Enrolment No.
/Seat No_____________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2024
Subject Code:3170908 Date:24-05-2024
Subject Name:Switchgear And Protection
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
Marks
Q.1 (a) Define “Zones of protection”? Draw the block diagram of protective zones. 03
(b) Draw a “Trip Circuit” including CT, relay, battery, CB and explain briefly. 04
(c) Explain three stepped distance protection of transmission line. 07
Q.2 (a) “Reach of over current relay varies with source impedance”. Why? 03
(b) Explain TMS and PSM for IDMT relays. 04
(c) Explain the various characteristics of over current relays. 07
OR
(c) What are the incipient faults? Discuss The protection provided in 07
transformers for such faults.
Q.3 (a) “Percentage differential relay overcomes the drawbacks of simple 03
differential relay”. How?
(b) Discuss effect of power swing on distance relays using R-X diagram. 04
(c) Explain mho relay showing its characteristics on R-X diagram. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) List various types of faults and abnormal conditions in transformers. 03
(b) Explain harmonic restrain relay. 04
(c) Describe the percentage differential protective scheme for transformer. 07
Q.4 (a) Compare non unit protection with unit protection. 03
(b) Describe protection against loss of excitation in generator briefly. 04
(c) Explain the protection scheme for stator inter-turn faults of a generator. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Define : (i) CT Burden, (ii) CT ratio error, (iii) CT phase angle error 03
(b) Explain induction motor protection against single phasing. 04
(c) Explain the capacitor voltage transformer with CVT circuit diagram. 07
Q.5 (a) Define: (i) Re-striking voltage (ii) Recovery voltage (iii) RRRV. 03
(b) Explain energy balance theory of arc interruption in a.c. circuit breaker. 04
(c) Describe SF6 Circuit Breaker with a neat sketch, 07
OR
Q.5 (a) What do you know by term “adaptive relaying”? Explain. 03
(b) Discuss the various high resistance arc interruption methods. 04
(c) Draw and explain the general block diagram of numerical relay. 07
1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2023
Subject Code:3170908 Date:12-12-2023
Subject Name: Switchgear And Protection
Time: 10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) What are the merits and demerits of electromagnetic relays? 03
(b) Explain the basic connection of trip circuit. 04
(c) Explain the construction and working of an over current relay. 07
Q.2 (a) Define the following terms as applied to protective relays. 1. Burden 03
2. Pick-up 3. Reach
(b) With neat sketch explain the ring main protection. 04
(c) Explain directional over current relay with neat sketch. Also draw the 07
phasor diagram for 30˚, 60˚ and 90˚ connection.
OR
(c) Explain the method of protecting bus-bars using differential relaying. 07
Q.3 (a) With neat sketch explain harmonic restraint. 03
(b) Discuss Bus Zone protection 04
(c) Draw the single line diagram of differential bus protection and explain 07
the same. What are its limitations? How can they be overcome?
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain “under reach” and “over reach” of distance relay. 03
(b) Discuss the reverse power protection of generator. 04
(c) Discuss the Buchholz relay for the power transformer protection. 07
Q.4 (a) Discuss the following term relation to circuit breaking: 03
(1) Rated Breaking Capacity (2) Rated Making Capacity (3) Rated
Operating Duty
(b) Discuss the energy balance theory of arc interruption in circuit breaker. 04
(c) Explain with neat sketch the power line carries current protection. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain following motor protection for the fault against (1) Overload (2) 03
Unbalanced supply voltages including single phasing.
(b) Write note on microprocessor based over current relay. 04
(c) Explain stator inter-turn fault protection for generator. 07
Q.5 (a) Explain Auto reclosing. 03
(b) Explain resistance switching. 04
(c) With the help of a block diagram, explain the organization of a 07
numerical relay.
OR
1
Q.5 (a) What is the different between measuring CT and protection CT? 03
(b) Explain: (1) Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Breaking Capacity of C.B. 04
(2) Rated Making capacity of circuit breaker.
(c) Discuss the operating principle of SF6 circuit breaker and what its 07
advantages is over other circuit breaker.
