Designing, supply, construction, installation, testing, commissioning of Tube wells,

Raw and clear water Transmission main, Raw Water treatment plant (WTP), Service
Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 7

1.1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 7

1.2 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................... 8

1.3 SCOPE OF THE BASIC DESIGN REPORT ........................................................... 8

1.4 PROJECT AREA BASE LINE INFORMATION ........................................................ 8

1.4.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND AREA .......................................................... 8

1.4.2 DEMOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 9

1.4.3 TRANSPORT CONNECTIVIRTY .................................................................. 9

1.4.4 CLIMATE & RAINFALL............................................................................ 10

1.4.5 SOILS ................................................................................................. 10

1.4.6 GROUND WATER TABLE ........................................................................ 10

1.4.7 TOPOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 11

1.4.8 DRAINAGE ........................................................................................... 11

2 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ........................................... 13

2.1 SITUATION ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 14

2.2 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS ........................................................... 15

2.2.1 TUBE WELLS ........................................................................................ 15

2.2.2 WATER TREATMENT PLANTS .................................................................. 16

2.2.3 WATER QUALITY .................................................................................. 17

2.2.4 STORAGE/ OVERHEAD SERVICE RESERVOIRS .......................................... 17

2.2.5 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ........................................................................ 18

2.2.6 GAP ANALYIS AND NEED OF PROJECT ..................................................... 19

3 DESIGN BASIS ................................................................................................ 21

3.1 DESIGN PERIOD ......................................................................................... 21

3.1.1 DESIGN PERIOD FOR COMPONENTS OF WATER WORKS ............................ 21

3.2 PER CAPITA WATER DEMAND ....................................................................... 22

3.3 SUPPLY OF WATER ON 24 X 7 BASIS ............................................................. 22

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Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

3.4 WATER DEMAND ......................................................................................... 23

3.4.1 CONSUMPTION FACTORS IN TOWNS / CITIES .......................................... 23

3.5 PIPELINE PRESSURE REQUIREMENT .............................................................. 23

3.6 PEAK FACTOR ............................................................................................. 24

3.7 TRANSMISSION OF WATER .......................................................................... 24

3.8 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE .......................................... 25

3.9 SURGE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 28

3.10 DEPTH OF COVER .................................................................................... 29

3.11 BEDDING CRITERIA ................................................................................. 29

3.12 ECONOMICAL SIZE OF CONVEYING MAIN ................................................... 30

3.13 HYDRAULIC ZONING ................................................................................ 30

3.14 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC ZONING ............................................... 31

3.15 CHOICE OF PIPE MATERIALS ..................................................................... 31

3.16 STANDARDS OF PRACTICE ........................................................................ 34

3.17 HYDRAULIC NETWORK ANALYSIS .............................................................. 38

3.17.1 WORKING OF WATERGEMS SOFTWARE ................................................... 39

3.17.2 OUTPUTS OF WATERGEMS SOFTWARE RUN ............................................. 39

3.17.3 PIPELINE DESIGN ................................................................................. 40

3.17.4 NETWORK ALIGNMENT .......................................................................... 40

3.17.5 HYDRAULIC INPUT FROM GEOSPATIAL DATA ........................................... 41

3.17.6 TREX ................................................................................................... 41

3.17.7 LOAD BUILDER ..................................................................................... 41

3.17.8 MODELLING ......................................................................................... 41

3.17.9 RESULTS ............................................................................................. 42

3.17.10 FLOW CHART OF WATER SUPPLY HYDRAULIC MODELLING ..................... 42

4 WATER SUPPLY PLANNING ............................................................................. 43

4.1 POPULATION PROJECTIONS ......................................................................... 43

4.2 ZONING ..................................................................................................... 44

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Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

4.3 WATER SUPPLY DEMAND ............................................................................. 46

4.3.1 PER CAPITA WATER SUPPLY .................................................................. 46

4.3.2 SUPPLY OF WATER ON 24 X 7 BASIS ...................................................... 47

4.3.3 PROJECTED WATER SUPPLY DEMAND ..................................................... 47

4.4 WATER SUPPLY SOURCE .............................................................................. 49

4.4.1 TUBE WELLS ........................................................................................ 49

4.4.2 WATER AVAILABILITY ........................................................................... 50

4.5 PUMPING MAINS ......................................................................................... 50

4.5.1 TUBE WELL TO SUMP NEAR WTP ............................................................ 51

4.5.2 AERATOR SUMP TO OHR THROUGH PRESSURE FILTERS ............................ 52

4.6 WATER TREATMENT PLANT .......................................................................... 53

4.6.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................. 53

4.6.2 PROCESS DESIGN ................................................................................. 58

4.6.3 HYDRAULIC DESIGN ............................................................................. 61

4.7 STORAGE RESERVOIRS ................................................................................ 63

4.8 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ............................................................................... 63

4.8.1 WATER DISTIBUTION ZONES ................................................................. 63

4.8.2 DISTRICT METERED AREAS ................................................................... 65

4.8.3 FIRE HYDRANTS ................................................................................... 65

4.8.4 PROPERTY SERVICE CONNECTIONS WITH METERING ............................... 66

4.8.5 AMRS .................................................................................................. 66

5 FIELD INVESTIGATONS .................................................................................. 67

5.1 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY DATA ................................................................... 67

5.1.1 SURVEY INSTRUMENTS USED................................................................. 67

5.1.2 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 68

5.1.3 GRID CONTOUR SURVEY USING TOTAL STATION ..................................... 70

5.1.4 SURVEY DATA PROCESSING ................................................................... 70

5.1.5 ACCURACY OF SURVEY DATA ................................................................. 70

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Raw and clear water Transmission main, Raw Water treatment plant (WTP), Service
Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

5.1.6 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP ........................................................................... 70

5.2 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................ 71

5.3 GEO-PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................. 71

5.4 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND STANDARDS ................................................ 72

6 ELECTROMECHANICAL WORKS ....................................................................... 77

6.1 PUMPS ....................................................................................................... 77

6.1.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................... 77

6.1.2 CHOICE OF TYPE OF PUMPS .................................................................. 78

6.2 TYPE OF PUMPS SELECTED .......................................................................... 78

6.2.1 HORIZONTAL SPLIT CASING CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ................................... 78

6.2.2 SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS ........................................................................... 79

6.3 PUMPING SYSTEM DESIGN PARAMETERS ....................................................... 80

7 SCADA SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 84

7.1 SCADA SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 84

7.1.1 MASTER TERMINAL UNIT ....................................................................... 84

7.1.2 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT ...................................................................... 84

7.1.3 COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT ............................................................. 84

