Evoluon ’ Eanly earth has no

netucing atm
atmosphere,howeveY

dunirg tthat stage watere vopoure ,

unft Evoluhon population methane, co2 & NH3 eleased from
the molten mass coven ed the Surfhu.
Natual > lndividual.
seletion + H2 He also Fonmed latec.
’ Ways trrom Sun broke up waterrinto
H2 & o (atomic)
’ H2 being tightere escaped
Historg 40 combined Yth NH3 CH to form
KOater, co2 & others.
(i) orgfni of univense
+ O3 layen was fonmed which nes ultat in
(G)onigin of Life
Gi) Evolution. coolng of eanth's tempR,Hatenvapour
fell as infiling up the pith &
Tmus evolution ary bioleg fs the study of depnessions & formi ng Oceans that
Was nama as pne-bioic soup, chem1CAl
hiatory oft oigin 8 life fonns on Sarcth.
broth, hot dilute soup/primondial Soup
(JBS Haldane)
+ Lite a ppeaet fhst fo the ocan
Onigin ot unirense, Earth
+t appeaned sO0 m yans aftcn the
Big Big eog theong formation of eath && ats almost 4by
Abbe Lemaitne, thene was apropcsed
buge
by back.
explosson e4 fire ball that causes
scateninA f clouds ot gas &dust.
CalldN
Nebula)
+ As t apanded, te mpR cAme down & lheonies of Onjgfo of Life
gases conde nsed unden gnavitation
to fonm galoxies & planets. In which 1 fheory of Special Cheotion
oue Eoth is nly a speck
-+ t nas prropos ed by Father
Suanez.
who has put
Age of uniyense 20 bya. forwand 3 connotations
4.6 bya () An ina orqanism we see today
Wne eneated as such
9 Earrth 4.5b/a.
(i) Dirensity was always thesame
t has been noified hat
sÉnce crieation && wil| be sa me
when we see n futue.
stais, We ane peeping înto oure past
as they have star ted theirc courney of (1) Eath is about 4u yeans old.
emiting aht millicon yeans back &fromhs theory boas strongly challenged in
tnillions of um îtis rneaching our eye. 1ath centung
Thus stellarc dictance is ncasuned in
Iight yeas
 at tempR o4 waerr vapourt (800)

2Theony of Panspenmia + fes days atere he ob senved the

fonmation amino acid.
’ We to eanly Gneek thinkens uni+
of Sife called spones wae tranfened Similarr expeniment was pertonmed
to di ffenent planet Pncluting earth. otherr suen hist, who also obSenved
from outere space. fonmotion o4 sugat , N-base, pigmenk
R fats. which is Similay to the eompuhd
fund n indiating ttat
simizre process ane occuT in elseshze
JTheorg of Spontanecous 6jenenothion fo space.

L'fe came out of decay?ng &rothng

matterc likestnaw, nmud etc.
’ This theony was jectd by expenimentef
demostnati on called "Swan neck Flas²
Eingeny
+t deals with the tonmahion ot finct
by Louis Pasteuc. self nepliccting metabolic capsules.
They ane fonmed by the acc umul ati' on
enganic molecule s like protein,
polysace aride ete. They got the ability
to reprduce thei moleules probably.
Opanin & Haldane Theony
’ The 2 laboriatory prepaned se|t
England proposed that finst fonm of replicotina meleuwe whene
fE have come from pre- ehistina (i) Coarentvates (by Oparin)
non
-living organic moleules eg. RNA, Gi) Micnosphene ( Sycney Fox).
protein ett
+I+ fs believed that evoluhionany frus
Tñey explained the mechanism causes the fon mation of finst ife
evcluhion fo 3stagcs forim from non- living molele
(a) chemoeny
() BioBgeny
|Cogoogmy
(Diensificshion
chemogeny
+t deols with chemical evoltioni.e
divense onganic moleules from
inorganic canctituants,this has been
Supported by ex perimenta
demestration by [Link] Po l953.
+He pea neeated eaily otm ot earth
n a closed apparatus. He created
electnic dschange a closed flask
 Non- Cell ulay
3000 mya nventebrates S00 myG
s CaWeed & Fenns
cellular-2000 Jasless fish
320 mya
mya
Z60
Plants were the fost <ceolocanth/ Laimaria mya.
organfsmnto Povade Finst-fotm ancesto famphi bia
lañd -single cell ed caughtin!
South

Mode Nutnihon amphibi'a

-chemo aut otnophs.

