India & Indian Constitution

Important Questions & Answers

Short Answers
1. What is Constitution?
Ans: The constitution is a political frame based on which principles or laws of a country are formulated.
Under the constitution, the rights and duties of citizens are described. The relationship of people with
governments is decided by the constitution.
A constitution is a fundamental document that outlines the basic principles, laws, and institutions of
a government or organization. It establishes the structure of the government, defines the powers of its
branches, and lays out the rights and responsibilities of citizens.
2. What is a Republic State?
Ans: A republic state is a form of government where the power is held by the people or their elected
representatives, and the head of state is usually an elected official rather than a monarch. Citizens have a
say in how they are governed, and the government is typically structured with a separation of powers.
3. What is Preamble?
Ans:

▪ A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the document’s philosophy

and objectives.
▪ In a constitution, it presents the intention of its framers, the history behind its creation, and
the core values and principles of the nation.
▪ The preamble basically gives idea of the following things/objects:
o Source of the Constitution
o Nature of Indian State
o Statement of its objectives
o Date of its adoption
4. What is Citizenship?

Ans: Citizenship refers to the legal status of being a member of a particular country or nation and enjoying
the rights, privileges, and protections granted by that country.

It is a status that confers both rights and responsibilities, such as the right to vote, the right to work
and live in the country, the obligation to pay taxes, and the duty to obey its laws.
5. What is Secular State?
Ans: A secular state is one that does not consider anyone's religion as an official religion. A secular state
also treats all its citizens equally, regardless of religion.
6. State the meaning of Democracy?
Ans: Democracy is a form of government where elected representatives hold power. Citizens elect their
representatives through voting and these elected representatives hold the power.
The word democracy most often refers to a form of government in which people choose leaders by voting.

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A democratic system of government is a form of government in which supreme power is vested in the people
and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodic
free elections.

7. What is a federal state?

Ans: federal state is one where both the central government and state governments are autonomous.
A federal state is a form of government in which power is divided between a central government and
individual states or provinces. In a federal state, the central government has authority over certain areas,
such as national defence and foreign policy, while the states or provinces have authority over other areas,
such as education, healthcare, and local infrastructure.
8. What are Fundamental Rights?
Ans: Fundamental rights are a set of basic rights and freedoms that are guaranteed to all individuals, typically
by a constitution or other governing document. These rights are specifically identified in a constitution, or
have been found under due process of law.
1. right to equality
2. right to freedom
3. right against exploitation
4. right to freedom of religion
5. cultural and educational rights
6. right to property and
7. right to constitutional remedies.

9. What are the Directive Principles of State Policy?

Ans: Directive Principles of State Policy aim to create social and economic conditions under which the citizens
can lead a good life. They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a welfare state.
The 'Directive Principle of State Policy' are 'guidelines' or 'directives' given by the Constitution to
the central and state governments to adopt such policies as to improve the condition of their countrymen.
Directive Principles are classified under the following categories:

• Economic and Socialistic

• Political and Administrative
• Justice and Legal
• Environmental
• Protection of Monuments
• Peace and Security.
10. What is Universal Adult Franchise?
Ans: The universal Adult Franchise refers that all citizens who are 18 years and above irrespective of their
caste or education, religion, colour, face, and economic conditions are free to vote. In a democracy, a
universal adult franchise is important, as it is based on the idea of equality.

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11. What are the qualifications to become a President of India?
Ans: To become the President of India, a person must fulfil the following qualifications:
1. The person must be a citizen of India.
2. The person must be at least 35 years old.
3. The person must be eligible to be a member of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian
Parliament).
4. The person must not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any state government,
or any other public authority.

5. The person must not be of unsound mind or bankrupt.

In addition to these qualifications, the person should also have a good reputation and moral character,
and should be capable of performing the duties of the President. The President is elected by an Electoral
College consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and of the legislative assemblies of
the states.

12. What is single citizenship?

Ans: Single citizenship in India refers to the concept that every citizen of India is entitled to the same rights
and privileges, regardless of the state or region they come from. Unlike countries like the United States,
where citizens have both federal and state citizenship, in India, there is only one citizenship, which is
conferred by the Indian Constitution.

13. State any 2 fundamental duties of Indian citizens.

Ans:
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. To value and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

14. What is Act 32?

Ans: Under Article 32 of the Indian constitution, every citizen of India has been given the right to seek
constitutional remedy from the Supreme Court if they have been deprived of their fundamental rights.
15. What do you mean by Constituent Assembly?
Ans: A constituent assembly is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution.
Members of a constituent assembly may be elected by popular vote, drawn by sortition, appointed, or some
combination of these methods.
The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to frame the Constitution of India.
16. Who was the president of Constituent Assembly?
Ans: Dr Rajendra Prasad is the president of Constituent Assembly.

