SUMMER INTERNSHIP AT KOTHARI SUGARS AND

CHEMICAL LIMITED, KATTUR, TRICHY

Submitted by
B. KISHORE KUMAR
(Reg No: 813021631015)

of

Oxford Engineering College

(Affiliated to Anna University,
Chennai) Tiruchirappalli - 620009

ANNA UNIVERSITY

CHENNAI 600 025

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

OCTOBER – 2022
 ESTD: 1998

OXFORD
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(NAAC Accredited Institution)
P i r at t i y u r, T r i c h y -
620009
MANAGEMENT STUDIES
(Environment for Young Minds)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report submitted for SUMMER TRAINING AT

KOTHARI SUGAR AND CHEMICALS LIMITED is the Original work of the

candidate B. KISHORE KUMAR (Reg No: 813021631015) for the academic period 2022 – 2023

during the second semester of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION.

Signature of the Guide Head of the Department

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Summer Training work at KOTHARI SUGAR AND

CHEMICALS LIMITED submitted for Master of Business Administration is my original work

for the academic period 2022 – 2023 during the second semester.

Date: Signature of the Candidate:

Place: Name
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I believe that only the benediction of god almighty has helped me to fulfill this endeavor.
I submit this humble piece of work in the name of god almighty the most beneficent and
graceful.

This piece of work be far from completion if, I conclude it without passing my sincere
gratitude to the persons who all helpful to me in the timely completion of this project report.

I extend my thanks to our Chairman Er. M. SUBRAMANIAM, and our Principal

[Link]., Ph.D, Oxford Engineering College.

With great respect I express my sincere and profound gratitude to our Head of the
Department [Link], MBA, MPhil, Assosiate Professor, Department of
Management Studies, Oxford Engineering College for her valuable guidance help and
encouragement best used upon me in the completion of this report.

My sincere thanks to my External Guide Ms. PRICILLA, PRODUCTIONMANAGER

AT KOTHARI SUGAR AND CHEMICALS LIMITED for given me an
opportunity to take up this project work, But for the good wishes of my teachers and parents
who moulded me, I could not have completed the work. I am very happy to record my
gratitudeto them.

B. KISHORE KUMAR
 CONTENT

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO

I [Link]

II 2. COMPANY PROFILE

III 3. PRODUCT PROFILE

IV 4. FUNCTIONS OF DEPARTMENT

4.1 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

4.2 HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

4.3 FINANCE DEPARTMENT

4.4 MARKETING DEPARTMENT

V 5.1 SWOT ANALYSIS

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

5.3 CONCLUSION

1
 CHAPTER - 1

1. INTRODUCTION’

Kothari Sugars And Chemicals Ltd, the flagship company of HC Kothari

Group, was established in the year 1961 with a sugar Mill in Kattur village of
Trichy District. Kothari Sugars, the pioneers in manufacturing of sugar, now has
two sugar units in Tamil Nadu one at Kattur and another at Sathamangalam
village. In addition to sugar manufacturing, Kothari Sugars also has facility for
co-generation of power, production of industrial alcohol from molasses and bio-
compost from press mud and distillery effluents. 1961 - 4,00,000 shares
subscribed for by directors, their friends, etc. 4,00,000 shares offered for public
subscription in December 1960. 1971 - A new sugar factory with a daily
crushing capacity of 1,500 tonnes of cane was set up at Siruguppa in Karnataka
State. The total investment on this project was around Rs 3.75 crores. - 8,00,000
rights shares issued at par in 1971-72. 1973

MARKET SIZE

This factory commenced crushing operations on 24th December. 1983 -

The assets and liabilities of the Siruguppa unit were transferred with effect from
1st October as a going concern to a wholly owned subsidiary. 1986 - The
Company received a letter of intent for the manufacture of polybutenes. Also,

2
Government approval was awaited for the manufacture of nitroaromatics, a
product which has good demand in the pharmaceutical industry. 1987 - The
Company undertook to further modernise the sugar plant at Kattur involving a
capital expenditure of Rs 2.25 crores. - Necessary steps were taken for the
implementation of the polybutene project. The Company entered into a
technical collaboration agreement with M/s. Cosden Technology Inc., U.S.A.
for technical know-how. Further, it also entered into a technical tie up with M/s.
Humphreys & Glasgow Consultants, Mumbai, for the detailed engineering for
setting up the project. The estimated cost of the project was Rs 18.45 crores.

3
 CHAPTER - II

2. COMPANY PROFILE

As an agro-based industry we are playing a significant role in rural

development and welfare. Our company's contribution to the welfare of the
villages, green-belt development and the social obligations it has taken upon
itself are many and varied. Their rapport and assistance to the cane growers in
various ways is a mark of the mutual understanding and goodwill which has
always been in evidence.

We are committed to adhere to the highest standards of business ethics

and to conduct the business in a manner that will enhance our stakeholders'
values.

We believe that the quality of performance of our staff is commensurate

with the quality of work life. We strive to provide a work environment which
will lead to "Job Enrichment".

We are moving towards establishing a leadership position in our chosen

businesses through continuous benchmarking and 360 improvement. Our

4
Quality Management Systems and Environment Policy have been instrumental
supports of this.

ISO Certification

The Kattur unit of our company has been certified with ISO 9001-2000 for
Quality Management System and ISO 14001-2004 for Environmental
Management System.