7.2 CONTROL SYSTEM ...................................................................................... 85

7.2.1 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................ 85

7.2.2 PURPOSE ............................................................................................. 85

7.2.3 REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................... 86

ANNEXURE - 1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86

ANNEXURE - 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 87

ANNEXURE - 3………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 88

ANNEXURE - 4………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 89

ANNEXURE - 5………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 90

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 Designing, supply, construction, installation, testing, commissioning of Tube wells,
Raw and clear water Transmission main, Raw Water treatment plant (WTP), Service
Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 : Zone wise existing tube well data ............................................................................... 16

Table 2-2 : Zone wise filtration capacities of existing WTP's ........................................................... 17

Table 2-3 : Zone wise capacities and staging heights of existing overhead reservoirs ...................... 18

Table 2-4 : Existing distribution network system ........................................................................... 19

Table 2-5 : Summary of service levels in Nagaon water supply ...................................................... 19

Table 3-1 : Design period for various components of waterworks ................................................... 21

Table 3-2 : Recommended CR values for Modified Hazen William’s formula .................................... 26

Table 3-3 : Hazen-Williams coefficient Values for Pipe Materials ..................................................... 27

Table 3-4 : Economic Sizing Main Design Parameters .................................................................... 30

Table 3-5 : Weightages of different parameters for selection of pipe materials ................................ 32

Table 3-6 : Marking standards of different parameters for selection of pipe materials ...................... 33

Table 4-1 : Population Projected for the Year 2050 ....................................................................... 43

Table 4-2 : Ward Wise Population Details as per 2011 Census ....................................................... 43

Table 4-3 : Zone Wise Population Projection for the Nagaon Town ................................................. 46

Table 4-4 : Demand Assessment for Nagaon Town ....................................................................... 48

Table 4-5 : Zone Wise Raw Water Demand Assessment ................................................................ 49

Table 4-6 : Zone Wise Proposed Tube wells .................................................................................. 50

Table 4-7 : Pumping main and pump details ................................................................................. 51

Table -4-8 : Water quality parameters for shallow wells (part-A) .................................................... 54

Table 4-9 : Water quality parameters for shallow wells (part-B) ..................................................... 55

Table 4-10 : Water quality parameters for deep wells.................................................................... 57

Table 4-11 : Unit sizes at proposed water works site ..................................................................... 62

Table 4-12 : Zone wise Existing & Proposed OHR’s ....................................................................... 63

Table 4-13 : Zone wise Distribution Network System ..................................................................... 64

Table 4-14 : Service connections for water supply ......................................................................... 66

Table 5-1 : Recommended guidelines for water quality parameters ................................................ 73

Table 5-2 : Bacteriological quality of drinking water ...................................................................... 74

Table 5-3 : Treatment for different water sources to produce water with negligible virus risk .......... 76

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Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 : Location map of Nagaon town ..................................................................................... 9

Figure 1.2 : Ground Water Table in the Capital City ...................................................................... 11

Figure 2.1: Existing Zone map with three Zones .......................................................................... 14

Figure 2.2: Existing tube wells in zone-1, zone-2 & zone-3 ............................................................ 15

Figure 2.3: Existing Water Treatment Plants in zone-1, zone-2 & zone-3 ........................................ 16

Figure 2.4: Existing OHSR'S in zone-1, zone-2 & zone-3 ................................................................ 18

Figure 4.1 : Proposed Water Supply Zones in Nagaon City ............................................................. 45

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Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

State Government of Assam has taken up civic infrastructure development of 4 Urban Local bodies
(ULBs) with a population of above one Lakh under AMRUT. These 4 ULBs are: Guwahati, Nagaon,
Dibrugarh and Silchar. Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India launched the
AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation) on 25th June, 2015 for next 5 Years
(March 2020) to augment infrastructure for providing basic urban services like water supply, sewerage,
septage management, urban transport and open spaces (parks & play grounds) to households, aiming
to improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor and marginal society. Ministry has also made a
departure from its earlier practice of sanctioning projects. Under AMRUT, the Ministry will itself accord
approval to the State Annual Action Plan (SAAP). Based on the approved SAAP, States will sanction and
approve the projects. Hence, the AMRUT makes States equal partners in planning and implementation
of projects and promoting the spirit of cooperative federalism in the country.

The sole purpose of the Mission is to ensure that every household has access to a tap water with
assured supply and good quality and connected with sewer line. Beyond household level services, its
aim is to improve urban environment to add values in the city and its citizen by adopting multi-pronged
strategy. Prominent among them are promoting non-motorized public transport, developing open and
green space and promoting cities to adapt innovative strategy, practices and technologies. Based on
learnings from Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Ministry of Urban
Development has assigned the responsibility for project planning and execution under AMRUT to the
State Govt. / Urban Local Bodies. AMRUT Mission tacitly emphasizes that a new set of policy formulation
and analytical skills is required amongst urban managers to handle urban challenges. Therefore,
specialist knowledge in urban planning, engineering, municipal finance and its management to facilitate
cross-cutting plans and projects at ULB level will be needed to meet the challenges.

The project under consideration in this report is Nagaon Town Water Supply Project which has been
allocated under SAAP-I of AMRUT in Assam by the Urban Development Department (UDD), Govt. of
Assam. To coordinate implementation of the project, M/s EPTISA Servicios De Ingeneria S.L. (EPTISA)
has been appointed as the Project Development & Management Consultant (PDMC). On competitive
bidding process, M/s BMK Pvt. Ltd. is awarded as the prime Contractor for construction of the project.

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Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

1.2 OBJECTIVE

A safe and reliable water supply is the most basic need of a community for living. Apart from drinking
water needs, standard of living to support basic health and sanitation in a city is judged by the ample
provision of a wholesome water supply. Vision of the proposed water supply system in Nagaon
Municipality is listed as given below.

• Water supply to all the stakeholders: Domestic, Municipal, Commercial, Industrial and other
sectors of population and infrastructure facilities.
• To provide continuous 24 x 7 water supply by maintaining best potable water quality standards.
• To maintain the sustainability of the supply source and transmission by regular monitoring and
mitigation of NRW/Unaccounted for Water.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE BASIC DESIGN REPORT

In keeping with the objectives and following the Terms of tender conditions of this project, the scope
of Design Basis Report includes the following:

• Identification of gaps in the present water supply system

• Population projections and Demand assessment for water supply system.
• Design Criteria finalisation
• Formation of Hydraulic zones for water supply
• Water Supply network (Transmission mains, Distribution mains and HSEs)
• Raw water sumps, pumping arrangements and OHSRs
• Location of water treatment plants (modular)
• Provision of ROW for utility water network.

1.4 PROJECT AREA BASE LINE INFORMATION

1.4.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND AREA

Nagaon is a centrally located district in Assam, situated on the Southern bank of the Brahmaputra River.
The Geographical coordinates of the site are 25”45’ to 26”45’ North latitudes and 91”50’ and 93”20’ East
longitude. It is bounded by Sonitpur and the Brahmaputra to the North, West Karbi Anglong, Hojai and
Dima Hasao to the South, East Karbi Anglong and Golaghat to the East and Morigaon to the West.