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17. What do you mean by ‘Shramadan’?
Ans: The word Shramdaan means labour (Shram) and donation (Daan). Shramdaan means a voluntary
contribution by the person towards community welfare involving physical effort.

18. Who was Rani Abbakka Devi?

Ans: Rani Abbakka Chowta was the first Tuluva Queen of Ullal who fought the Portuguese in the latter half
of the 16th century. She belonged to the Chowta dynasty who ruled over parts of coastal Karnataka, India.
Their capital was Puttige.
19. Is ‘Right to Education’ a FR? If so, under which act of the Indian Constitution?
Ans: The Constitutional 86th Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A. The right to education is a
fundamental right to freedom under Article 21A.
20. Is ‘Right to Property’ a Fundamental Right?

Ans: The right to property ceased to be a fundamental right by the Constitution (Forty-Fourth Amendment)
Act, 1978, however, it continued to be a human right in a welfare state, and a Constitutional right under
Article 300 A of the Constitution.

21. What is Gurukula System of Education?

Ans: The 'Gurukul' system of education is the essence of Indian style of learning. Basically, a gurukul is a
school where students live along with their mentors and receive education, moral values and life skills
under their guidance. This process of learning is being practiced since early ages in India.
22. What is Subaltern View?
Ans: Ambedkar was one of the chief thinkers of `Subaltern Perspective` and the term `Subaltern` refers to
the vision from the bottom of society which means the view of those people who belong to deprived,
depressed and downtrodden section of the society like Dalits, Women, Tribes, etc.

Long Answers
1. What are the Salient features of Indian constitution? Explain briefly.

Ans: The Indian Constitution is a document that explains how the Indian government works and what rights and duties
Indian citizens have. Some of the most important features of the Indian Constitution are:

1. The Indian government is divided into central and state governments.

2. The Constitution guarantees certain rights to every Indian citizen, such as freedom of speech, religion,
and the right to live with dignity.
3. The government has a duty to work for the welfare of its citizens and promote social and economic
justice.
4. India has a parliamentary form of government with a president as the head of the country.

5. The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary that ensures that the government functions
within the limits of the Constitution.
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6. India is a secular country, which means that the government treats all religions equally.
7. Every Indian citizen has the right to vote in elections to choose their leaders.

• Lengthiest Constitution: India's constitution is often referred to as the "lengthiest

constitution" because it has 448 articles, 12 schedules, and over 100 amendments, making it
one of the most wide and detailed constitutions in the world.
• Establishment of a sovereign, socialist, secure, Democratic & Republic.
• Parliamentary form of government
• Fundamental rights and duties
• Directive principles of state policy
• Federation with strong centralising tendency: it is a political system where the central
government has more power and authority than the subnational units.
• Adult suffrage: Adult suffrage is the right of every citizen who is 18 years or older to vote in
elections. It is based on the principle of equality and democracy.
• An independent judiciary: It means that judges are free from political interference and can
make decisions based on the law and the facts of each case.
• A secular state
• Single citizenship

2. Discuss the making of the Indian constitution by the constituent assembly with specific reference to
the role of Dr BR Ambedkar.
Ans: here's a more detailed explanation of the making of the Indian Constitution and Dr. BR Ambedkar's role
in it.
The process of making the Indian Constitution began in December 1946, when the Constituent Assembly
was formed. The assembly was made up of 389 members, including representatives from the various
princely states, provinces, and territories that made up India at the time.
Dr. BR Ambedkar was one of the most prominent members of the assembly. He was a lawyer, social
reformer, and politician who had been fighting for the rights of Dalits and other marginalized communities
for many years. Ambedkar was also a key figure in the Indian independence movement and had served as
the first law minister of independent India.
When the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly was formed in 1947, Ambedkar was chosen as its
chairman. He led the committee in drafting the Constitution, which took over two years to complete.
Ambedkar's contributions to the Constitution were many. He advocated for the inclusion of fundamental
rights in the Constitution, which guarantee every Indian citizen certain basic freedom like the right to
equality, freedom of speech and expression, and the right to life and liberty. He also worked to ensure that
the Constitution protected the rights of marginalized communities, such as Dalits and women.
One of the most contentious issues during the drafting of the Constitution was the question of reservations
for Dalits in government jobs and educational institutions. Ambedkar fought hard for reservations, arguing
that they were necessary to provide opportunities for Dalits who had been historically oppressed and
marginalized. Despite opposition from some members of the Constituent Assembly, Ambedkar was able to
get reservations included in the Constitution.

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Important Questions & Answers
On November 26, 1949, the Constituent Assembly adopted the Indian Constitution. The Constitution came
into effect on January 26, 1950, marking the birth of the Republic of India. Dr. BR Ambedkar played a crucial
role in the making of the Constitution, and his contributions continue to be celebrated today.