Reptiles 200mya
|Developed-chlorophyil
Dinosaue
extinc GSmya
Mode ot Nutrition
-photosynthetic
Mammal iike 45mya
stanted relase o+ O2 shrew
making envmt
ox id isina,type
Mulhcell ulan fotm
cameto exstanea
 Dacoh on sea voya8e aound

Eyolution on HMS Beoqle,has stucdied

fauna of Galapagos sland
flona

Theonies A+ the, some time Alfred allate

studing in Malay anchipelago &
as

[Link] stated on the tendenies _ot vaniets

[Link]. to deparct inceafnitely fnom onginal
3. Mutation Theoty by Hugo de Vnies type'
[Link]- Weinbeng Painciple.
Jhey both coneluded thoat pnesent
day ife fonms shane similanities wi,
past life forms mdicohing eommon
ancest
Darnuwinisn Datuofn yaas influented by Thomas
Robert Malhus
’ In 1qth centuny speuial cneation
theony voas disaproved, based on + He stated that
Darwinism.,
Theortitically - popl gnouos rponentiay
\[Link] Beagleaapagos Realty-opin gnooth ane stable bz
?sland. ot finted nesouncas . when popln
Book onigin t speies. size outgrnows, comptition occuns
that brninge doon pop|.

Thus Daroin Concluded

Alfned Wallace
Malay Anchipelago . Vanioahons are nbuit AchCnactere
Darccoio ofluenad from = tR Mathus. Laives
Acdaptive ability to utilize
Thesries hesonces oetterc.

Genetic Rasis
End nesult
Fitness (Rep fit)6urrior
înheritet that belps the
to leaye mone
Progeny

NATURE SELECtS
 Tius essence of Dar o+n's theonys Handys
natunal seletion Hugo- de Vnies (Mutaton Theony)
Ae to Datro fe span
Speiaton. Hugo de Vnfes în the fins decade
ot 20h centuny penfonmed
Cxpenimental denonstation on
+ Mechanism tf svolution = Natuna evening pnim- nose(Oenotheng
Selection
lamarckiana)
+ Too cone concept o¢ Daneoin Theory
@Naturnal Selction.
Bnanching Descent. The dfff bw Daruin's Theony &
Mutaion theory ane as followS

Darcwoism Mutation Thuoy

Lamarckism. O Vaniati on e
smalk dinetional
OMutution ahe
rrandom & dineeton
less
+ tven befone Dar ooin Fnence
Natunast stated that evolution a4 Ife )speci ation t.e
fvolwonsane
forms a s driren by use & ore g adua fonmtion tt nes
disuse f ongan. Speues s
dsontinuous &
+ chang o nature dertky phenomenon
devclepnent ofnew need. Coused by saltation.
USE o t aisuse ot ongan (sfngle step lang
Mutati on)
Acqina chatactere
+ Imhenited.
Accodîng to Dar oin ohat fs the
mechanfom, of eyolution
cXample Natuna seletion.
loss ot sunface veget ation
[Link] to Hugo de Vnies what s
Fonage leaves from tall tnces the mech anismn f evolution.
soh: Mutation.
£longoted neck & fonelfmb.
to neach.

Got elongoted
Ihhenited.

Rejet by Wesmann, who provided

openimental demon sttation ef on
mice by cutt'na ther toîl generation
atterr genenatien
 Har1dyweinbeng Principle Precduct ot prrobabrlit:Punet squone
+ SiH Handy (English mathemathieian) P|p
& Wweinlaeng (Geman physician)
desibes theonitical situaion în
which a population is uncergoYnaa
no evoluh'on. Th is stated +hat
p2pq ta=1
lange popul ation allelic frequency >(P+)=1 (pected value)
sill remain same & const fnem
genenotion to generaton f cen-tain
condihons he satsfied. +If measuning valuc of fhe, aitfen.
frem expeted value it indicates extenk
of evolution.
’ The gene pool emaDs onst a
t catse is callcd genetic eyui libi um
Sum total ot cul alelic freg, is t.
Q. In a populahon ot lo00 indiv1dual
360 belongs to genotype AA, 430
gene’ chanatrc to Aa F& remaining l6o to aa.
Basedon thisdata. The fnea, o alele
în the populati on fs
0.5
ailele
T
Soln:
Tnait 960
|60
|'48o
() D 9=l60
(000
0.|60

