Name : Syed Kamran Ali

Roll Number : F2020019030

Assignment
Answer 1 :

Probability Mass Function (PMF):

A PMF applies to discrete random variables. It's a function that assigns a probability to each possible value that the variable
can take. The sum of all these probabilities must always be equal to 1.

Example: Imagine rolling a fair die. The possible outcomes are {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, and each outcome has an equal probability of
1/6. The PMF would be a function that assigns 1/6 to each of these values.

Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF):

The CDF is also relevant to random variables, both discrete and continuous. It tells you the probability that the variable will be
less than or equal to a certain value.

Example: Continuing with the die roll example, the CDF for X = 2 would be the probability of rolling a 1 or a 2. In this case, it
would be 1/6 (probability of 1) + 1/6 (probability of 2) = 2/6.

Probability Density Function (PDF):

A PDF applies to continuous random variables. Unlike a PMF with distinct probabilities for each value, a PDF describes the
probability density across a range of values. The total probability under the entire curve of the PDF is equal to 1.

Example: Imagine measuring the heights of people. Height is a continuous variable, and the PDF would show the probability
density of different heights. There wouldn't be a specific probability for an exact height of, say, 1.7 meters, but the PDF would
indicate the probability of someone being around 1.7 meters tall.

Probability Distribution:

This is a general term for a function that describes the probabilities of different outcomes for a random variable. It can be a
PMF for discrete variables or a PDF for continuous variables.

Gaussian Distribution (Normal Distribution):

A very common probability distribution shaped like a bell curve. It's symmetrical around a central peak and describes data
where most values tend to cluster around the average, with fewer values falling further away in either direction.

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Example: Many natural phenomena follow a Gaussian distribution, such as heights, weights, or test scores.

Standard Normal Distribution:

A specific type of Gaussian distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. It's a standardized version of the
normal distribution.

Example: Many statistical tests use the standard normal distribution as a reference for comparing results.

Noise:

Noise is unwanted signal that interferes with the desired signal. It can be random or recurring and can come from various
sources.

Example: Static on a radio broadcast is a type of noise that disrupts the reception of the desired audio signal.

Noise Distribution:

This describes the probability distribution of the noise signal. It shows how probable different noise levels or intensities are.

Example: The noise on a telephone line might have a Gaussian distribution, indicating that most of the time the noise level is
low, with occasional spikes of higher or lower intensity.

Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN):

A common noise model used in signal processing. It assumes the noise is added to the signal, with each noise sample being
independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) according to a normal distribution, and having a constant power spectral
density (meaning the noise power is the same across all frequencies).

Example: AWGN is a good model for background noise in electronic circuits or thermal noise that affects sensors.

Log Normal Distribution:

This probability distribution applies to variables that are skewed to the right, meaning there are more values on the left side of
the distribution and a longer tail towards positive values. The logarithm of the variable follows a normal distribution.

Example: Log normal distributions are useful for modeling income levels, stock prices, or sizes of particles in a substance.

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Question 2
Plot the received power versus distance for the two-ray model using MATLAB, based on the provided formulas.

Parameters
• Frequency f = 900 MHz

• Wavelength (where c = 3 × 108 m/s)

• Transmit antenna height ht = 50 meters

• Receive antenna height hr = 2 meters

• Transmit and receive antenna gains Gt = Gr = 1 (dBi)

• Reference distance d0 = 1 meter

• Transmit power Pt = 0 dBm (assuming 1 mW transmit power)

Instructions
1. Define the given parameters in your MATLAB script.

2. Calculate the wavelength λ using the speed of light c and the frequency

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 f.

3. Define the distance vector d on a logarithmic scale.

4. Calculate the received power Pr(d) using the two-ray ground reflection model.
5. Plot the received power versus distance on a logarithmic scale.