Our Quality Policy

 Ensure Cost effective operations by improving Productivity and reducing

losses
 Closely Monitor and Measure the Product and Process performances to
ensure reliable operations
 Update the Process and Systems to comply with Statutory and Regulatory
requirements
 Conduct effective training programs for employees to promote awareness
on Operations, Safety and Competence
 Comply with requirements of QMS to improve effectiveness of the
system through Continual Development Programs

5
Our Environmental Policy

 Ensuring compliance of all applicable statutory & environmental

requirements. Undertake appropriate reviews periodically to evaluate and
sustain our efforts
 Conserve energy and explore new opportunities for waste & effluent
reduction, reuse and recycle
 Educate and impart training to all employees pm environmental
objectives and performances

Green-belt development programme

As part of our green-belt program, we have planted over 25000 trees of

various varieties in our factory premises. The planted/grown up varieties are
Teak, Eucalyptus, Aachan, Pungan, Thadasu, Poovarasu, Neer Maruthu, Punnai,
Delonix, Mahagani, Cassia, Neem, Rain Tree, Ashoka (Nettilingam), Vaagai,
Uthiyan, Maramalli, Nuna, Sivagundalam, Eluppai, Bhauhinia, Arasu, and
Vadhanaran among others.. This is an ongoing project and we are developing
green-belt by planting an average of 600 to 700 trees per month. All the existing
trees have grown well. Further, we have avenue planting on the anvil at our
factory premises.

6
Contact

Kothari Sugars and Chemicals Limited

"Kothari Buildings"
No.115, Mahatma Gandhi Salai,
Nungambakkam,
Chennai 600 034.
Tamil Nadu, India

Tel : +91-44-35225500, 35225501

Email : info@[Link]

CIN: L15421TN1960PLC004310

INVESEMENTS

The Company's investments in the subsidiary were disposed off in

November. 1988 - 24,00,000 equity shares issued at par as rights in prop. 3:3.
Only 22,04,832 shares taken up. 5,55,168 shares allotted privately (including
permitted retention). Another 1,20,000 shares offered at part to employees (only
9,700 shares taken up). The balance 1,10,300 shares allowed to lapse. 1989 -
The Company implemented a project at Manali near chennai for manufacture of
5,000 TPA of polybutene, a petrochemical product. - The Company undertook
to set up a PNCB/ONCB project at Karaikal, Union territory of Pondicherry.
The product finds application in pharmaceutical and other varied uses. Foreign
collaboration agreement was entered into with M/s. Biazzi, Switzerland and
M/s. Krebskosmo, W. Germany. Detailed engineering work was assigned to
M/s. Humphreys & Glasgow Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai. 1989-1991 - 2,173
tonnes and 3,626 tonnes of Polybutenes were produced respectively. Very
special grades of PIB such as K-VIS 90 and K-VIS 200, introduced, were well

7
received in the market. 1990 - The manufacture of 5,000 TPA of polybutene, a
petrochemical production plant was commissioned on 21st March, and
commercial production commenced in April 1990. 1991 - The Company
undertook to set up a distillery unit at Kattur with an installed annual capacity of
90 lakh litres of industrial alcohol. This project was completed in 1992. - The
Company offered 1,85,000-16% secured redeemable partly convertible
debentures of Rs 700 each to the shareholders on rights basis in the proportion
of 1 debenture: 25 equity shares held. All were taken up. Additional 27,750
debentures were allotted to retain oversubscription. 1992 - Production improved
to 4,442 tonnes despite unplanned shut down of the MRL for 90 days. In
addition, to KVIS 10 grade, the plant also manufactures various grades for
application in cable jellies, 2-T oils, adhesives etc. Exports commenced and 147
tonnes of polybutene was exported mainly to Singapore apart from other
countries. - 54,21,250 equity shares allotted (prem. Rs 14 per share) in part
conversion of 16% debs. on 1.7.1992. - PNCB/ONCB Project Commercial
production commenced in April 1992. - 3107 tonnes of PNCB/ONCB were
produced 2543 tonnes were sold and 144 tonnes were exported. - As per the
terms of issue Rs 700/- out of Rs 600 per debenture will be converted into 25
equity shares of Rs 10 each at a premium of Rs 14 per share at the end of one
year from the date of allotment of debentures. Accordingly 54,21,250 shares
were allotted in 1st of July. The balance non-convertible portion of Rs. 100 will
be redeemed in three instalments at the end of 6th, 7th & 8th year from the date
of allotment. 1993 - Production declined to 3,735 tonnes due to unplanned
shutdown in MRL during the earlier part of the year and also shifting of the
pattern of production towards higher molecular weight polybutenes. Production
of cable jelly compounds and leather chemicals was also undertaken in small
quantities. - 48,95,475 equity shares issued as rights (prem. Rs 35 per share;
pro. 1:2). Only 47,11,204 shares taken up. 1,84,271 shares allotted privately.
Another 2,44,774 shares offered (prem. Rs. 35 per share) to employees. Only

8
32,500 shares taken up. The balance 2,12,274 shares allowed to lapse. 1994 -
Polybutene unit's production amounted to 4,645 tonnes and 134 tonnes of cable
jelly compounds. The nitroaromatics division produced 6551 tonnes and 7049
tonnes of PNCB and ONCB respectively. Production of nitric acid from the
newly amalgamated plant led to a production 2278 tonnes. - Till 31st March,
42.95 lakh litres of industrial alcohol was produced. - Production of industrial
alcohol amounted to 47 lakhs litres due to modification of effluent treatment
plant. - The capacity at the Kattur factory was expanded to 2900 tonnes capacity
per day and it was proposed to be further expanded to 4000 TCD. Also,
Karikkal Units capacity was to be expanded. During the year, the Company
undertook to set up a plant for co-generation of power using high pressure
boilers at Kattur and this was expected to be commissioned by 1st January
1996. When commenced the unit would produced 12 MW of power. -
Inorganics India Ltd. (IIL) was amalgamated with the Company effective 1st
April. As per this amalgamation, 1,95,279 equity shares of Rs 10 each of the
Company were to be issued to the erstwhile shareholders of the amalgamation
Company in the ratio 1:25 shares held. 1995 - The capacity of the Sugar Unit at
Kattur was being expanded to 4,000 TCD. During the year the Company
introduced an improved sugarcane milling technology with the know-how
provided by Amcane of USA to improve the quality of sugar and to reduce the
input cost. - Polybutene units production declined to 3,869 tonnes due to the
long shut down at MRL which hampered the production ability of the plant.
During the year nitroaromatics division achieved a production of 8,628 tonnes
of NCB. Production of nitric acid improved to 9,085 tonnes. - Production of
industrial alcohol improved to 56 lakh litres. During the year the unit
successfully conducted a novel study in collaboration with the Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University to make use of distillery effluent for irrigation purposes.
- The co-generation of power plant capacity of nitroaromatics was expanded to
15,000 tonnes per annum.