The project location is under jurisdiction of Nagaon Municipal Board (NMB). The Proposed Project area is
entire Nagaon town municipal area which has an area of about 9.22 [Link]. The town has an average
altitude of 61m from mean sea level. The district has 17 towns and consist of 10 revenue circles. All the
Revenue circles comprise a total of 1412 villages. The Town population is 121628 and 27,320 household

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Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

(Source: Census 2011 handbook) and two outgrowth area. The municipal area and outgrowth area consist
of 28 Electoral Wards. The district possesses 20 Community Development Blocks. The district covers an
area of 3,973 Sq. Km out of the State total areas of 78,438 Sq. Km. Out of which 4 towns are MBs, 4
are TCs and 9 are CTs. Location map of the capital city is shown in Error! Reference source not
found..

1.4.2 DEMOGRAPHY

The population is largely of heterogeneous nature. Assamese, Tiwa (Lalung), Muslim, Bengali, Marwardi
communities form the majority. As per provisional reports of Census India, population of Nagaon in
2011 is 117,722; of which male and female are 59,651 and 58,071 respectively.

Figure 1.1 : Location map of Nagaon town

1.4.3 TRANSPORT CONNECTIVIRTY

Nagaon is integrated into the National Highway system connected to NH 36 and 37 providing easy access
to important places in Assam. Buses connect the city with all parts of Assam. Nagaon, earlier spelt as
Nowgong, it is the district headquarters of Nagaon, and is situated 123krn east of Guwahati.

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Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

There are two railway stations in Nagaon town, one at Haiborgaon and another at Nagaon proper. The
nearest railway junction is at Chaparmukh, which is around 28 km from Nagaon. The nearest airport is
Tezpur Airport and international airport is Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport in Guwahati.

1.4.4 CLIMATE & RAINFALL

The area experiences hot sub-tropical humid climate. A hot and humid pre-monsoon from March to mid-
May, a prolonged southwest monsoon or rainy season from mid-May to September, a pleasant post-
monsoon or retreating monsoon from October to November and a cold pleasant winter from December
to February are the characteristics of the general climate. Summer runs concurrently with the later part
of the pre-monsoon season and continues throughout the monsoon season.

The mean daily maximum temperature during winter is about 25°C and minimum is 11°C. The mean daily
maximum temperature during summer is 34°C and the minimum is 24°C. The average annual rainfall is
1541 mm. Rainfall is confined mainly during the monsoon season.

1.4.5 SOILS

Major soil formations in the study area is Alluvial soil. The alluvial soil is mostly loamy and consists of a
mixture of clay and sand in varying proportions, ranging from pure sand on the banks of the Brahmaputra
to sticky clay which is considered unfit for cultivation. Marshy soil is chiefly found in the low-lying areas.
These are black in colour. The red soil generally occupies the hill slopes and foothills. Occasionally
lateritic soil is also found near about Lumding.

The plain areas bordering Brahmaputra River are occupied by alluvial sediments belonging to Quaternary
ages. Based on such criteria such as sedimentation, soil characteristics and geomorphic features, the
Quaternary sediments can be grouped into two subdivisions (i) Older Alluvium, and (ii) Younger alluvium.

1.4.6 GROUND WATER TABLE

Ground water in Nagaon district occurs in secondary porosity like fractures, fissures of Precambrian
rocks and in the semi consolidated and unconsolidated formations of Tertiary and Quaternary age
respectively. The existence of potential aquifer zones down to the depth of 200m. Water table generally
rests within 4 to 6m of land surface in the greater part of the district. The depth to piezometric surface
coincides with the water table in the Kalang sub-basin and is thus generally within 6m from ground
surface. Large numbers of shallow and deep tube wells have been constructed in the district which
provides us with valuable information regarding aquifer characteristics. Ground water table details are
shown in Figure 1.2.

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Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

Figure 1.2 : Ground Water Table in the Capital City

1.4.7 TOPOGRAPHY

The district may roughly be described as an alluvial plain bounded on the north by the Brahmaputra and
surrounded on other three sides by hills. The district is fringed wiith low hillocks intersected by numerous
river and water courses. Together with Morigaon district Nagaon has the shape of a broken dish. The
average altitude of the district is 60.6 m. The general slope of the district is towards the west. The
eastern, north-eastern and the south-eastern parts are hilly terrains. Nagaon slopes down first towards
the south-east and then southwards to the beels and then towards kalong.

1.4.8 DRAINAGE

The main river is the Brahmaputra flowing on the northern part of the district from east to west with its
tributaries Kopili, Kalong and Sonai rivers. Among these, Kopili is the major river originating in the hills
of Karbi Anglong to the south and flows on north-westerly direction and meet with Diyang River near
Dhing. It follows north-westerly direction from Dhing to the same north-westerly trend up to Kampur
and deflects towards west. Kalong, the tributary of Kopili joins the later near Jagiroad.

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Raw and clear water Transmission main, Raw Water treatment plant (WTP), Service
Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

The major river is the Kalong which divides the town into two halves - Haibargaon and Nagaon.
Haibargaon slopes down towards the west and then to the south west towards the Sonai. Nagaon slopes
down first towards the south east and then southwards to the beels and then towards Kalong.

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Raw and clear water Transmission main, Raw Water treatment plant (WTP), Service
Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

2 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

As per the Service Level improvement Plan (SLIP) under AMRUT, Central Ground Water Board, Nagaon
district Booklet & Census 2011 district handbook, water supply system studies it came to know that
Nagaon city is planned with ground water as source by installing tube wells in the various locations in
the town.

Nagaon municipality is presently divided in to three zones. Each zone has one WTP with one overhead
reservoir (OHR) dedicated for that respective zone. From OHR, water is being distributed to the
consumers through a distribution network. The source of water supply is underground water. Each zone
has two working tube wells to withdraw ground water.

Coverage of water supply connections is about 32%. Per capita supply of water is 107 LPCD. The total
water storage capacity in the town is 40 lakhs litters. There are 4640 households with water tap
connections.

There are three Water treatment plants in the town with one treatment plant in every zone i.e Zone-I
(Lawkhowa Road), Zone-II (Fouzdarypatty Area), Zone-III(Horizon Colony area Zone 1A, Zone 2A and
[Link] capacity of existing WTPs are about 4.4 MLD, 4 MLD and 7 MLD in Zone 1A, 2A and 3A,
respectively.

There are three Elevated Reservoir in the town with one treatment plant in every zone i.e Zone-I
(Lawkhowa Road), Zone-II (Fouzdarypatty Area), Zone-III (Horizon Colony area) with capacities of 12
Lakh Liters, 10 Lakh Liters, 18 Lakh Liters respectively with total storage capacity of 40 Lakh Liters.