3. Explain briefly the significance of the preamble of the Indian constitution.

Ans: Detailed explanation of the significance of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
The Preamble is the introductory statement to the Constitution, which outlines the fundamental principles
and objectives of the Indian state. It is the opening words of the Constitution, which reflect the collective
vision of the founding fathers of the nation.
The Preamble begins with the words "We, the people of India," which signify that the Indian Constitution is
based on the will of the people. It emphasizes that the Constitution is not the work of any particular
individual or group, but rather the result of a collective effort of the entire nation.
The Preamble also lays out the basic structure of India's democratic system. It declares India to be a
sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. The term 'sovereign' indicates that India is an independent
country that has the power to govern itself without any external interference. The term 'socialist' emphasizes
the idea of equality and social justice, and the term 'secular' reflects the idea that the state is neutral towards
all religions. The term 'democratic' emphasizes the importance of the people's participation in the
governance of the country, and 'republic' indicates that India has an elected head of state.
The Preamble also declares that the Constitution is committed to ensuring justice, liberty, and equality for
all citizens of India. It states that the aim of the Constitution is to promote the welfare of the people and to
secure for them a just and equal society.
Overall, the Preamble is important because it serves as a guiding principle for the explanation of the
Constitution. It helps to establish the basic structure and principles of the Indian state and provides a
framework for understanding the broader goals and ideals of the Constitution. The Preamble is not just a
symbolic statement; it is a fundamental part of the Constitution that reflects the values and aspirations of
the Indian people.
4. What are the methods of acquiring and losing of Indian citizenship? explain briefly

Ans: There are several methods of acquiring and losing Indian citizenship, which are outlined in the
Citizenship Act of 1955. Here's a brief explanation of each:
Acquiring Indian Citizenship:
1. By birth: If a person is born in India on or after January 26, 1950, they are considered a citizen of India
by birth. This applies regardless of the nationality or citizenship of the person's parents. However, if
the person's parents were foreign diplomats or were on a diplomatic mission at the time of the
person's birth, they will not be considered citizens of India.

2. By parentage(ವಂಶ): If a person is born outside India to at least one parent who is an Indian citizen at
the time of their birth, they can acquire Indian citizenship. The person can register for Indian
citizenship at an Indian consulate if they are living abroad or apply for it after moving to India.
However, if the person's parents are Indian citizens by descent (i.e., they themselves were born
outside India to Indian citizens), the person will have to meet certain residency requirements to
qualify for Indian citizenship.
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3. By registration: A person who is not a citizen of India but is married to an Indian citizen can apply for
Indian citizenship through the process of registration. They must have been married to the Indian
citizen for at least two years and have been living in India for at least one year before applying.

4. By naturalization: A person who has been living in India for at least 12 years (or 7 years in certain
cases) and meets certain other criteria such as knowledge of the Hindi language and Indian culture
can apply for Indian citizenship through the process of naturalization.
5. By incorporation of territory: If any new territory becomes a part of India, the people residing in that
territory automatically become Indian citizens.

Losing Indian Citizenship:

1. Sacrifice: A person can sacrifice their Indian citizenship by applying to the relevant authorities.
This process involves filling out a form and paying a fee. Once the renunciation is approved, the
person will lose their Indian citizenship.
2. Termination: A person's citizenship can be terminated if it was acquired through fraudulent
means or by concealing relevant information. For example, if a person lied on their citizenship
application, their citizenship could be terminated.
3. Removal: A person's citizenship can be run-down if they have been living outside India for a
certain period of time and failed to take the necessary steps to retain their citizenship. For
example, if a person has been living outside India for more than seven years and has not renewed
their passport, their citizenship could be run-down.
4. Voluntary acquisition of foreign citizenship: If a person voluntarily acquires citizenship of
another country, they may lose their Indian citizenship. However, if the person is a citizen of a
country that does not allow dual citizenship, they may have to renounce their Indian citizenship
before acquiring the foreign citizenship.
In summary, the methods of acquiring Indian citizenship include birth, descent, registration, naturalization,
and incorporation of territory, while the methods of losing Indian citizenship include renunciation,
termination, deprivation, and voluntary acquisition of foreign citizenship.

5. What are fundamental rights? Explain the special features of fundamental rights under the Indian
constitution.
Ans: Fundamental rights are basic human rights that are guaranteed to every citizen of India under Part III
of the Indian Constitution. These rights are considered to be fundamental because they are essential for the
development and well-being of every individual, and they are protected by the Constitution of India.
The special features of fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution are:

1. They are justiciable: Fundamental rights are enforceable by the courts of law. If an individual's
fundamental rights are violated, they can approach the courts for redressal.

2. They are available to all citizens: Fundamental rights are guaranteed to all citizens of India, regardless
of their gender, religion, caste, or creed.