9
10
 CHAPTER - III

1. PRODUCT PROFILE

 The companys products include polybutenes, para nitro chlorobenzene

(PNCB) and ortho nitro chlorobenzene (ONCB), etc. KSCL has
collaborated with Krebskosmo, Germany, and Biazzi, Switzerland, for its
PNCB/ONCB project.
 KSCL set up a plant for co-generation of power to produce 12 MW of
power.
 The company has also tied-up with Cosden, US, for manufacture of
polybutanes. It has tied-up with the Tamilnadu Industrial Development
Corporation (TIDCO),
 To set up a Rs 100-cr hydrogen peroxide unit in Tamilnadu. KSCL also
diversified into bio-technology with a joint venture with AVI, Israel.
 To handle large quantity of cane, the sugar unit at Kattur was expanded to
4000 tcd capacity.

11
In addition to sugar manufacturing, Kothari Sugars also has facility for co-
generation of power, production of industrial alcohol from molasses and bio-
compost from press mud and distillery effluents. Kothari's Liquid hand sanitizer
provides effective protection against 100+

Reducing moisture in sugar is very important, as sugar is hygroscopic

(meaning it absorbes moisture from the air) and can cake if it becomes too
moist. Internal moisture – the moisture inside the crystal itself. Free moisture –
the surface moisture in the syrup film.

As per IS:498, sugar standards are prepared in L-31,M-31,S-31,L-30,M-30,S-

30and SS-31 grades. L, M & S denotes grain size and 30 and 31 are color series.
The ICUMSA test evaluates the purity of sugar based on its color. A
colorimeter or photometer is used to measure the absorbance of sugar at
different wavelengths. White sugar absorbs less light and results in lower
ICUMSA values, whereas brown sugar absorbs more light and delivers higher
values. White granulated sugar is one of the world's purest foods. It's 99.9 per
cent sucrose, refined from the natural sugars that occur in the sugar cane but
with all 'impurities' such as mineral ash and poly phenols completely removed.
2. Raw sugar isn't even really raw. It's just slightly less refined, so it retains
some of the molasses. But there's no real health real benefit from it. "There's no

12
more nutritional value in raw sugar than there is in white sugar or brown sugar,"
Sugar became highly popular and by the 19th century, sugar came to be
considered [by whom?] a necessity. This evolution of taste and demand for
sugar as an essential food ingredient resulted in major economic and social
changes. Demand drove, in part, the colonization of tropical islands and areas
where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and sugar manufacturing could be
successful. The demand for cheap labor to perform the labor-intensive
cultivation and processing increased the European demand for enslaved

13
 CHAPTER - IV

4. FUNCTIONS OF DEPARTMENT

 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

 HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

 FINANCE DEPARTMENT

 MARKETING DEPARTMENT

14
4.1 PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

A production department is a group of functions within a business that

is responsible for the manufacture of goods. This can include just a few
specialized functions with all other work outsourced, or a fully functioning
department that converts raw materials, assembles components into finished
goods, and packages them.

The production department can be the largest organization within a

business. It may employee mechanics, machine setup specialists,
maintenance personnel, and machine operators.

A key focus of the production department is efficiency. To that end,

the bottleneck operation within the facility is closely monitored and
supported so that throughput (revenue minus variable costs) is maximized.
While it is generally profitable to reduce costs where possible in this
department, that is not the case with the bottleneck operation, which should
be fully supported at all times.
The production department is responsible for converting raw materials
and other inputs into finished goods or services. In between the processes of
production, the department works to improve the efficiency of the production or
assembly line so that it can meet the output targets set by company management
and ensure finished products offer consumers the best value and quality.

IDENTIFYING INPUTS

A business determines the quantity or volume of goods that should be

produced within a certain time frame and passes the information to the
production department. To meet production targets, the department establishes
the quantity of raw materials and types of machinery and equipment required to
achieve the desired output level, and may collaborate with the purchasing

15
department to source the inputs. If there isn't sufficient manpower to support
productions process, the production department asks the firm to hire more
personnel.

SCHEDULING PRODUCTION

With the inputs ready, the production department schedules production

processes. This involves planning the tasks to be completed along the
production line and allocating the tasks to various production workers. In a
woodworking business, for example, the department determines how long
lumber will be allowed to dry before being moved to the machining stage for
sawing and bending into shape – and finally through the assembly and finishing
stages.

MINIMIZING PRODUCTION COSTS

The production department is tasked with finding effective ways to lower

production costs. One simple way to do this is to keep the production machinery
and equipment well-maintained so the firm does not regularly incur repair costs.
Along with advising the business to adopt newer technologies, the department
can also assess the production line to identify opportunities for cost reduction.
For example, if the type of wood used a long time to air-dry – requiring an
investment in wood dryers – it could be less costly for a furniture manufacturer
to purchase dried lumber.

ENSURING PRODUCT QUALITY

A production department must ensure finished goods meet minimum

quality standards. Apart from checking all products for faults as they move
through the production process, the department must perform rigorous tests on
prototypes for new products to ensure they meet quality benchmarks before

16
undergoing mass production. Techniques such as waste elimination and process
standardization also help to ensure and improve product quality.

IMPROVE EXISTING PRODUCTS

From time to time, the production department will furnish the research
and development department with information it can use to improve existing
products. For example, when the production department of a smartphone
manufacturer notices that the material it uses to make phone casings bends
when subjected to some pressure, the department must advise the research team
so that it can seek stronger materials.