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Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

Figure 2.1: Existing Zone map with three Zones

2.1 SITUATION ANALYSIS

The situation analysis of existing water supply scenario is summarized below:

• Coverage of water supply connections – 32%

• Per capita water supply – 107 lpcd
• Extent of NRW – 40%
• Type of supply – intermittent (1 to 2 hours daily)
• Efficiency of redressal to customer complaints – nil
• Cost recovery – nil
As of now

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Basic Design Report
Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

2.2 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS

2.2.1 TUBE WELLS

The source of water supply is underground water. Data relevant to Nagaon town was not available.
However, to arrive at a conclusive proposal, ground water adequacy to be studied along with qualitative
parameter. Raw water is being drawn by tube wells. Each zone is supported by 2 tube wells. Presently,
six no of working tube wells are in working condition. Two tube wells for each zone where raw water
is pumped to the existing treatment plants.

Details of the existing tube wells:

• Tube well depth – 400 ft

• Depth of pump from ground 60ft
• Water level below ground level – 10 ft
• Pump – Vertical submersible
• Pump capacity – 5 HP
• Discharge – 250 lpm
• Suction pipe size – 2.5 inch
• Delivery pipe size – 4 inch
It has been reported that there is presence of iron concentration in raw water. From site visits it is also

Figure 2.2: Existing tube wells in zone-1, zone-2 & zone-3

visually evident that filter sand has turned blank in colour due to continuous contact with iron
contaminated water.

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Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

Table 2-1 : Zone wise existing tube well data

No of Working Tube
[Link] Zone number Location of Tube wells
wells

Madhav Dev Road

1 1 2
Inside WTP Campus

Kadamtala,
2 2 2
Inside WTP campus

R K Road
3 3 2
inside WTP campus

2.2.2 WATER TREATMENT PLANTS

There are three Water treatment plants in the town with one treatment plant in every zone i.e

Zone-1 (Lawkhowa Road),

Zone-2 (Fouzdarypatty Area),

Zone-3 (Horizon Colony area/ Meturpatta RK Road).

Figure 2.3: Existing Water Treatment Plants in zone-1, zone-2 & zone-3

Existing WTP is consisting of a Cascade aerator followed by Sand filter. Capacity of WTP is assessed
and evaluated as per the secondary data available based on sand filter sizes.

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Raw and clear water Transmission main, Raw Water treatment plant (WTP), Service
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Reservoirs, Distribution system, House connections and SCADA for Nagaon Town (24X7)
Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

Table 2-2 : Zone wise filtration capacities of existing WTP's

WTP Assessed
[Link] Zone Location Size of the Filter bed capacity filtration rates
(MLD) (Cum/Hr)

1 1 Lawkhowa Road 6 m X 5.5 m (2 no’s) 4.4 4.752

Fouzdary patty
2 2 4.75 m X 4.75 m (2 no’s) 4 3.249
Area

3 3 Horizon colony 6.5 m X 5 m (2 no’s) 7 4.68

* However, the capacities of the WTP’s can be increased by replacing the sand and mechanical
equipment to meet the demands in their respective zones by increasing the rate of filtration from 3 to
5 cum/hr/sqm.

2.2.3 WATER QUALITY

From the tests provided in technical bid for raw water and clear water, Iron concentration in raw water
was found to vary from 0.83 to 1.02 mg/lit which is above permissible limit of 0.3 mg/l. However, after
treatment iron concentration reduces to 0.10 to 0.19 mg/l. Other parameters in raw water are well
below permissible limit for drinking purposes. Existing treatment process is sufficient for meeting the
water quality standards given in WHO & BIS.

2.2.4 STORAGE/ OVERHEAD SERVICE RESERVOIRS

There are three elevated reservoir in the town with one treatment plant in every zone i.e Zone I
(Lawkhowa Road), Zone-II (Fouzdarypatty Area), Zone-III (Horizon Colony area) with capacities of 12
Lakh Liters, 10 Lakh Liters, 18 Lakh Liters respectively with total treatment capacity of 40 Lakh Liters.
The structures are old and need to be repaired thoroughly.

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Figure 2.4: Existing OHSR'S in zone-1, zone-2 & zone-3

Table 2-3 : Zone wise capacities and staging heights of existing overhead reservoirs

Existing Capacity Staging Height

[Link] Zone (Nos)
(in KL) (in mts)

1 Zone-1 1200 11

2 Zone-2 1000 10

3 Zone-3 1800 13

Total 4000 -

2.2.5 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Each zone has an independent distribution system from overhead reservoir. The three zones combined
have a total laid distribution pipeline of length 100 KM out of total road length of 125 KM. Water is
being distributed through this distribution network for 1 to 2 hours per day. Which is not meeting the
requirements of the town and most of the households are using direct ground water from shallow wells
for their requirements without any treatment.

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Table 2-4 : Existing distribution network system

[Link] Zone (Nos) Total Road Network with Network without

Network (in km) Distribution Distribution line
line

1 1 44 36 8

3 2 29 25 4

5 3 52 39 13

Total 125 100 25

Source: Secondary data collection

The present distribution system is about 30 years old. Existing pipe material is combination of AC pipes
and CI pipes. And the distribution system is prone to leakages and the present NRW is about 40%. Due
to these conditions the residual pressures of minimum 7m as per CPHEEO are not being maintained.
The distribution system needs complete rehabilitation and augmentation.

2.2.6 GAP ANALYIS AND NEED OF PROJECT

The current water supply service level is very below the target for the following reasons:

• Less water production for project area

• Inadequate distribution and transmission system
• Inadequate reservoir capacity
• Low residual pressure
• Intermittent supply

A comparative statement of water service level indicators in the Municipal area and as per the targeted
standards is given below.

Table 2-5 : Summary of service levels in Nagaon water supply

[Link] Indicators Targeted Standard Existing Service

levels

1 Coverage of water supply 100% 32%

connections

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2 Per capita water supply 135 lpcd 107 lpcd

consumptions

3 Extent of UFW 15% 40%

4 Extent of Metering 100% 0%

5 Supply hours 24 hours 1-2 hours

6 Efficiency of redressal of customer 90% -

complaint

7 Quality of Water supplied 100% 100%

8 Efficiency of Collection of water 90% -

charges

The existing infrastructure was constructed during 1983 and with the technologies available at that
time. The same civil structures can be used by upgrading the mechanical components like pipes, gates,
valves and backwash system in filtration systems and electromechanical components in water treatment
plant. The present service levels can be augmented to certain extent using existing civil infrastructure
in head works by upgrading the electromechanical components. Like New pumps, Pipes for
interconnection by considering the all above factors, it is envisaged that there is an urgent need of
rehabilitation and augmentation of the existing system to improve the service levels as per the latest
standards

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3 DESIGN BASIS

3.1 DESIGN PERIOD

Design period is the number of years in future for which the provided facility in a water supply system
can conveniently serve the required demand.