>p=o.6
jene. . In a populahon ot blak colout scau
blacc col our is due to mnet melanic
dominant allel. Mm &MM Tocluvicuua!
ane biauk mm ndivicval ane hite.
Ineach populaton gl oHe ndividuel s
7e ashite coouhed jth 19 kblae
Freq of allele A P coloure ndivi dua. shat s the frey
AA individyal p' M.
0.10
Fneg ot allele a
ot aa fndividual q Solh
P 24P= gl
Fneq, ot heteozygous îndividual
Aa

4=0.9
Pl-0.4 o.l0,
b- FactosThat nffet H-Wernbeng Equ3Mutahon
pne-enfshia acvantogeous mutatian
nesults in neo phenotype that oren fes
genenahion wold mesult în speiation.
[Link] Migrnation /eene Flet). Ths fs shoonby Lederbergs expt
2 Genehc Dnift on neplica pat plaing ot micnobes.
3. Mutahon
4. Genctic Rccombination
5. Natunal Sclcction

6. No nandom mating. 4 6cnctic Recombinathion

Qccuns dyring the proess f miosis
ore dun)ng the zygote for mation

Genche Migration
5. Notaal Selsction
-when a group ot îndividual migrates + Based on diffenentisl rnepnoduch on
from one populati on to anothere în a which ane factua
nes aeas gene freg, changes in both
the onignal population (alleles ate + t nefens to the stnonger fndividual
|ost) & host populatien (alleles adle). that leave mone progeny inhe
next genenoaion than the Weakee one

when mignation OCcuns muuhiple ’ lt can lead to

times callcd gene Aow
O stabîlizahon
Disnuptive
Dincctional

mohe ndivid ual

acquine mean
A -) B(+) chanacter value.

mone individual acquiu

peniphenal cha acter
2. Gereti Dnift value at both end ot the
’ lt ocCune by chance dstibution curve.
’ Hene mignated fndividual fonm: a mone individuals
acquire valuc ot ha
new sample of population. in a ns thah he mean
ahea couns e f time developS cha actere value.
as ne Spedes,called found ens
effet

Mean peti phenal

chanatere

Migratots Poplh ghaph

founden of new popl ises &
becohe
naro w
 in to grOuHd stote.

Elccon Spin Resonanw 20th

advane.

3
Embnyological Evidene
Enost Haekel stated

recapi tultes phylogeny

Ontegery
Emarlyogenesis
repeats ancestal
histony

Evidences ’which means cnbyos o¢ al ventebrates

develeps centain choanartenisties uthich
i funchional in othere acult onganism.
1. Paleontolegical evidene human t embryo shecos gYlls sltts
which fs functional only fn fh.
’ Based on Poss1 necorcd
Fossils ane nemans o¢ hand pants
bt 12fe form fund în ock S Kanl £nnt Von Baere nejected this
(sedementany rocks) theony notifiying ttat embnyo of an
organism nevert passed through adut
+ In the cnoss Section the the ayths etage of other animal.
crust, dffenent aqed eck
sediment6 tontau'ns fssils of dif.
Ife foms shich fndiates the Morphological &Anatomica) Evidenu
geo logical Penicd in shich thegexisted.
tomelogous ongan
Dasiogof Sfoasil - netens to diiengent evolution.
onlgfh Same but diff function.
@Relative cahng Metocl-18n Centuny. - jndicot es onmon ancestor.
-based on the fact that deepts
that foss?l, mone oder itis.

5 Roclioactive Dah ng Nethud-1qth cutuny.

based on cal ulat'on of he age egNentebrates foelfmbs.
of fosstl or sedementay ock Tnsect mouth parets.
in hich fossil was found by Thonns tendnils t Bou_envilli
caluwlating the half 1fe peniod
nequined fore the degnadatien & Cueurebita (both onign în
ot aclio active labelled isotpe axillary position)
 snuctunal hormol og is wtnessed InI420 attere Ind ustial Revolutton
skeleon, hean t blood vessels BW Moth ‘ WW Moth
b4 verrtebnates.
Reason: because ot peputot poll ution,
Ifchen disappeaned ,ww moth fall
prrey.