The Company also proposed to enhance nitric acid production capacity to 24

tonnes per day. The Company also setting up new plants such as cogeneration
plant at Kattur amination and hydrogenation facilities at Karaikal and
concentrated nitric acid plant at Hyderabad. - 195,279 equity shares allotted to

17
the shareholders of Inorganics India Ltd. on amalgamation with the Company.
Preference shares issued during the year. 1996 - Of the two numbers of 6 MW
turbines of co-gen plant, one turbine was commissioned in December and
started exporting power. - Polybutenes unit achieved a record production of
5,401 tonnes. Production would have been still higher but for the contrainst in
the availability of C4 feed stock. Nitroaromatics division achieved a production
of 11,434 tonnes of NCB. The company commissioned downstream products
namely amination and hydrogenation for bringing out value added products.
The nitric acid unit achieved a record production of 12,858 tonnes. - Production
further increased to 68 lakh litres of Industrial alcohol. - Nitroaromatics plant
capacity was expanded to 18 tonnes per day. Steps were being taken to improve
the feed stock availability at Manali Polybutenea plant. Installation of third
condensing turbine at Kattur Sugar factory would further enhance generation
potential to 18 MW of power. 1997 - The 2 nos. MW Cogeneration Turbines
were commissioned. - The Chemical Division suffered a major setback due to
shut down of the plant on account of non supply of feed for the plant by the sole
supplier viz. Madras Refineries Ltd. Production at the Nitroaromatics division
was severely affected due to the rains and cyclone in Karaikal which lead to
corrosion of major equipment resulting in non operation of the plant to its fully
capacity. 2002 -Kothari Sugars and Chemicals Ltd got an award ISO 14001
certification for its polybutene plant at Manali. 2003 -Kothari Sugars &
Chemicals Ltd has informed that Mr. V R Deenadayalu and Mr. P N Devarajan
have been appointed as Directors of the Company with effect from September
24, 2003. 2013 -[Link] was appointed as Independent
Director with effect from 08.11.2013 2014 -Kothari Sugars And Chemicals Ltd
has recommended the payment of Final Dividend @ 5% {Re.0.50 (Fifty Paise)}
per share on face value Rs.10/- each 2015 -Kattur Sugar unit of the Company
has commenced its operations.

18
PRODUCTION UNITS

Kothari Sugars And Chemicals Ltd operates two manufacturing units in Tamil
Nadu in Southern India.

Kattur Unit

Sathamangalam Unit

KATTUR UNIT

Our Kattur unit, located in Kattur Village, Lalgudi district of Trichy

District, is about 30 km from Trichy and 6 km from Lalgudi railway station. In
addition to sugar production, this unit also has facilities for co-generation of
power, distillery and bio-compost. This unit was established in 1961 and is one
of the earliest sugar factories to be set up in the state of Tamil Nadu. To
strengthen our business model and values, a Co-generation Unit was
commissioned in 1996 and a Distillery plant to process Rectified & Extra
Neutral Alcohol was commissioned in 1993.

19
When the ethanol policy was implemented by the Government of India, an
Anhydrous Alcohol plant was installed in 2003. Multi pressure distillation
(MPD) system was also erected and commissioned in 2009 to produce Extra
Neutral Alcohol (ENA). In the Distillery Unit, as part of the effluent treatment
system, Bio-Compost is manufactured as a value added product with press-mud
and distillery [Link] for this factory is being supplied from Lalgudi,
Manachanallur and part of Manapparai, Thuraiyur and Musiri Taluks.

As part of our commitment to "Kissan Vikas", we are running a primary school

in our factory premises for imparting education to the rural children from the
inception of the factory. As a corporate social responsible citizen, we are
conducting camps for blood donation and polio plus along with the Rotary Club
of Kattur.

Our Kattur unit is certified with ISO 9001-2000 and ISO 14001-2004 which is
an endorsement for our commitment to "Quality" and "Care for the
environment". In addition to ISO, we also have Quality Management Systems
like formation of Quality Circles, 5S implementation, etc.

SATHAMANGALAM UNIT

This unit is located in Sathamangalam Village of Ariyalur District which

is about 50 km from Trichy and also near to the road connecting Ariyalur and
Thanjavur National Highway. Both railway stations of Thanjavur and Ariyalur
are in close proximity.

20
 This unit was commissioned in 2007 with sugar and co-generation plans.
Cane is supplied to this factory from Ariyalur, Thirumanur, Keelapalur,
Nagamangalam and Elakurichy areas. This unit is also engaged in lots of socio-
economic activities like road development, conducting medical camps,
programs for uplifttment of farmers, etc.

21
4.2 HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

Human Resource Department

Human resources (HR) is the division of a business that is charged with
finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants. It also administers
employee-benefit [Link] plays a key role in helping companies deal with
a fast-changing business environment and a greater demand for quality
employees in the 21st [Link] R. Commons, an American institutional
economist, first coined the term human resource in his book The Distribution of
Wealth, published in 1893. However, it was not until the 20th century that HR
departments were formally developed and tasked with addressing
misunderstandings between employees and their employers.

Understanding Human Resources (HR)

An HR department is an essential component of any business, regardless
of an organization's size. It is tasked with maximizing employee productivity
and protecting the company from any issues that may arise within the
[Link] responsibilities include compensation and benefits, recruitment,
firing, and keeping up to date with any laws that may affect the company and
its employees.

Key HR Activities

Research conducted by The Conference Board, a member-driven economic

think tank, found six key, people-related activities that HR must effectively do
to add value to a company. They are:

 Managing and using people effectively

 Tying performance appraisal and compensation to competencies
 Developing competencies that enhance individual and organizational
performance

22
  Increasing the innovation, creativity, and flexibility necessary to enhance
competitiveness
 Applying new approaches to work process design, succession planning,
career development, and inter-organizational mobility
 Managing the implementation and integration of technology through
improved staffing, training, and communication with employees1

HR Management Strategies

Beginning in the 1980s, there was a push for strategic initiatives within HR
departments. This movement was based on research related to the impact of
employee-related issues on a firm's long-term business [Link],
these strategies are sometimes referred to as human resource management
(HRM) strategies. HRM is a comprehensive approach to managing employees
and an organization's culture and environment. It focuses on the recruitment,
management, and general direction of the people who work in an organization.