In this project, design periods for water supply are adopted for the following horizon years:

In this project, design stages for the water supply is adopted for the following horizon years:

Base year : 2020

Intermediate Stage : 2035

Ultimate Stage : 2050

3.1.1 DESIGN PERIOD FOR COMPONENTS OF WATER WORKS

Water supply projects are designed normally to meet the requirements over a period of 30 years after
their completion. The time lag between design and completion of the project is also considered which
should not exceed two to five years depending on the size of the project. CPHEEO has suggested the
design period for various water supply components which is presented in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 : Design period for various components of waterworks

[Link] Items Recommended Design

Period as per CPHEEO
manual
1 Water Supply Scheme 30 years

2 Storage by dams 50 years

3 Intake System/ Infiltration works 30 years

4 Raw Water Mains 30 years

5 Pumping

a) Pump House civil works 30 years

b) Electrical motors and pumps 15 years

6 Water Treatment Plant 15 years

7 Pipe connections to several treatment units & other small 30 years

appurtenances

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8 Clear Water Reservoir (overhead & ground level) 15 years

9 Raw water & Clear water conveying mains 30 years

10 Distribution system 30 years

11 Electrical Sub station 15 years

In this project, the above-mentioned recommendations by CPHEEO are adopted to design various
components of the proposed waterworks.

3.2 PER CAPITA WATER DEMAND

Piped water supplies for Nagaon communities are proposed to be provided adequately for the following
purposes, as applicable:

a) Domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing of toilets, gardening and
home air cooling.

b) Institutional needs.

c) Industrial, Institutional and commercial uses.

d) Firefighting.

e) Minimum permissible UFW and Other losses.

3.3 SUPPLY OF WATER ON 24 X 7 BASIS

The water supply system is proposed to be designed for 24 x 7 basis, which means, supply of water for
24 hours a day, 7 days in a week and 365 days in a year. In order to ensure this, the following aspects
are taken into consideration in designing the water supply system in Nagaon:

i. Adequate quantity of supply

ii. Adequate size of distribution network

iii. Adequate pressure of water, even at the furthest end of the system, and its conversion into
District Metering Areas (DMAs)

iv. Extensive metering

v. Adequate vigilance

vi. SCADA

vii. Efficient work environment in the ULB.

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3.4 WATER DEMAND

The water supply demand for the city is assessed based on the projected population over the years
and per capita rate of water supply established for category, using

1. Recommendations specified in the CPHEEO Manual, 135 LPCD.

Besides the above, following additional demands are considered:

• 20 % demand for NRW

• 20 % Institutional, Commercial and Industrial and Firefighting’.
• 5% for filtration losses.

3.4.1 CONSUMPTION FACTORS IN TOWNS / CITIES

Following factors are considered for the purpose of determining demand situations in towns and cities:

• Size of the town

Larger the size, more the consumption

• Characteristics of Population and Standard of living

In the high value residential area of the town or in a suburban community, per capita
consumption is high. Slum areas of large cities have low per capita consumption. A person
staying in an independent bungalow consumes more water compared to person staying in a
group housing. Habit of person also affects consumption; the type of bath i.e., tub bath or
otherwise and material used for ablution etc. also affect per capita consumption.

• Industries and Commerce

The type and number of different industries also affect consumption. Commercial consumption
is that of the retail and wholesome establishments and office buildings.

• Climatic Conditions

In hot weather, the consumption of water is more compared to that during cold weather.

• Metering

The consumption of water when supply is metered is less compared to that when the water
charges are on flat rate basis.

3.5 PIPELINE PRESSURE REQUIREMENT

Piped water supplies are proposed to be designed on 24 hours basis to distribute water to consumers
at adequate pressure at all points. Intermittent supplies are neither desirable from the public health

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point of view nor economical. For areas in Nagaon, where Ground and one-storied buildings are
common and for supply to the ground level storage tanks in multi-storied buildings, the minimum
residual pressure at ferrule point is proposed to be 7m. for direct supply. The areas where two-storied
buildings or higher are more common, there will be necessity to pump the water supply. The pressure
required for firefighting is required to be boosted by the fire engines. To attain equitable distribution of
water maximum variation in pressure shall is being limited to 5m/km.

For this project, a residual pressure of 7 m. is proposed.

3.6 PEAK FACTOR

The factor multiplied to an average daily demand to obtain a peak hour demand in order to overcome
the variations in the demand for a specified population. The following peak factors are recommended
by CPHEEO Manual for various population figures.

In the design of the water supply distribution system, per capita consumption varies with season,
month, day and hour. In case of designing the distribution network, the hourly variation is to be
considered for proper water supply to house connections. Such fluctuations in consumption are
accounted for, by considering the peak rate of consumption (which is equal to average rate multiplied
by a peak factor) as a rate of flow in the design of distribution network system. In cities with high
population (> 2,00,000), several groups with different habits and customs tend to minimize the
variations in the demand (CPHEEO manual).

Based on the recommendations from CPHEEO manual as discussed above, the peaking factor of 2.5 is
considered for the Distribution pipe network from clear water at WTP to distribution network terminating
at Ferrule points.

For Population Peak Factor

3.7 TRANSMISSION OF WATER
< 50,000 3.0
Water supply system broadly involves transmission
50,000 – 2,00,000 2.5
of water from sources to the area of consumption
normally through pipelines. Pipelines are proposed > 2,00,000 2.0
to follow the profile of the ground surface at 1 metre below ground. Following design criteria are
adopted for this project:

• Gravity pipelines will be laid below the hydraulic gradient.

• Pipes are of Ductile Iron.

• The design of water supply conduits is dependent on pipe friction, available head, velocity
allowable, etc.

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• Minimum sizes of 110mm for towns having population up to 50,000

• There are several formulae available for use in calculating the velocity of flow. However,
Modified Hazen William’s formula for pressure & gravity conduits will be used wherever
minimum self-cleaning velocity can be ensured (pumping mains) and Hazen William’s
formula will be used wherever minimum self-cleaning velocity cannot be ensured
(distribution).

3.8 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE

Flow Q (m3/s) through a cross-section A (m2) is determined as Q = vA, where v (m/s) is the mean
velocity of the cross-section. Assumptions of ‘steady’ and ‘uniform’ flow apply in basic hydraulic
calculations for the design of water transmission systems. The flow is steady if the mean velocity of
one cross-section remains constant within a certain period. If the mean velocity between the two cross-
sections is constant at a certain moment, the flow is uniform. Based on experience, it is proposed to
use Modified Hazen Williams formula for the transmission and distribution network analysis. The formula
is applicable for a closed channel flow or flow through conduits.