3. They are not complete: Although fundamental rights are guaranteed under the Constitution, they are
not complete. They are subject to reasonable restrictions, which are imposed in the interest of public
order, morality, and the general welfare of the people.
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4. They are not uniform: Fundamental rights are not uniform, which means that different rights have
different applicability to different individuals. For example, the right to vote is available to all citizens
who are above the age of 18, while the right to freedom of religion is available to all citizens.

5. They are interdependent: Fundamental rights are interdependent, which means that the enjoyment
of one right may depend on the enjoyment of another right. For example, the right to freedom of
speech and expression may be dependent on the right to freedom of movement.
6. They are amendable: Fundamental rights are not absolute and can be amended by the Parliament of
India. However, any amendment to the fundamental rights requires a two-thirds majority in both
houses of Parliament and must not violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
In summary, the special features of fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution include their
justiciability, applicability to all citizens, reasonable restrictions, non-uniformity, interdependence, and
amend ability. These rights are essential for the development and well-being of every individual, and they
are protected by the Constitution of India.
➢ Right to Equality: The right to equality is justiciable, available to all citizens, subject to reasonable
restrictions, not uniform, interdependent, and amendable. For example, the right to equality
before the law is subject to reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public, and the
right to non-discrimination on the grounds of religion is not available to non-citizens.
➢ Right to Freedom: The right to freedom is justiciable, available to all citizens, subject to
reasonable restrictions, not uniform, interdependent, and amendable. For example, the right to
freedom of speech and expression is subject to reasonable restrictions in the interest of public
order, and the right to freedom of movement may depend on the enjoyment of other rights, such
as the right to privacy.
➢ Right against Exploitation: The right against exploitation is justiciable, available to all citizens,
subject to reasonable restrictions, not uniform, interdependent, and amendable. For example,
the prohibition of child labour is subject to reasonable exceptions, such as children working in
family businesses, and the right to freedom from forced labour may depend on the enjoyment of
other rights, such as the right to a fair wage.
➢ Right to Freedom of Religion: The right to freedom of religion is justiciable, available to all citizens,
subject to reasonable restrictions, not uniform, interdependent, and amendable. For example,
the right to practice any religion is subject to reasonable restrictions in the interest of public
order, morality, and health, and the right to convert from one religion to another may depend on
the enjoyment of other rights, such as the right to freedom of speech and expression.
➢ Cultural and Educational Rights: Cultural and educational rights are justiciable, available to all
citizens, subject to reasonable restrictions, not uniform, interdependent, and amendable. For
example, the right to establish and maintain educational institutions of one's choice is subject to
reasonable regulations by the state, and the right to promote and preserve one's culture may
depend on the enjoyment of other rights, such as the right to freedom of expression.
➢ Right to Constitutional Remedies: The right to constitutional remedies is justiciable, available to
all citizens, subject to reasonable restrictions, not uniform, interdependent, and amendable. For
example, the right to approach the courts for the enforcement of fundamental rights is subject
to the availability of judicial remedies, and the right to a legal remedy for the violation of one's
rights may depend on the enjoyment of other rights, such as the right to access to justice.

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In summary, the special features of fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution apply to each of
the fundamental rights and are essential for protecting individual liberty and dignity against arbitrary
and oppressive actions by the state.

6. Discuss the importance of directive principles of state policy.

Ans: The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are a set of guidelines and principles that the Indian
government must keep in mind while making policies and laws for the country. These principles are not
enforceable by any court of law, but they serve as a guiding force for the government to ensure that the
state works towards the welfare of the people.
The importance of the Directive Principles of State Policy lies in the fact that they represent the ideals of a
welfare state and provide a framework for achieving social, economic, and political justice for all citizens.
They ensure that the government makes efforts to promote the welfare of the people and to establish a just
and equitable society.

Some of the important directive principles include:

1. The promotion of social and economic justice.
2. The provision of free and compulsory education to all children until the age of 14.
3. The promotion of equal opportunities for men and women.
4. The protection of the environment and the prevention of the exploitation of natural resources.

5. The promotion of the economic interests of farmers, workers, and weaker sections of society.
6. The promotion of a uniform civil code for all citizens.
7. The protection of monuments and objects of national importance.
These principles guide the government in the formulation of policies and programs for the welfare of the
people. They ensure that the government works towards the eradication of poverty, illiteracy, and social
inequalities. Therefore, the Directive Principles of State Policy are of immense importance in building a just
and equitable society in India.
7. Act 14 of the Indian constitution grants right to equality to every citizen of this country. what does it
mean? Explain
Ans: Article 14 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to equality to every citizen of India. It means
that every person is equal before the law, and no one can be discriminated against on the basis of their
religion, caste, gender, race, or place of birth.
The right to equality includes the following:
1. Equality before the law: This means that all people are equal before the law and are entitled to the
same legal protections and remedies.
2. Prohibition of discrimination: The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion,
race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It also prohibits discrimination in public employment, access to
public places, and services.