6. Mark the critical distance dc on the plot.

7. Add labels, a title, and a legend to your plot.

Answer 2 :

matlab

f = 900e6; % Frequency in Hz

c = 3e8; % Speed of light in m/s

ht = 50; % Transmit antenna height in meters

hr = 2; % Receive antenna height in meters

Gt = 1; % Transmit antenna gain (linear)

Gr = 1; % Receive antenna gain (linear)

d0 = 1; % Reference distance in meters

Pt = 1e-3; % Transmit power in watts (0 dBm)

% Calculate the wavelength

lambda = c / f;

% Define the distance vector on a logarithmic scale

d = logspace(0, 4, 1000); % From 1 meter to 10,000 meters

% Calculate the critical distance

dc = (4 * ht * hr) / lambda;

% Calculate the received power using the two-ray ground reflection model

Pr = (Pt * Gt * Gr * (lambda ./ (4 * pi * d)).^2) .* ...

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 (abs((d ./ sqrt((d.^2 + (ht-hr)^2))) + (d ./ sqrt((d.^2 + (ht+hr)^2)))).^2);

% Convert received power to dBm

Pr_dBm = 10 * log10(Pr / 1e-3);

% Plot the received power versus distance on a logarithmic scale

figure;

semilogx(d, Pr_dBm, 'LineWidth', 1.5);

hold on;

% Mark the critical distance dc

plot([dc, dc], [min(Pr_dBm), max(Pr_dBm)], 'r--', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

% Add labels, title, and legend

xlabel('Distance (meters)');

ylabel('Received Power (dBm)');

title('Received Power vs. Distance using Two-Ray Ground Reflection Model');

legend('Received Power', 'Critical Distance dc');

grid on;

hold off;

Question 3
Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W transmitter. The carrier frequency is 6 GHz and free space propagation is
assumed, with Gt = 1 and Gr = 1.

1. Find the power at the receiver.

2. Find the magnitude of the E-field at the receiver antenna.
3. What is the receiver power in dBm?
4. If the receiver sensitivity is -96 dBm, would the receiver be able to decodethe message?

Answer 3 :
We can solve this problem using the Friis transmission formula for free space propagation and the relationship between
power and electric field.
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Given Data:

Transmitter power (Pt) = 50 W

Distance (d) = 10 km = 10,000 meters

Gain of transmitting antenna (Gt) = 1

Gain of receiving antenna (Gr) = 1 (assumed)

Carrier frequency (f) = 6 GHz

1. Find the power at the receiver (Pr):

We'll use the Friis transmission formula:

Pr = (Pt * Gt * Gr * λ^2) / (4 * pi * d^2)

where λ is the wavelength.

First, calculate the wavelength:

λ=c/f

where c is the speed of light (approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second).

λ = (3 x 10^8 m/s) / (6 x 10^9 Hz) = 0.05 meters

Now, plug all the values into the Friis formula:

Pr = (50 W * 1 * 1 * (0.05 m)^2) / (4 * pi * (10,000 m)^2)

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Pr = 7.957 x 10^-14 W

2. Find the magnitude of the E-field at the receiver antenna (Er):

We can relate the received power (Pr), the area of the receiving antenna (Ar), and the magnitude of the electric field (Er) using
the following equation:

Pr = (Er^2 * Ar) / (2 * η)

where η is the intrinsic impedance of free space (approximately 120 pi ohms).

We can rearrange this equation to solve for Er:

Er = sqrt( (Pr * 2 * η) / Ar )

However, we don't have the value of the receiving antenna area (Ar) in this case. Therefore, we cannot calculate the exact Er.

*3. Find the receiver power in dBm:*

dBm is a unit of power referenced to 1 milliwatt (mW). To convert watts (W) to dBm, use the following formula:

dBm = 10 * log10 (Pr / 1mW)

dBm = 10 * log10 (7.957 x 10^-14 W / 1 x 10^-3 W)

dBm ≈ -110.9 dBm

*4. Receiver Sensitivity and Decoding the Message:*

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The receiver sensitivity is -96 dBm, which means the receiver can decode messages with a minimum power level of -96 dBm.
In this scenario, the received power (-110.9 dBm) is weaker than the receiver sensitivity (-96 dBm).

Therefore, the receiver would likely *not* be able to decode the message due to the weak signal strength.