The Modified Hazen Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a
pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the
design of water pipe systems.

The Modified Hazen Williams formula is expressed as:

h = [ L x (Q / CR)1.81 ] / 994.62 x D4.81

where,

H = friction head loss in m

Q = discharge in cubic meter per hour

L = length of pipe in m

D = Internal diameter of pipe in mm

CR= pipe roughness coefficient,

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Table 3-2 : Recommended CR values for Modified Hazen William’s formula

Pipe Material Diameter Velocity Recommended

(mm) (m/s) CR Values

From To From To New Design

Pipes Purpose

RCC 110 2000 0.3 1.8 1.00 1.00

AC 110 600 0.3 2.0 1.00 1.00

HDPE and PVC 20 110 0.3 1.8 1.00 1.00

CI/DI (for water with positive 110 1100 0.3 1.8 1.00 0.85*
Langelier’s index)

CI/DI (for water with negative 110 1100 0.3 1.8 1.00 0.53*
Langelier’s index)

Metallic pipes lined with cement mortar 110 2000 0.3 2.1 1.00 1.00
or epoxy (for water with negative
Langelier’s index)

SGSW 110 600 0.3 2.1 1.00 1.00

GI (for water with positive Langelier’s 15 110 0.3 1.5 0.87 0.74
index)

*These are average CR values which result in a maximum error of + 5% in estimation of surface
resistance.

The Hazen Williams formula is expressed as:

V = 4.567 x 10-3 C x d0.63 x S0.54

Q = 1.292 x 10-5 C x d2.63 x S0.54

where,

Q = Discharge in cum/hr

d = internal diameter of pipe in mm

V = velocity in m/sec

S = slope of hydraulic gradient

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C = Hazen-Williams coefficient

Table 3-3 : Hazen-Williams coefficient Values for Pipe Materials

Pipe Material Recommended C Values

New Pipes @ Design Purpose

Unlined Metallic Pipes

Cast iron, Ductile iron 130 110

Mild Steel 140 110

Galvanized Iron above 50 mm dia. # 120 110

Galvanized Iron 50 mm dia. and below used 120 55

for house service connections. #

Centrifugally Lined Metallic Pipes

Cast iron, Ductile iron and Mild Steel pipes

lined with cement mortar or epoxy

Up to 1200 mm dia. 140 140

Above 1200 mm dia. 145 145

Projection Method Cement Mortar Lined Metallic

pipes

Cast iron, Ductile iron and Mild Steel pipes 130* 110**

Non-Metallic Pipes

RCC Spun concrete

Pre-stressed concrete

Up to 1200 mm dia. 140 140

Above 1200mm dia. 145 145

Asbestos Cement 150 140

PVC, GRP and Other Plastic Pipes 150 145

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• The C values for new pipes included in the above table are for determining the acceptability of
surface finish of new pipelines. The user agency may specify that flow test may be conducted
for determining the C values of laid pipelines.

• The quality of galvanizing should be in accordance with the relevant standards to ensure
resistance to corrosion throughout its design life.

• For pipes of diameter 500 mm and above, the range of C values may be from 90 to 125 for
pipes less than 500 mm.

• In the absence of specific data, this value is recommended. However, in case authentic field
data is available, higher values up to 130 may be adopted.

3.9 SURGE ANALYSIS

A surge in pressure and flow can occur when pumps are switched or when valves and hydrants are
operated. Any change in flow can result in surge (e.g. pressure reducing valve hunting can cause a
surge); however, the common causes are the operation of pumps, valves and hydrants. This can result
in a deterioration of water quality because the surge can disturb deposits in the pipe or on the pipe
wall. This operation may also cause low pressures that could allow ingress of contaminants. The risk of
significant surge, and hence water quality problems, is greater in long unbranched pipes than in
branched pipes, because branched pipes reduce surge

The principal events giving rise to surge conditions are as follows:

➢ Simultaneous pump shutdown.

➢ Normal operation, starting and stopping.

➢ Pipe emptying.

➢ Pipe Bursts.

➢ Rapid closing or opening of valves.

➢ Mel-operation of the system.

For calculation of surge the following formula shall be used

Water Hammer formula:

hmax = C Vo
g

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whereas,

1425
C=
(1+ (kd/ E Ct))

• hmax = Maximum pressure rise in closed conduit above normal pressure in “m”.

• C = Velocity of Pressure Wave travel in m/sec.

• Vo = Normal Velocity of Pipeline before sudden closure.

• g = Acceleration due to gravity.

• K = Bulk modulus of water.

• d = dia of pipe in “m”.

• Ct = Wall thickness of Pipe in “m”.

• E = Young's modulus.

3.10 DEPTH OF COVER

One metre cover on pipeline is normal and generally sufficient to protect the pipelines from external
damage. When heavy traffic is anticipated, depth of cover will be arrived at taking into consideration
the structural and other aspects.

3.11 BEDDING CRITERIA

Care must be exercised to ensure good bedding of the pipes when they are installed, as they are
susceptible to fracturing as a result of ground movements. Bedding thickness should normally be a
minimum of 0.10 m or one-sixth of the pipe diameter, whichever is greater. To ensure firm bedding
conditions, the final excavation and dressing of the last 15 cm to trench bed formation level, should be
completed manually and not by mechanical excavator. The fine and screened sand excavation type of
bedding will be laid depending on the type of pipes, depth of pipeline and backfill pressure.

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3.12 ECONOMICAL SIZE OF CONVEYING MAIN

The most economical size for the conveyance main will be based on a proper analysis of the following
factors:

i. The period of design considered or the period of loan repayment if it is greater than the design
period for the project and the quantities to be conveyed during different phases of such period.

ii. Duty, capacity and installed cost of the pump sets required against the corresponding sizes of
pipelines under consideration.

iii. Recurring costs on O&M such as energy charges, staff, repairs, consumables, replacement cost
of installation of pump sets at different stages.

Following design parameters are used to work out the most economic size of the pumping main

Table 3-4 : Economic Sizing Main Design Parameters

[Link] Component Parameters

Single pipeline is considered for

1 No. of pipeline conveyance of water through all of the

above reaches independently.

From 110mm to 600mm DI K-7/K-9

2 Dia. of pumping Main
Above 600mm DI K-9/MS
MHWC for DI & MS pipes with internal cement
4 1.0
mortar lining

5 Life of Pumps and Motors ➢ 15 years

6 Combined efficiency of Pump & Motor 70%

0% for submersible pumps
7 No of Standby pumps
50% for centrifugal pumps

8 Cost of Pump Unit Rs. 18000.00 / KW

9 Interest Rate, compound 10.0%

10 Energy charges Rs. 7.0 per KWH

3.13 HYDRAULIC ZONING

CPHEEO specifies that zoning in the distribution system should ensure equalization of supply of water
throughout the municipality area. The water supply zoning depends upon:

i. Density of population / water demand

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ii. Type of locality

iii. Topography

iv. Facility for isolating areas for assessment of waste and leak detection.