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3. Equality of opportunity: The Constitution guarantees equal opportunities in matters of employment,
education, and public appointments.

4. Abolition of untouchability: One of the most important features of the Constitution is that it
prohibits any form of discrimination based on caste. It recognizes that all people are equal and have
the same rights and dignity. The Constitution also bans the practice of untouchability, which is a social
evil that humiliates and oppresses millions of people in India. Overall, the right to equality ensures
that every individual is treated equally and is not discriminated against on any grounds. It is one of
the foundational pillars of our democracy and is essential for ensuring justice, liberty, and equality
for all citizens of India.
8. Discuss the constitutional position of the Indian president. Examine the powers and functions of the
Prime Minister of India
Ans: The President of India is the head of state and the Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The
position of the President is largely ceremonial, with limited executive powers. The powers and functions of
the President of India are as follows:
1. Executive powers: The President appoints the Prime Minister of India, and the other members of the
Council of Ministers are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister. The President also appoints
the Governor of states, the Chief Justice of India, and other judges of the Supreme Court and High
Courts.
2. Legislative powers: The President has the power to call and postpone the sessions of both the Houses
of Parliament. The President also gives acceptance to bills passed by the Parliament, and can also
return the bill for reconsideration.
3. Judicial powers: The President has the power to grant forgives, Excuse, and decreases of punishment.
4. Diplomatic powers: The President represents India in international affairs and receives foreign
ambassadors and high commissioners.
On the other hand, the Prime Minister of India is the head of the government and exercises executive
powers. The powers and functions of the Prime Minister are as follows:
1. Head of the Council of Ministers: The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers, and is
responsible for appointing other ministers and allocating portfolios to them.
2. Chief Advisor: The Prime Minister advises the President on the appointment of members of the
Council of Ministers.
3. Leader of the Lok Sabha: The Prime Minister leads the Lok Sabha and is responsible for presenting
bills and policies to the House.
4. Chairperson of the Cabinet: The Prime Minister chairs the Cabinet meetings and is responsible for
making decisions on important policy matters.
Overall, the Prime Minister of India wields more executive powers than the President and plays a more active
role in the day-to-day governance of the country. The President, on the other hand, plays a more ceremonial
role and exercises limited executive powers.

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9. Explain briefly the composition, the powers and functions of Lok Sabha

Ans: The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Indian Parliament and is composed of members who are directly
elected by the people of India
Composition of Lok Sabha:
The provision for the composition of Lok Sabha is held in Article 81 of the Indian Constitution. According
to Article 81 of the Constitution of India, the total composition of the Lok Sabha should not exceed 552. Out
of these 552 members, 20 members are the Union Territories representatives, and 530 members are the
State representatives.
Currently, there are 542 members of the Lok Sabha. Of these, 2 are nominated from Anglo-Indian
Community by the President of India. 20 represents UT, while 520 represents the States
The powers and functions of the Lok Sabha:
1. Passing laws: The Lok Sabha is the primary legislative body of India, and it has the power to initiate,
debate, and pass laws on various subjects, including those related to finance, defence, social welfare,
and others. Any bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and it is usually inspected by a standing
committee before being put up for debate and voting. Once a bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it goes
to the Rajya Sabha, where it is again debated and voted upon. If the Rajya Sabha passes the bill, it
goes to the President for approval, and if the President gives assent, it becomes law.

2. Control over finances: The Lok Sabha has the power to approve the government's annual budget and
taxation proposals. The finance minister presents the annual budget in the Lok Sabha, and it is
examined and debated by the members. The Lok Sabha can also make changes to the budget or reject
it altogether, which can lead to the government's fall. The Lok Sabha also has control over the
Consolidated Fund of India, which is the main account of the government, and it can authorize
expenditure from this fund.
3. Overview of government: The Lok Sabha has the power to examine the actions of the government
and hold it accountable for its policies and programs. The members of the Lok Sabha can ask
questions to the ministers, raise issues of public importance, and debate government policies. The
Lok Sabha can also form committees to investigate specific issues or matters of public interest, such
as the Public Accounts Committee, the Estimates Committee, and the Committee on Public
Undertakings.
4. Selection of the Prime Minister: The Lok Sabha plays a crucial role in the selection of the Prime
Minister, who is the head of the government. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok
Sabha is usually invited by the President to form the government and become the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister must have the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha to stay in power.

5. Representation of people: The Lok Sabha represents the people of India, and its members are
elected by the citizens through a democratic voting process. The members of the Lok Sabha are
directly elected by the people through a general election held every five years. The Lok Sabha has a
total of 545 members, of which 543 are elected from the states and union territories, and two are
nominated by the President to represent the Anglo-Indian community.
Overall, the Lok Sabha plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Indian democracy by ensuring that the
views and interests of the people are represented in the legislative process. It exercises various powers and
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functions, including legislative powers, control over the executive, budgetary powers, and the election of
the Prime Minister.