An HR department that adopts HRM strategies typically plays a more active

role in improving an organization’s workforce. It may recommend processes,
approaches, and business solutions to management.

Role of Human Resources

A human resources department is focused on the recruiting and retention
of employees within a company. HR typically finds, hires (and fires), and trains
employees. It oversees employee relations. It manages benefit programs. It is
the place an employee goes with questions about their position at the company,
to address concerns, and to air grievances.

Human Resources Management (HRM)

HRM is a strategic approach to managing company employees, the work
culture, and the work environment so that people can function as effectively

23
and productively as possible. Typically, it involves using metrics to measure
workforce success.

The 5 Types of Human Resources

There are numerous, important human resources functions carried out by an
HR Department. Five well-known types of these responsibilities could include:

 Recruiting, hiring, and onboarding new employees

 Handling employee compensation and benefits
 Offering employee job/career development
 Addressing work-related issues of individual employees
 Developing policies that affect a working environment company-wide

Recruiting

Locating and recruiting promising candidates is one objective of a human

resource department, which uses the company's business goals to guide the
recruiting process. They usually evaluate the job which they are hiring for to
identify key responsibilities and desired qualifications before writing job
descriptions and placing job postings. They funnel qualified candidates to the
company and shepherd the candidates along the hiring process, fielding resumes
and conducting interviews.

Hiring

The human resource department extends offers to qualified candidates

and negotiates pay and benefits. Making the right hire is a crucial responsibility
of the human resource department because of how important a company's
employees are to its success. Good hires improve business outcomes and
efficiency, so careful vetting of each job candidate, including background
checks, is essential.

24
When the candidate accepts, the human resource department is in charge of the
new employee onboarding process.

Administration

Once hired, an employee can expect to deal with the human resource
department on all manner of administrative tasks, from filling out required
paperwork (such as a Form I-9) to navigating employee work schedules.

Compensation

The human resource department also is usually in charge of overseeing

compensation, including salary or wages and benefits such as paid vacation or
health insurance. Ensuring adequate and timely compensation is important for
keeping employees [Link] human resource department is there to answer
questions an employee may have about their health benefits, vacation time, tax
withholdings, or other concerns.

Training

In order to maximize a staff's productivity, training is usually in order,

which is organized by the human resource department. The department may
perform the training in-house or it may be hired out to professionals. The
department will also work to make sure that employee certifications or licenses
areup-to-date and may even arrange for higher education or course
reimbursement.

Development

The human resource department also is in charge of employee

development, which may involve training but which may also focus on
succession planning and career development. Preparing certain employees for

25
promotions and advanced roles is part of the responsibility of a human resource
department.

Firing

Finally, on the occasions when an employee just doesn't work out, the
human resource department is responsible for managing firings. As part of this,
they may conduct exit interviews and arrange for the employee's last paycheck
to be delivered.

Types of Human Resource Department Careers

There are many different jobs that can be part of a human resource department.
These roles range from general work to leadership or managerial roles, and can
include:

 Human resource assistant

 Human resource generalist
 Human resource manager
 Human resource director
 Vice President of HR

The human resources department manages the operation of the business.

The aim of the department is to finding, selecting, and hiring employees.
After the hiring process, the department provides training about the company
to the employees. Moreover, the human resource department takes care of
the employees in terms of recognition, benefits, and many more.

Human resources play an important role in supporting, developing, and

making a friendly culture in the workplace. They take care of recruiting and
onboarding candidates, training and development, performance management,
payroll, and much more. It brings all the essential values that create a

26
friendly culture in a company. The only aim it carries is to make the
organizational process easy and productive.

1. Recruitment of candidates

Hiring a candidate is the most basic and very first thing that is followed
by HR. Recruitment of candidates is a complex and expensive process, but it
brings joy to meet new talents and give a quality check on the skills. It is one
of the key HR responsibilities to establish a recruitment procedure. The
process comprises identifying the company’s needs and selecting needs
based on the criteria. The right candidate can boost the morale of the entire
company. If you are handling these responsibilities, you must have a
thorough market analysis before you start the process of recruitment.

2. Hiring the right employees for the right jobs

I believe that the right employee can do wonders for the company. The
job of the human resource department is to look after the recruitment
process. It starts with posting advertisements for the job on the job-search
platforms. When applications are submitted, the human resources department
screens the application and selects suitable candidates. Additionally,
improving employer reputation is key to attracting the best candidates.

3. Processing company payroll

An individual has to calculate the tax deducted, additions made to the

gross salary, and many more. The HR executive has to calculate the
appraisals and bonuses added to the gross pay of an employee. The Human
Resources team needs to look after the company’s payroll activities to keep
the records transparent.

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 4. Conduct disciplinary actions

It is said that if you want to become successful, then you need to be

disciplined in the routine. So does, if you want to run a good company with a
smooth workflow, then discipline is the very first aspect that needs to be
followed by everyone. The human resource manager has to maintain
discipline in the company. Sometimes disciplinary actions are necessary on
the premises or else the employee does not suit the work. The HR manager
may dismiss the employee for the company’s good and welfare.

5. Designing and updating existing company policies

The concept of rules and regulation has to be carried if you need

productive results in the company. If you are applying for the role of HR,
you need to keep updating the existing policies of the company as the
primary responsibility of HR. Sometimes the policies don’t work out
because of the improper behavior of the employees. If a particular policy is
not followed or it is complex, then the HR personnel need to update the
policies and rules to make them suitable for company operations.