For equitable distribution of water, Nagaon town will be divided into number of hydraulic zones based
on ward- wise population projection. The command area of each hydraulic zone will be so fixed that it
can cater to the water demand from the service reservoir. The hydraulic zones will be fixed in such a
way that the furthest end receives water at the required pressure.

3.14 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC ZONING

The following design criteria for hydraulic design of the water supply system is recommended by
CPHEEO and the same is adopted for water supply improvement for Nagaon town.

➢ Peak Factor : Peak factor of 2.50 is adopted for analysis of distribution

system as per CPHEEO Manual and Tender recommendation.
➢ Residual Pressures : As per CPHEEO Manual, the minimum residual pressure should
be 7m. for direct supply. The minimum residual pressure
aimed in this project is 7m. as per Tender recommendation.
➢ Velocity : Transmission: Minimum of 0.6m/sec and Maximum of
2.1m/sec velocity is adopted for inlets.
Distribution: Minimum of 0.6m/sec and Maximum of
1.2m/sec velocity is adopted
➢ C Value : 140
➢ Pipe Material : For pipe sizes, up to 700mm: DI pipe with centrifugally cement
lined /epoxy coating.
➢ Minimum pipe size : 110mm diameter in distribution system.
➢ Water Treatment Plant : Aeration followed by Pressure Filtration.

3.15 CHOICE OF PIPE MATERIALS

Pipe materials are major investments in water supply projects, as such these constitute a major part of
the assets of authorities. Therefore, pipe materials shall have to be judiciously selected not only from
the point of view of durability, life and overall cost which includes, besides the pipe cost, the installation
and maintenance costs necessary to ensure the required function and performance of the pipe line
throughout its designed life time.

The various types of pipes used are:

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i. Metallic Pipes: C.I, D.I, M.S, G.I

• Unlined Metallic Pipes

• Metallic Pipes lined with Cement Mortar or Epoxy Lining

ii. Non- Metallic Pipes:

• Reinforced Concrete, Pre-stressed Concrete, Bar Wrapped Steel Cylinder Concrete.

• Plastic Pipes: PVC, Polyethylene, Glass Reinforced Plastic, etc.

Selection of pipe materials are based on the following considerations:

• The initial carrying capacity of the pipe and its reduction with use, defined, for example, by the
Hazen Williams coefficient (C).

• The strength of the pipe as measured by its ability to resist internal pressures and external
loads.

• The life and durability of pipe as determined by the resistance of cast Iron and Steel Pipe to
corrosion; of concrete and A.C pipe to erosion and disintegration and plastic pipe to cracking
and disintegration.

• The ease or difficulty of Transportation, handling and laying and jointing under different
conditions of Topography, Geology and other prevailing local conditions.

• The safety, economy and availability of manufactured sizes of pipes and specials.

• The availability of skilled personnel in construction and commissioning of pipelines.

• The ease or difficulty of Operational & Maintenance.

Factors such as corrosion effect, microbial growth, jointing system, impact test, chemical
reaction, thickness of pipe mass/density, roughness factor ,flow characteristics,
transportation & handling, bursting pressure range, leakage susceptibility, cost economics,
durability, available diameter range, play a dominant role in deciding pipe category.
Following matrix can be followed.

Table 3-5 : Weightages of different parameters for selection of pipe materials

[Link] Factors Considered Marking for different Pipe Materials

UPVC HDPE DI MS BWSC PSC

1 Corrosion Effect 10 10 10 5 5 5

2 Microbial Growth 10 10 10 5 5 5

3 Jointing System 10 5 10 10 0 0

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4 Impact Test 5 10 10 10 10 5

5 Chemical Reaction 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 Inside Diameter/Thickness 10 10 10 5 5 10

7 Mass Density 10 10 5 5 5 5

8 Roughness Factor 10 10 10 10 5 5

9 Flow Characteristics 10 10 5 5 5 5

10 Transportation and Handing 10 10 5 5 0 0

11 Bursting Pressure/ Working 5 5 10 10 5 10

Pressure

12 Leakage Detention 5 5 10 10 0 0

13 Cost/Economics 10 10 5 5 5 10

14 Life 10 10 10 10 5 5

15 Ease of Availability/Variety of 5 5 5 5 5 10
available Diameter

16 Environmental Impact 0 0 10 10 5 5

Total 125 125 130 115 75 85

While preparing above matrix, following markings as listed in Table 3-6 are considered

Table 3-6 : Marking standards of different parameters for selection of pipe materials

[Link] Factors Considered Marking for different Pipe Materials

10 5 0

1 Corrosion Effect No effect Medium effect Prominent effect

2 Microbial Growth Med. Growth Medium Growth Heavy growth

3 Jointing System Easy Not Easy Difficulty

4 Impact Test Very Good Medium Poor value

5 Chemical Reaction Less Reaction Medium Reaction Heavy Reaction

6 Inside Diameter/Thickness Less Thickness Medium More Thickness

Thickness

7 Mass Density Light Medium Heavy

8 Roughness Factor Smooth Moderate Rough

9 Flow Characteristics Good Flow Medium Flow Reduced Flow

10 Transportation and Handing No. Addl Care Some care Adequate Care

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11 Bursting Pressure/ Working Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory

Pressure

12 Leakage Detention Easy Not Easy Difficult

13 Cost/Economics High Medium Low

14 Life Guaranteed With Trouble All Times Trouble

15 Ease of Availability/Variety of Guaranteed Not Easy Difficult

available Diameter

16 Environmental Impact Environment Not Match Damaging to

Friendly Impact Environment

i. From the table, it can be seen that in the metallic group, DI is the best, closely followed by
HDPE pipes. Again, for proper protection from external corrosion it is necessary to provide
epoxy coat after cleaning the surface by sand blasting, Similarly, inside of the pipe is to be
coated with cement mortar lining.

ii. PSC is composite pipe. It is rigid and the bottom supporting angle is small. Therefore, bedding
must be careful prepared so that load stresses developed are distributed evenly over the
surface, to prevent any formation of cracks. Sides support from lateral passive earth pressure
is nil. Back filling has to be done by fine sand and is to be compacted layer by layer. It has low
impact strength. These pipes are heavy and must be carefully handled. Fabricated steel fittings
are to be used. PSC pipes are inferior to DI pipes against trunk super load.

iii. The recommendations are as followings for use of pipes

Transmission mains – DI K7/K9 up to 900mm and MS above 900mm

Distribution - DI K7/HDPE for 110-900mm ID.