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2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2022
Subject Code:3170908 Date:03-01-2023
Subject Name:Switchgear And Protection
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
Marks
Q.1 (a) Explain zones of protection. Why adjacent zones are overlapped? 03
(b) Explain DMT and IDMT over current relay. 04
(c) What are the essential quantities of protective relaying? Explain them. 07
Q.2 (a) Explain the concept of current discrimination for the protection of radial 03
feeder.
(b) Draw a neat diagram of induction cup type relay and explain its operating 04
principle.
(c) Draw the block diagram of a numerical relay and explain it. 07
OR
(c) Explain TSM and PSM for IDMT relays. How relay operating time is 07
calculated?
Q.3 (a) State advantages and applications of distance relay. 03
(b) Explain MHO relay with its characteristics on R-X diagram 04
(c) Explain 3 stepped distance protection. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain in brief, how the percentage differential relay overcomes the 03
drawbacks of simple differential relay.
(b) Explain harmonic restrain relay. 04
(c) Explain the construction and working of Buchholz relay. 07
Q.4 (a) Explain possible busbar faults. 03
(b) Explain with a neat diagram frame leakage protection of busbar. 04
(c) Draw and explain Merz Price Protection of alternator stator winding. State 07
its advantages.
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain induction motor protection against single phasing. 03
(b) Explain the negative sequence protection of alternator. 04
(c) List and explain the various abnormal operation conditions against which 07
a large induction motor has to be protected.
Q.5 (a) Discuss the difference between the measuring CT and protecting CT. 03
(b) Define the following terms related to current transformer. 04
i) Rated primary current
ii) Rated short time primary current
iii) Burden
iv) Ratio error
(c) Explain recovery rate theory and energy balance theory of arc interruption 07
in AC circuit breaker.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain advantages and disadvantages of air blast circuit breaker? 03
1
(b) Write a technical note on: Dielectric properties of SF6 gas. 04
(c) Write a technical note on: Minimum Oil Circuit breaker 07
*************
2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3170908 Date:10/12/2021
Subject Name:Switchgear And Protection
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
Q.1 (a) What do you understand by 30˚ and 60˚ connections with reference to 03
directional overcurrent relays?
(b) The percentage differential protection of transformer will not operate during 04
an external fault. Explain and justify with suitable figure.
(c) What do you understand by a zone of protection? Discuss various zones of 07
protection for a modern power system. Why do adjacent protective zones
overlap?
Q.2 (a) Explain the effect of arc resistance on Mho relay reach and the directional 03
property of Mho relay with the help of characteristics on R-X plane.
(b) Explain capacitor voltage transformer. Give its comparison with 04
electromagnetic potential transformer.
(c) 07
Figure 1
Two relays R1 and R2 are connected in two sections of a feeder, with CT ratios
of 1000/5 A as shown in Figure 1 above. The plug settings of relay R1 and R2
are 150% and 200% respectively. Operating time characteristic of both relays
at TMS=1 is given in Table 1 below.
Table 1
PSM 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20
Operating
10 5 4 3.6 3 2.8 2.6 2.2 1.6
Time (s)
The time multiplier setting of relay R1 is 0.3. The time grading scheme has a
discriminative time margin of 0.5 seconds between the relays. A three-phase
short circuit at F results in a fault current as shown in figure.
Find the actual operating times of R1 and R2.
What is the time multiplier setting of R2?
OR
(c) With suitable waveforms, explain the problem of magnetizing inrush in case 07
of transformer protection. Explain how percentage differential relay with
harmonic restraint can overcome this problem.
1
Q.3 (a) Briefly explain how the CT ratio should be selected for differential protection 03
of bus-bars.
(b) Explain in brief selectivity, sensitivity, discrimination and speed with 04
reference to protective relaying.
(c) In relation to circuit breaker arc interruption, explain the recovery rate theory 07
and energy balance theory. Also with suitable figure, define restriking voltage
and recovery voltage.
OR
Q.3 (a) What is back up protection and why is it needed? 03
(b) Explain the necessity of directional overcurrent relay in case of single end fed 04
parallel feeders and radial feeders.