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4.3 FINANCE DEPARTMENT

Financial Management is concerned with the duties of the finical manager in

the business firm. Financial managers actively manage the financial affairs of
any type of business, namely financial and non-financial, private and public,
large and small, profit seeking and non-profit. They perform such varied task, as
budgeting, financial forecasting, cash management, credit administration,
investment analysis, funds management and inventory management. A term
inventory refers to the stock file of the products a firm is offering for sale and
the components that make up the product. In other words, inventory is
composed of assets that will be showed in future in the normal course of the
business operations. The assets, which firms store as inventory in anticipation of
need, are:

 Raw materials
 Work in process (Semi Finished goods)
 Finished goods

The raw material inventory contains item that are purchased by the firm from
other and are converted into finished goods through the manufacturing
(production) process. They are an important input of the final product. The
working process inventory consists of items currently being used in the
production process. They are normally semi finished goods that are at various
stages of production in a multi stage production process. A finished goods
represented final or completed products which are available for sale .The
inventory of such goods consists of items that have been produced but are yet be
sold. Inventory, as a current asset, differs from other current assets because only
financial managers are not involved. Rather all the functional areas, finance,
marketing, production, and purchasing are involved. The views concerning the
appropriate level of inventory would differ among the different functional areas.

29
 The job of the financial manger is to reconcile the conflicting view points of
the various functional areas regarding the maximizing the owners wealth. Thus,
inventory management, like the management of other current assets , should be
related to the overall objective of the firm. It is in this context that the present
chapter is devoted to the main elements of inventory management from the view
point of financial management.

Financial Analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and

weaknesses of the firm by property-establishing relationship between the items
of the Balance Sheet and the Profit and Loss account. There are various
methods or techniques are used in analyzing financial schedule of change in
working capital flow, cost volume Profit Analysis and Ratio Analysis.

Inventory Management

Inventory management is essentially a variety of techniques, tools and

technologies that a business uses to manage and control their inventory. The
way that it’s utilized and implemented ranges from simple right through to
complex. It depends on the needs and scope of the business and the capabilities
and functionality of the management software used. For all inventory-centric
businesses, inventory management software is an essential and valuable tool. It
is what controls the flow of stock in and out, it maintains the correct inventory
levels for all items and stock, it allows access to sales data and analytics, and is
how

A company's finance department has a fundamental role in making financial

decisions for internal and external affairs. Business activities depend on the
competence of the finance department, which is organized with specific roles
and duties. In this article, we discuss what a finance department is and does, the
roles within one and the skills you need to work in a finance department.

30
 A finance department is the unit of a business responsible for obtaining and
handling any monies on behalf of the organization. The department controls the
income and expenditure in addition to ensuring effective business running with
minimum disruptions. Besides the traditional roles of handling the payroll,
income and expenses, finance department responsibilities also include economic
analysis to improve key business strategies.

Provide information to management

The finance department team provides critical information to the

company's leadership for effective management. The department provides
insights and feasibility reports that inform management's judgments that are
pertinent to the company's needs. For example, when launching a new product
in the market, the finance department's responsibilities may include supporting
its management with financial advice, relaying a funding plan and developing
fallback measures.

Manage equity

The finance department must efficiently manage the company's equity. A

finance department realizes a company's assets investment and optimization
through calculated business strategies to maximize profits. The company's
management uses finance information to understand and recommend the
company improve specific projects and measure the ongoing projects' success
rate. The department provides the company with periodic reports that show the
awareness of business investment opportunities.

Cash flow management

The finance department ensures the adequate and timely provision of

funds for the business's operations. It is also the department's role to ensure

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 the company pays its debtors and suppliers on time. The department also
coordinates the monitoring of income and expenditures.

MEANING AND DEFINTION:

The term ’’inventory’’ is a originated from the French word ’’inventaire’’

and the Latin ’’inventariation’’, which implies a list of things found. The term
inventory has been defined by the American institute of accounts as the
aggregate of those items of tangible personal property which are held for sale in
the ordinary course of business, are in the process of production for such sales
are to be currently consumed in the production of goods or services to be
available for sale. The term inventory refers to the stockpile of the products a
firm is offering for sales and the components that make up the product.
Inventories are the stock of the product of a company, manufacturing for sale
and the components that make up the product.

IMPORTANCE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:

 The firm has to maintain adequate inventory for smooth production and
selling activities.
 It has to minimize the investment in inventory to enhance firm’s
profitability.
 Investment in inventory should neither because be excessive nor
adequate.
 It should just be optimum. Maintaining optimum level of inventory is the
main aim of inventory management.
 Excessive investment in inventory results into more cost of find being
tied up so that it reduce the profitability, inventories may be misused,
lost, damaged and hold costs in terms of large space and others.

CONCEPT OF INVENTORY

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Inventory

Stock is a non-standard load of physical merchandise that have a budgetary

esteem, and its holding up hold up at future dimensions happens from the
association in pressing, handling, change, use or deal.

Different Types of Inventory

Stock of things at various dimensions and in the bureaus of the association. The
assembling association has shoppers who need crude materials for generation
and creation. It has a rundown of semi-completed merchandise at various
dimensions in the plant with different divisions. Complete rundown of
merchandise is done in plant, completed products stores, conveyance focuses
and so forth. What's more, both crude materials and completed merchandise are
in travel at different areas. The completed merchandise reserve keeps it in
different capacity focuses or vendors and stockists until it achieves the market
and clients. Other than Raw Materials and Finished Goods, additionally hold the
merchandise for extra parts to give items to organizations. Malevolent items,
defective parts and scrap additionally structure a piece of the stock until they
concoct the organization's books and have a money related estee

Types of Inventory by Function

Table.1.1. different types of inventory by function

Inventory Costs

Stock Storage, Storage and Maintenance are identified with the bigger
expenses related with every one of these capacities

Ordering Cost

The expense of capacity and approaching coordinations costs is a piece of

the expense of requesting. The request cost is reliant and changes relying upon
the two components - the expense of overabundance request and the lower

33
request. Both of these components move in inverse ways. The higher the request
will result in the expense of stock. The lower request will result in an expansion
in the expense of revive and the expense of the request

Carrying Cost

Stock stockpiling and support incorporate different sorts of costs:

Stock stockpiling cost.

Cost of capital.