10. Explain the centre - state legislative relations as provided under the Indian constitution.

Ans: Under the Indian Constitution, the relationship between the central and state governments is defined
by a division of powers, where certain powers are assigned to the central government, and others are
assigned to the state governments. This division of powers is achieved through three lists: the Union List,
the State List, and the Concurrent List.

The Union List contains subjects that are the exclusive jurisdiction of the central government, such as
defence, foreign affairs, and currency. The State List contains subjects that are the exclusive jurisdiction of
the state governments, such as police, agriculture, and local government. The Concurrent List contains
subjects that are the joint responsibility of both the central and state governments, such as education,
health, and social welfare.
The Constitution also provides for the resolution of disputes between the central and state governments
through the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the Constitution and settle
disputes between the central and state governments.
In addition, the Constitution provides for mechanisms of cooperation and coordination between the central
and state governments. These include the Inter-State Council and the Zonal Councils, which are forums for
discussion and consultation between the central and state governments on matters of common interest.
Overall, the Indian Constitution establishes a federal system of government that provides for a clear division
of powers between the central and state governments, while also promoting cooperation and coordination
between them. This system ensures that both the central and state governments have the authority and
resources they need to govern effectively, while also working together to promote the welfare of the Indian
people.

Additional Long Answers

1. Examine the Marxist view of India as a nation.
Ans: The Marxist view of India as a nation is based on the idea that India is a product of historical and
economic forces that have shaped its society and politics. Marxists see India as a country that is characterized
by deep-seated class divisions, with a small capitalist class dominating the economy and a vast majority of
workers and peasants struggling to make a living.
Marxists also argue that India is a country that has been subject to colonial rule, and that its post-colonial
development has been marked by ongoing struggles for political and economic power. They see the Indian
state as a tool of the ruling capitalist class, which has used its power to maintain its dominance over the rest
of society.
According to Marxists, the struggle for national liberation in India has been tied to the struggle for economic
and social justice, with the goal of creating a more egalitarian society. They believe that this can only be
achieved through a socialist revolution that overthrows the capitalist ruling class and creates a society based
on the principles of workers' and peasants' power.

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Overall, the Marxist view of India as a nation is focused on the struggle against capitalist exploitation and
the fight for social and economic justice. It sees the Indian state as a tool of the ruling class, and the struggle
for national liberation as a part of a broader struggle for socialist transformation.

2. Explain briefly the origin and growth of revivalism in India.

Ans: Revivalism in India is a cultural and social movement that seeks to revive and promote traditional Indian
culture, values, and practices. The movement began in the 19th century when India was under colonial rule
and has continued to grow in the post-independence era. The goal of the revivalist movement is to counter
the influence of colonialism and create a sense of national identity and pride in Indian culture. This
movement has been characterized by a focus on religious and cultural identity, as well as a rejection of
Western influences. Revivalism in India takes many forms, including the promotion of traditional arts and
crafts, the revival of ancient Indian sciences and knowledge systems, and a renewed interest in traditional
Indian spirituality and practices. While it has been criticized by some as being exclusionary and promoting a
narrow, conservative view of Indian culture, others see it as an important way to preserve and promote the
rich cultural heritage of India.
➢ Revivalism was an ideological device used by the assertive nationalists in order to instil self-respect
in the minds of Indians about their own rich culture and political heritage.
➢ The assertive nationalist Sought to mobilise people’s religious sentiments in order to mobilise them
into political actions.
➢ Example lokmanya tilak revealed the Shivaji festival in 1895
➢ Example historical figures like Chandragupta, vikramaditya, Rana Pratap and Shivaji word often used
to rouse nationalist’s sentiments and encourage participation in the national moment.
3. Explain the different phases of Indian freedom struggle.
Ans: The Indian freedom struggle was a long and complex process, spanning several decades and involving
various movements and leaders. Here is a detailed explanation of the different phases of the Indian freedom
struggle:
1. Early resistance: The early resistance phase began in the late 1800s when Indians started protesting
against British rule through peaceful means like petitions and protests. In 1885, the Indian National
Congress (INC) was formed to unite Indians in their demand for self-rule. The early leaders of the INC
aimed for limited self-government within the British Empire, hoping to achieve independence by
working with the British government.
2. Moderate phase: The moderate phase started in the early 1900s, and the INC adopted a more
moderate approach, seeking limited self-government within the British Empire. Leaders like Gopal
Krishna Gokhale and Pherozeshah Mehta believed that India could gain independence by working
with the British government, rather than through radical means.

