such as manholes, draw pits, inspection chambers and
gullies, including all street furniture connected to pipes and cables such as lamp posts, illuminated road
signs and bollards, telephone kiosks etc. will be recorded.

All known and all other recordable underground services within the site will be surveyed. However, the
condition of services will not be surveyed.

Underground utilities will be located continuously and recorded in three dimensions at reasonable intervals
and at each surface feature, change of direction. Where bands of cables/ducts are identified, the upper and
lower outer cables/ducts will be traced in order to provide a cross section of the cable/duct band.

Direct connections will be made to gas and water valves without any damage to the utilities. All electrical
utilities (lampposts, traffic lights, low / medium / high voltage electric cables and telecom cables) will be
located by either inductive methods or where necessary the use of a signal clamp which makes no contact
with any conducting material. Sewer manholes will never be accessed internally but rather examined by
use of torches thus not requiring confined space entry and greatly reducing any chance of injury from
harmful gases, rats, snakes, etc.

Drains or sewers will be surveyed by lifting covers and the path of the drain traced and located using an
electromagnetic Sonde. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) will also be used to locate and verify all the
located utilities and mark will be made on the ground using spray paint or marker.

The position of utilities will be marked for the surveyor to record the findings by undertaking a
topographical survey and eventually forming a drawing in CAD format.

Preferred Site Marking Standard:

1. Site marking should be marked tidy

2. Spray paint and marker can be used to mark
3. Marker is preferred to spray paint, but if marker cannot mark on the ground, spray paint is

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 acceptable
4. When marking on tile, marking should be marked as a small circle with point number
5. Use marking in sharp color such as red and yellow
6. Must not use marking in white on road in order to prevent affecting road marking which is also in
white color
7. Make the marking visible and as tiny as possible in order to reduce visual pollution
8. Use paint remover to clear all markings after completion of work

Site Marking Size

Site marking size should be within site/ property owner’s acceptance. If there is no special request from the
site/ property owner, site marking size should be as follow:

1. When using marker to mark on site, for each marking, the marking should be marked within A6 size
(10.5cm x 14.8cm).
2. When using spray paint to mark on site, for each marking, the marking should be marked within A4
size (21cm x 29.7cm).

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PHOTOGRAPHS

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Induction Method Passive Method

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