Stock conveying will incorporate stock stockpiling and the board, which claims
and keeps up outer distribution centers at outsider merchants. In the two cases,
stock administration and preparing include broad utilization of structures,
material taking care of devices, IT programming applications and equipment
devices, just as activities and the board staff assets

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4.4 MARKETING DEPARTMENT

MEANING AND DEFINITION

Marketing is a form of communication between a business house and

its customers with the goal of selling its products or services to them. Goods are
not complete products until they are in the hands of customers. Marketing is that
management process through which goods and services move from concept to
the customer. Marketing has less to do with getting customers to pay for a
product as it does with developing a demand for that product and fulfilling the
customer’s needs. According to the American Marketing Association (AMA)
Board of Directors, Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes
for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have
value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Dr. Philip Kotler
defines marketing as “the science and art of exploring, creating and delivering
value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit. Marketing identifies
unfulfilled needs and desires. It defines, measures and quantifies the size of the
identified market and the profit potential. It pinpoints which segments the
company is capable of serving best and it designs and promotes the appropriate
products and services.” Thus, marketing refers to all the activities involved in
the creation of place, time, possession and awareness utilities and beyond.

MARKETING CONCEPTS- TRADITIONAL AND MODERN

Concept is a philosophy, attitude, a line of thinking, an idea or notion to relating

any aspects of divine and human creations. The philosophy of an organization
in the dynamic creation of marketing is referred to as a marketing concept.
Thus, marketing concept is a way of life in which the resources of an
organization are mobilized to create, stimulate and satisfy the consumer at a
profit.

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TRADITIONAL/ CLASSICAL CONCEPT According to this concept,
marketing consists of those activities which are concerned with the transfer of
ownership of goods from producers to consumers. Here, the role of physical
distribution and marketing channels is over emphasized. It refers to marketing
as the process by which goods are made available to ultimate consumers from
their place of origin. The emphasis of marketing is on sale of goods and
services. Consumer satisfaction is overlooked.

MODERN CONCEPT

According to this concept, marketing is concerned with the creation

of consumers. According to the modern thinker Peter Drucker, Marketing is so
basic that it cannot be considered as a separate function. It is the whole business
seen from the customers’ point of view…business success is not determined by
the producer but the customer. Thus, the modern concept lays greater emphasis
on customers and considers them as kings. Marketing is not merely a physical
process but is something beyond that. It is the managerial philosophy which
centres around the wants and desires of customers.

TRADITIONAL CONCEPT vs. MODERN CONCEPT

1. Traditional marketing starts from production and ends with sale but modern
marketing includes planning, product, price, promotion, place, people, after sale
service etc.

2. Traditional marketing concentrate on favourable products, but modern

marketing concentrates on customer needs, wants and satisfaction.

3. In traditional marketing, only those products are sold which the producer
produces. No focus is laid on consumer preference. On the other hand, modern
marketing indulge in production only after analysing consumer demands.

4. Traditional marketing is product and production oriented while modern

marketing is consumer oriented.
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5. The target of traditional marketers was to earn maximum profit by
maximizing sales. But, the main motive of modern marketers is to earn profits
through satisfaction of consumer needs.

6. The principle of traditional market was “caveat emptor” i.e., “let the buyer
beware”. Whereas, the principle followed by modern market is “caveat
venditor” i.e., “let the vendor beware”.

FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING
Marketing functions are those specialized activities that a marketer must
perform in order to identify and source potentially successful products for the
market place and then promote them by differentiating them from similar
products. The important functions of marketing are discussed briefly below:
1. Research & Development Function- A marketer has to carry out adequate
research to identify the size, behavior, culture, gender, demands etc. of the
target market segment, and then develop the products/services accordingly to
meet and satisfy the needs of target customers.
2. Buying Function- The marketing department has to assist the purchase and
supply department by sending specifications of the materials required so as to
get timely and quality materials for production.
3. Standardization & Grading- Standardization means setting quality standards
to achieve uniformity in the product. It provides consistent quality assurance to
consumers. Grading means classifying the product on certain accepted
benchmarks or bases such as size, quality etc. Through grading, the marketer
can get higher price for quality product.
4. Packaging and Labeling- Packaging is traditionally done to protect the goods
from damage in transit and to facilitate easy transfer of goods to customers. But
now it is also used by the manufacturer to establish his brand image as distinct
from those of his rivals. Another activity involved with packaging is labeling. It

37
means putting identification marks on the package. Label is that part of a
product which contains information about the producer and the product.
5. Branding- It is the process of stamping a product with some identification
name or mark or a combination of both. Branding means giving a distinct
individuality to a product. Some popular brands are Airtel, Sony, Lux, Nirma
etc.
6. Pricing- Determination of price of a product is an important task of a
marketing manager. Price is influenced by cost of product and service offered,
profit margin desired, prices fixed by rival firms, government policy, etc
7. Promotion Function- The marketing manager must design adequate strategies
to make known to consumers about the availability of products in the market.
Without this function, products will remain in the hands of producers and will
never reach the consumers. Four important methods of promotion are
advertising, personal selling, publicity and sales promotion.
8. Physical Distribution- This function involves the activities which are
necessary to transfer ownership of goods to customers and also making
available goods at the right place and time.
9. Transportation- It provides the physical needs which facilitate the movement
of persons, goods and services from one place to another.
10. Warehousing- To meet the expected demands of consumers, goods are
produced or procured well in advance and stored in warehouses till they are
transferred to customers. Warehouses protect the goods from any damage which
may be caused by any rodents, moisture, sun, theft, etc.
11. Risk- taking function- Risks are involved in almost all levels of marketing
process. Risk taking in marketing refers to the financial risk that is inherent in
producing and handling goods, including the possible loss due to a fall in prices
and the losses from spoilage, depreciation, obsolescence, fire and floods etc.
12. Customer Support Services- This function relates to developing customer
support services such as after sales services, handling customer complaints and