3. Extremist phase: Some Indian leaders believed more radical methods were needed to gain
independence, including boycotts, strikes, and civil disobedience. This extremist phase started in the
early 1900s and was characterized by leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, who
advocated for more aggressive tactics to achieve independence.
4. Non-cooperation movement: The non-cooperation movement was launched in 1920 by Mahatma
Gandhi, calling on Indians to boycott British institutions and products. This movement saw
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widespread protests, including the Chauri Chaura incident where protesters set fire to a police
station, leading Gandhi to call off the movement.

5. Civil disobedience movement: Gandhi continued the struggle through civil disobedience, including
the Salt March in 1930, where he led a march to the Arabian Sea to make salt in protest of British salt
taxes. The movement saw widespread participation and led to the release of political prisoners.

6. Quit India movement: The Quit India movement was launched in 1942 by Gandhi, calling for
immediate British withdrawal from India. The movement was met with violent repression from the
British government, leading to the imprisonment of thousands of Indian activists.

7. Independence and partition: India achieved independence from Britain in 1947, but was also divided
into two separate states, India and Pakistan, leading to widespread violence and displacement.

Each phase of the Indian freedom struggle built upon the previous one and played a significant role in the
eventual attainment of independence.

The Indian freedom struggle was a long and complex process that took place over several decades. Here are
the different phases of the Indian freedom struggle:
1. The early phase (1857-1905): The Indian freedom struggle began with the Indian Rebellion of 1857,
which was suppressed by the British. In the aftermath of the rebellion, there was a period of political
quietude, but this was followed by the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. During this
phase, the Congress focused on seeking constitutional reforms and increasing representation for
Indians in the government.
2. The moderate phase (1905-1919): During this phase, the Indian National Congress was led by
moderate leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who sought to work within
the system to achieve reforms. The partition of Bengal in 1905 and the formation of the Muslim
League in 1906 marked significant events during this phase.
3. The extremist phase (1919-1929): The extremist phase was marked by the emergence of leaders such
as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, who adopted more radical and militant
tactics in their struggle for Indian independence. This phase was also marked by the Jallianwala Bagh
massacre of 1919, which led to a surge of popular anger against British rule.
4. The Gandhian phase (1920-1947): This phase was marked by the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who
adopted nonviolent resistance as a key strategy in the struggle for Indian independence. The Salt
Satyagraha of 1930 and the Quit India movement of 1942 were important events during this phase.
5. The post-independence phase (1947-1948): India achieved independence in 1947, but the partition
of India and the violence that accompanied it resulted in the displacement of millions of people and
the loss of countless lives. This phase was marked by the efforts of leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru
and Sardar Patel to consolidate the newly independent nation and address the challenges of nation-
building.

These were the different phases of the Indian freedom struggle, each marked by distinct leaders, events,
and strategies, that culminated in the achievement of Indian independence in 1947.

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The Indian freedom struggle had four main phases:
Moderate Phase (1885-1905) focused on securing more rights and representation for Indians within the
British Raj.
Extremist Phase (1905-1919) saw a shift towards radical and militant tactics such as boycotts, strikes, and
mass protests.
Gandhian Phase (1919-1947) saw the emergence of Mahatma Gandhi as a leader and his adoption of non-
violent resistance as a strategy.
Post-Independence Phase (1947 onwards) saw India gain independence from British rule, followed by
challenges of nation-building and ongoing conflicts with neighbouring countries.

4. Write a note on Indian ideals and values.

Ans: Indian ideals and values are rooted in the country's diverse cultural, philosophical, and spiritual
traditions. Here are some of the key ideals and values that are widely embraced in India:

1. Ahimsa (nonviolence): This is a principle that is deeply embedded in Indian philosophy and is widely
practiced in Indian society. Mahatma Gandhi elevated the concept of ahimsa to a central principle of
the Indian freedom struggle.
2. Dharma (righteousness): Dharma refers to the moral and ethical principles that govern human
conduct. It is seen as the foundation of a just and harmonious society.

3. Unity in diversity: India is a land of incredible diversity, with people of different religions, languages,
and cultures living together. The idea of unity in diversity is a core value that emphasizes the need
for mutual respect, tolerance, and understanding.
4. Seva (service): The practice of seva or selfless service is an important ideal in Indian culture. It
emphasizes the importance of helping others and making a positive contribution to society.

5. Satya (truth): The pursuit of truth is seen as a central ideal in Indian culture. It is believed that living
a life of truthfulness and honesty is essential for spiritual and moral development.

6. Karma (action): Karma refers to the idea that every action has a consequence. It emphasizes the
importance of taking responsibility for one's actions and living a life of purpose and meaning.