(c) Compare Air Blast Circuit Breaker, SF6 Circuit Breaker and Vacuum Circuit 07
Breaker with reference to their arc quenching mechanisms.
Q.4 (a) Briefly explain various types of faults and abnormal conditions in 03
transformers.
(b) Explain unbalanced loading and loss of excitation as abnormal operating 04
condition of alternator.
(c) With the help of characteristics on R-X plane, compare between performance 07
of impedance and reactance relays in terms of: i) Directional property
exhibited by the relay; ii) Performance of relay during power swing.
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain the difference between CT cores used for measurement and those used 03
for protective relays.
(b) Explain three stepped distance protection of transmission line. 04
(c) Explain the basic schematic of differential protection of bus-bars. Explain its 07
behavior with reference to internal and external faults, clearly explaining the
reason of maloperation during external faults.
Q.5 (a) Explain the concept of adaptive relaying. 03
(b) Explain how to select short-time current rating of CT and accuracy class of 04
CT while selecting a CT.
(c) With schematic, explain protection from phase fault and ground fault inside 07
the three phase induction motor.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain the problem associated with unbalanced supply voltage and the 03
method of protection from the same for a three phase induction motor.
(b) Draw and explain the general block diagram of numerical relay. 04
(c) List out various stator and rotor faults of generator. Explain transverse 07
differential protection of generator winding.
*********
2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BE- SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2020
Subject Code:2170908 Date:21/01/2021
Subject Name:Switch Gear and Protection
Time:10:30 AM TO 12:30 PM Total Marks: 56
Instructions:
1. Attempt any FOUR questions out of EIGHT questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) Define Following: 03
-Under reach and over reach of relay
-Plug setting multiplier
-Burden
(b) Explain Following with reference to Circuit Breaker: 04
(a) Breaking Current (b) Making Current
(c) Discuss various zones of protection for a modern power system. Explain 07
primary and back-up protection.
Q.2 (a) Explain in brief, how the percentage differential relay overcomes the 03
drawbacks of simple differential relay.
(b) What is power swing in power system? Evaluate performance of distance 04
relay in case of a power swing.
(c) A 10 MVA, 13.2 kv generator is protected by restricted earth fault 07
protection. The relay is set to operate on 20% out of balance current. If 85%
of the generator winding is supposed to be protected by the relay, find out
value of resistance to be added in the neutral circuit.
Q.3 (a) Why does a generator needed to be tripped in the case of loss of excitation? 03
(b) Explain following with respect to induction motor protection: 04
(a) Single phasing (b) ground fault
(c) Explain with neat diagram: construction and working of the numerical 07
relay.
Q.4 (a) Explain why the first ground fault on the rotor does not cause any damage 03
while a second fault can be catastrophic.
(b) Explain following with respect to a circuit breaker: 04
Resistance switching
Arc chopping
(c) Draw and explain protection of generator against unbalanced loading. 07
Q.5 (a) Why can the secondary of a protection CT not to be open circuited? 03
(b) Discuss the effects of arc resistance on impedance based protection scheme. 04
(c) Drew and explain carrier current based transmission line protection 07
scheme.
1
Q.6 (a) What is the need of sample and hold circuit in a digital numeric relay? 03
(b) What is single phasing in Induction motor? How protection against single 04
phasing is provided?
(c) Compare Impedance relay, reactance relay and mho/ offset mho relay for 07
transmission line protection.
Q.7 (a) Compose a suitable choice of circuit breakers for the following voltage 03
ranges with appropriate reason.
(a) 3.3kV to 33kV, (b) 400kV to 760kV.
(b) List important protections provided in a 100MW generator and explain harmonic 04
restrain relay.
(c) In what manner the CTs are connected for biased differential protection of 07
transformer having (i) delta-star connection. (ii) star-star connection.
Give reason for the CT Connections employed.
Q.8 (a) Give difference between measurement CT and protection CT. 03
(b) Explain Restricted Earth Fault Protection for generator in detail. 04
(c) Compare SF6 circuit breaker with Air blast circuit breaker. 07
*************