38
adjustments, providing credit facilities, maintenance services, technical services
etc. These services provide maximum customer satisfaction and develop brand
loyalty for a product.
MARKETING MIX- THE 7 Ps of MARKETIN
Marketing mix represents a blending of decisions in few areas for the
satisfaction of the needs of customers. E.J. McCarthy had formerly given four
elements of Marketing Mix. These include: (1) Product, (2) Price, (3)
Promotion, and (4) Place or Physical Distribution. These elements are popularly
called the “four Ps of Marketing Mix”. As marketing became a more
sophisticated discipline, one more element was added to these 4 Ps- People.
Later on two more Ps were added, especially for the service sector, viz., Process
and Physical evidence. . These elements are interrelated because decisions in
one area usually affect actions in the others. The blend or mixture of these
elements are often referred to as Marketing Mix. It basically concentrates on the
target consumers. Let us have a brief discussion of the above mentioned
elements
1. Product: It involves planning, developing and producing the right type of
products and services to be offered by the firm to the customers. It deals with
the product range, design, durability, branding, packaging, color and other
features.
2. Price: A product is only worth what a customer is willing to pay for it. The
marketing manager must determine the price in such a way that it covers the
cost of production and distribution of the product and a reasonable margin of
profit. Other variables influencing price are the price fixed by competitors,
government regulation etc. It is the only element of marketing mix that
generates revenue- everything else represents a cost.
3. Promotion: It deals with informing the customers about the firm’s product
and

39
persuading them to purchase the same through personal selling, advertising,
publicity and sales promotion.
4. Place or Physical distribution: It is concerned with making the
product/service
available to the customers at the right place, at the right time and in the right
quantity.
The place where the customers buy a product and the means of distributing the
product to that place must be appropriate and convenient to the customers.
5. People: It generally refers to the employees of the business organization who
deal with the customers

Sugar complex equipped to produce high quality

plantation white sugar, hygienically packed in PP and
Gunny Bags of 50 KG / 100 KG. We cater the demand of
both Domestic and International market.

Kothari's Sani-Co & Sani-Care Liquid hand sanitizer

provides effective protection against 100+ disease
causing germs including bacteria, yeast, mould and
viruses. Kothari's Sanitizer Kills 99.99% germs and
keeps you safe and protected.
Basis in vitro action on germs associated with 100
diseases. Based on antimicrobial action in in-vitro
conditions..

Integerated sugar complex has Cogeneration that

produces power using bagasse as fuel.

Premium quality ENA, Ethanol & Rectified Spirit can be

produced from the distillation unit.

40
As part of the effluent treatment system, bio-
compost is manufactured as a value added product
with press-mud and distillery effluent. The
distillery effluents are converted into nutrient rich
organic manure called `Soil Meals’ and this is used
in the fields by our cane growers as manure.

41
 CHAPTER - V

5.1 SWOT ANALYSIS

A SWOT analysis is a strategic planning technique that puts your

business in perspective using the following perspectives: Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Using a SWOT analysis helps you
identify areas your business can improve and maximize opportunities, while
simultaneously determining negative factors that might hinder your chances of
success.

While it may seems simple on the surface, a SWOT analysis allows you to
make unbiased evaluations on:

 Your business or brand

 Market positioning
 A new project or initiative
 A specific campaign or channel

Practically anything that requires strategic planning, internal or external, can

have the SWOT framework applied to it, helping you avoid unnecessary errors
down the road from lack of insight.

Importance of SWOT Analysis

You've noticed by now that SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses,

Opportunities, and Threads. The framework seems simple enough that you'd be
tempted to forego doing using it at all, relying instead on your intuition to take
these things into account.

It gives you the chance to worry and to dream. Adding the SWOT analysis as
an important step in your strategic process, you're giving yourself the space to

42
dream, evaluate, and worry before taking action. Your insights in this regard
then turn into assets as you create the roadmap for your project or initiative.

It forces you to define your variables. Instead of diving head first into the
planning and execution, you're taking inventory of all your assets and
roadblocks. These can help you create a more specific and effective roadmap.

It allows you to think more critically and account for mitigating factors. As
you identify weaknesses and threats, you're better enabled to account for them
in your roadmap, improving your chances for success.

It helps you keep a written account. As your organization grows and changes,
you'll be able to strike things off your old SWOTs and add new things as the
industry changes. It can be illuminating to look back to where you started as
you look ahead at what's to come.

Here, we’ll tackle how to best do a SWOT analysis, provide you with a
SWOT analysis template, and conduct SWOT analyses on major brands Apple
and Starbucks. When you’re done reading, you’ll have all the inspiration and
tactical advice you need to tackle a SWOT analysis for yourself.

Strengths

First off, strengths. While company has many strengths, let’s identify the top
three:

1. Brand recognition
2. High prices
3. Innovative products

Weaknesses

Next, let’s look at three of weaknesses.

43
 1. High prices
2. Closed ecosystem
3. Lack of experimentation

Opportunities

Now, let’s take a look at opportunities

It’s easy to recognize opportunities for improvement, Here’s a list of three we

came up with:

1. Expand distribution options

2. Create new product lines
3. Technological advancement

Threats

Finally, let’s look at threats

Believe it or not, they do exist.

1. Tough competition
2. Lawsuits
3. International issues

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 4. 5.2 SUGGESTIONS

Worldwide, sugar factories are being modernized and automated in response

to the need for efficient production and be able to compete globally. Emphasis
is given on the reliable and dependable operation in all circumstances. The
automation strategies are explained by the installation of alternatives of the
newly developed sugar factory automation concept.

The solution is designed to be operated as a standalone or as a second step of

an integral part of a factory wide automation concept. In the next higher level of
automation, the system is linked together with other areas of the sugar plant,
central operation of the entire plant from a central control room becomes
possible.

45
 5.3 CONCLUSION

The internship was also good to find out what my strengths and
weaknesses are. This helped me to define what skills and knowledge I have to
improve in the coming time. It would be better that the knowledge level of the
language is sufficient to contribute fully to projects. After my master I think that
I could start my working career. However I could perform certain tasks in
research better if I practice/know more the research methodologies applied in
cetacean studies. It would also be better if I can present and express myself
more confidently.

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