These are some of the key Indian ideals and values that have shaped the country's cultural and philosophical
traditions. They continue to inspire and guide people in India and around the world.
5. Discuss the importance of regional contribution of Kitturu Rani Channamma and Sangolli Rayanna.
Ans: Kitturu Rani Channamma and Sangolli Rayanna were two prominent figures in the Indian freedom
struggle who played a crucial role in the regional resistance against British colonial rule in Karnataka. Here's
a brief discussion on their contributions:
1. Kitturu Rani Channamma: She was the queen of Kittur, a small princely state in Karnataka. In 1824,
the British East India Company attempted to annex Kittur, but Rani Channamma fiercely resisted their
attempts. She led an army of 2000 men and defeated the British forces in the Battle of Kittur.
However, the British eventually captured her and imprisoned her for life. Rani Channamma's bravery
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and resistance inspired many other regional leaders to fight against British colonialism, and she is
regarded as a symbol of women's empowerment and resistance to oppression.

2. Sangolli Rayanna: He was a freedom fighter and a leader of the peasant movement in Karnataka.
Rayanna led a guerrilla warfare against the British, using guerrilla tactics to fight against British
oppression. He was known for his courage, strategic thinking, and leadership skills. Rayanna was
eventually captured and executed by the British in 1831. His legacy continues to inspire people in
Karnataka, and he is seen as a symbol of the struggle against British colonialism and oppression.
The contributions of Kitturu Rani Channamma and Sangolli Rayanna are significant because they were among
the first regional leaders to resist British colonialism in Karnataka. Their efforts paved the way for many other
regional leaders and movements to join the Indian freedom struggle. Moreover, their contributions were
critical in inspiring and mobilizing the local people against the British, and their legacy continues to inspire
and guide people in Karnataka and beyond.
6. Examine the regional struggle of Halagali Bedas
Ans: The Halagali Bedas were a tribe of forest dwellers who lived in the state of Karnataka in India. They
were known for their unique culture, language, and way of life. However, their traditional way of life was
threatened by the government's forest conservation policies, which restricted their access to forest
resources.
To protest against these policies, the Halagali Bedas organized a regional struggle in the early 1980s. They
formed a union and demanded that the government recognize their rights as forest dwellers and allow them
access to forest resources. They also demanded that the government provide them with basic amenities like
health care, education, and housing.
The Halagali Bedas' struggle was initially met with resistance from the government, which refused to
recognize their demands. However, the movement gained momentum with the support of activists and civil
society organizations. The ‘Halagali Bedas' struggle eventually led to the passage of the Forest Rights Act in
2006, which recognized the rights of forest dwellers like the Halagali Bedas to access forest resources and
manage forest lands.
The Halagali Bedas' struggle is significant because it highlights the importance of recognizing and respecting
the rights of indigenous communities and forest dwellers. Their movement also demonstrates the power of
collective action and the importance of mobilizing local communities to fight for their rights.
7. Briefly discuss the goals and policies of national development.

Ans: The goal of national development is to promote the overall economic and social growth of a country.
This involves creating policies that focus on improving various aspects of the country such as infrastructure,
education, healthcare, and economic growth.

The policies of national development aim to create a stable and sustainable environment for the country's
population. This includes implementing policies that encourage economic growth and job creation, reducing
poverty and inequality, and ensuring access to basic services such as education, healthcare, and housing.
To achieve these goals, governments often invest in infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and
transportation systems to improve the country's connectivity and boost economic growth. They also
implement policies to promote entrepreneurship and innovation, which can lead to new businesses and job
opportunities.
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National development policies also prioritize the development of human capital, with a focus on improving
education and healthcare. This includes investing in schools, hospitals, and training programs to ensure that
citizens have access to quality education and healthcare services.

In summary, the goals and policies of national development aim to create a strong, stable, and sustainable
environment for a country's citizens, with a focus on improving the economy, reducing poverty and
inequality, and improving access to basic services.

• Gender equality
• Zero hunger
• Climate action
• No poverty
• Clean water and sanitation
• Ensure environmental sustainability
• Quality education
• Reduced inequalities
• Responsible consumption and production
8. Examine the role of teachers and students in national building.
Ans: Teachers and students play a crucial role in national building. They are the future of any country and
are responsible for shaping the nation's future.
Teachers are responsible for educating the next generation of citizens, imparting knowledge and skills that
are necessary for the growth and development of the country. They are responsible for instilling values such
as hard work, discipline, and respect in their students. Teachers also have a duty to encourage creativity and
innovation in their students, inspiring them to think outside the box and come up with new ideas that can
contribute to the development of the country.
Students, on the other hand, are the future leaders and builders of the country. They have the potential to
make a significant impact on the development of the country through their education, creativity, and
innovative ideas. Students can contribute to national building by staying informed about current events and
issues that affect the country and actively participating in initiatives that promote national unity and
development.
Both teachers and students have a responsibility to promote the values of national unity, respect for
diversity, and civic responsibility. They can do this by actively participating in community service and
volunteering activities, working towards a common goal that benefits the nation as a whole.
In summary, teachers and students play a crucial role in national building by imparting knowledge, values,
and skills that are necessary for the growth and development of the country, and by actively participating in
initiatives that promote national unity and development.

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