Anale gous Organ

similare habitat nesul tate
n the selechion of
sÉmilaz adaptive featue InBen sive bneeding prognam has
cneated bneeds that di ffeh fnom otht
în diff gnoups of ognism
but to ands same funcion. bneed eg. dogs but still ane ot sa me
gnoup
eg. insect fn bind wing
fns &fAippens tf fsh & Dolphin
Another eample t common ahcestory
cephalo pod & ventebnate eye
leaves & cladod e
due to anth ro pogenic achivity 4 use of
herviudes pesticiles anti biohes,
sweet potato & potato. nesistant onganis ms have,dereloped n
the counse ef time.
shng ohoney bee & Scorepion.

Evolution s a schotastic pnocess.

" It s based on chanca event n naturu
AExamples of Common Ancestorty & chance muttion fn onganism
not dinected.

O Biochemieal simi lorrity n pnoteins &

qenes n dirense onganisms îndicates
Common'ancestoy. .
Adaptive Radiation
+ Pro cess ot eyolution f i¢ spejes in
Indusnial Hlan ism a given geoghnophital onea stanting
from a point e tadiahing to othere
neas o ge0gnaphy is called adaptive
" In 1B5Ö moth collechion from England nadiation. eDanwin fnches
be fone Industmial Revoluti'on
Ognal- seed eater
white uoingecd moth outnumbens vanients found
black wfoged moth.
Keas on: In popul at on fnee env ichen
6alapagos island aru
Coyen ed tnee tnunk helped in - Vegetenian
-nsechvoous.
conc ealing ww moth &thus Bw &.
moth fal phey to pnedatore. OAustnal lan Mansupials
 PANSEAE
Human Evolrtion
Protothenjans
MetA + [Link] went to Australua taking
drift handicam made nJava without
packinacamera of modenn make
Krkon.

ausralie)
+DUe to continental dnift, Austnall a Cnigio Evolution f Man
got sepantd from eanly mass tf land
pongeae. cannying along oith t + Studied from fossi| mecond
aneestnad stock o+ [Link] . Few fessi)s of man-like bones
the mansupials sunvived bcz sf latk of have been discovened in
competition ftrom anyothere mammals Ethopia &Targenia, which
& flounished nevealcd homonid featunes
leading to the beleire that
+ when herre 5 no t1e than one about to 4 mya. man Wke
adaptive rodiation m an solated primates walkd in Eastern
yegnophi cal aca, one can call this [Link] caee pnobably
GOnvenent evolution not tellert than 4 feet, but
Lgalked upnight.
" Another fossil recond was
found fo Java n 981 1890
PoND reteav evcaled that t
belongs to Homo -encctus.

Sequence
eS. PlGcenta mam mals ot Austnaa I5mya " phimate .dryopheus
ConneS ponde mansupials.
& Ramapitheus wenent.
" They wENC hairy &
Placental Mamnals Austnalian KAlked iike qonilla &
Mole Mansu pial moie chímpanzees
" Ramaptheus was
Anteatcat ’ Numbot (anteater) mone man lke &
Mouse Mansupial mouse Dnyo piheus as
Ape-ke
Lemuwt [potted CUsus

Flyhg Squinel Flying Phalanger. 2. mya " Austtalopitheus lved

Bobat ’ tas manan gere cat. fo gouth afnicah grass
£ast
Tasnanian woff. "Évidences shows that
they hunted, h sto
Weaponsbut essentislly
ate fruits.
From Australo pftheuS
there denived hom
habils having a cnanial
 capauty t 650 Cc -800 cc
Adnt easleat
[Link]

Java man.
-5mya " Hemo-lcctus
evolved Java.
having a cranial
capacity of q00cc
" They ate meat

1- lakh to k yean S ago

. Homo ehetus
neandcret helensis,
a sub-speues have
evolved cofth cnanial
capacty l400cc
" They usd to live
nean East & Central
asia.
They used to protet
their bodes dbunny
+heir clead.

s ack
75k to ok yea
"Hsmo sapiens no
evolved

" They orjgrate n

Soth Afnica duing
fce- age.
They developed cave
artt oabout l8k yeas
qo. e painttr6S
by pne hstonic
humans in vin
bhedka Rock shelten
at Raen Dstnict,
Madhya Presh.
" developed civilsation
& agnicul ture.