This has preferred DI pipes than CI pipes because DI pipes are shock proof and sturdier. GRP pipes are
not chosen because during back filling of trenches, bending takes place and cracks develop on exterior
and interior zones. Glass fiber forms a porous zone and is readily degraded by water. AC pipes are
structurally weak. Moreover, asbestos fiber is carcinogenic. Since AC pipe is rigid life, side support from
lateral passive pressure cannot be expected.

3.16 STANDARDS OF PRACTICE

The following Standards of Practices are proposed to be used in the present project as indicated in the
tender:

• Central Public Health Engineering & Environmental Organization (CPHEEO)

• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

• American Water Works Association (AWWA)

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• British Hydraulic Research Association (BHRA)

• Hydraulic Institute Standards (HI)

The following BIS Codes will be used for the present study:

i. SP 35:1987 Handbook on water Supply and Drainage with special

emphasis on plumbing

ii. 1172:1983 Code of Basic requirements for water supply drainage

and sanitation

iii. 456:1978 Code of Practice for plain and reinforced concrete

iv. SP 7 National building code of India 1983 part 9 1983

(Part 9 Selection 1) Plumbing services: Section 1: Water Supply

v. 6295:1986 Code of Practice for Water Supply and drainage in high

altitudes and/or sub-zero temperatures regions (first Version)

vi. 4880 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water.

(a) Part 1: 1975 General Design

(b) Part 2: 1976 Geometric Design (First Version)
(c) Part 3: 1976 Hydraulic Design (First Version)
(d) Part 6:1971 Tunnel Supports

vii. 9668: 1980 Code of practice for provision and maintenance of water
supply for fire fighting

Pipe and Pipe Laying

i. 1536:1976 Centrifugally cast (spun) iron pressure pipes for water,

gas and sewage (second revision)

ii. 1536:1976 Vertically cast-iron pressure pipes for water, gas and
sewage (First revision)

iii. 1538(Parts 1 to 24) Cast iron fittings for pressure pipes for water, gas and
sewage (second revision)

iv. 8329: 1977 Centrifugally cast (spun) ductile iron pressure pipes for

water, gas and sewage

v. 9523: 1980 Ductile iron fittings for pressure pipes for water, gas and

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sewage

vi. 12288:1987 Code of practice for laying of ductile iron pipes

Water Fittings

Taps

i. 1711:1984 Self crossing taps for water supply purpose (Second

Revision)

ii. 1795:1982 Pillar taps for water supply purpose (Second Revision)

iii. 4346:1982 Washers for use with fittings for water services (Second

Revision)

Water Meters

iv. 779: 1978 Water Meters (Domestic type) (Fifth Revision)

v. 2104: 1981 Water meter boxes (Domestic type) (Fifth Revision)

vi. 2373:1981 Water Meters (bulk Type) (Third Revision)

vii. 2401: 1973 Code of Practice for selection, installation and

maintenance of domestic water meters (first Revision)

viii. 6784: 1984 Method for performance testing of water meters

(domestic Type) (first Revision)

Valves

i. 780:1984 Sluice valves for water works purposes (50 to 300 mm

size (Sixth revision)

ii. 2.2906:1984 Sluice valves for water works purposes (350 to1200 mm

size Third revision)

iii. 2685:1971 Code of practice for selection, installation and

maintenance of sluice valves (First revision)

iv. 3042:1965 Single faced slice gates (200 to 1200 mm size

v. 4838:1986 Foot valves for water works purposes (Second revision)

vi. 19739:1981 Pressure reducing valves for domestic water supply systems

vii. 12234:1988 Equilibrium plastic float valves for cold water services

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viii. 5312 Swing check type reflux (non-return) valves for water

works purposes

Water Quality

i. IS 258:1967 Potash Alum (First Revision)

ii. IS 259:1969 Aluminium alum (First Revision)

iii. IS 260:1969 Aluminium Sulphate

iv. IS 299:1980 Aluminium ferric (Third Revision)

v. IS 646:1986 Liquid chlorine (Second Revision)

vi. IS 1065:1971 Bleaching powder stable

vii. IS 1622: 1981 Methods of sampling and microbiological examination of

water (first Revision)

viii. IS 3025: Methods of sampling and test (Physical and chemical)

for water and wastewater

Tube wells Pumps and Prime Movers

i. IS 9439:1980 Glossary of terms used in water well drilling technology

ii. Codes of Practice IS 2800: 1979 Code of Practice for Construction and

testing of tube wells

(a) Part I Construction (first Revision)

(b) Part II Testing (first Revision)

iii. IS 11189:1985 Methods for tube well Development

iv. IS 11632:1986 Code of Practice for rehabilitation of tube well

Tube Well Components

v. IS 4097: 1967 Gravel for use as pack in tube wells

vi. IS 4270:1983 Steel tubes used for water wells (first Revision)

vii. IS 8110: 1983 Well Screens and slotted pipes (First Revision)

Drilling Equipment, Accessories and Methods

viii. IS 7156: 1974 General requirements for reverse circulation drilling rigs

ix. IS 7207:1974 General requirements for straight rotary drilling rigs

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x. IS 7209: 1974 General requirements for blast hold drilling rigs

xi. IS 8986: 1978 Dimension for drill steels in bar form for percussive drilling

xii. IS 12097: 1987 Classification and selection of drilling rigs for water well drilling

xiii. IS 12914: 1987 Dimensions for rock roller bits and blade drag bits for rock
drilling equipment

Other Pumps

xiv. IS 1520:1980 Horizontal centrifugal pumps for clear, cold fresh water
(second Revision)

xv. IS 1710: 1972 Vertical turbine pumps for clear, cold, fresh water (first Revision)

I.5 Technology Employed in Preparing DPR

Following state-of-art technologies are employed to prepare the DPR:

• Understanding terrain & : 2-D / 3-D view in Google

Reconnaissance Planning Earth- Pro software platform

• Topographic Survey : Total Station, RKT DGPS, GPS

• Sub-soil Investigation : Standard core drilling, in-situ tests &

Laboratory analysis

• Mapping, Plotting L-Section, : Topo-plot, AutoCAD, Civil 3D, MapInfo,

Engineering Drawing ArcGIS

• Pipeline Network Planning : Water Gems software in GIS platform

& Zone design

• DMA Design : Water Gems software in GIS platform

• Structural Design : Staad Pro ver.8i software

3.17 HYDRAULIC NETWORK ANALYSIS

Hydraulic analysis of the pipeline distribution network is the building block for the design of water
distribution system and it essentially consists in the determination of flow conditions associated with

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specific diameter and length of pipe, the location, water flow & residual pressure head. For this,
WATERGEMs software is used.

3.17.1 WORKING OF WATERGEMS SOFTWARE

The software performs extended period simulation and behaviour of hydraulic network consisting of
pipes, nodes (junctions), pumps, valves, storage tanks etc. It tracks the flow of water in each pipe and
the pressure at each node. The program runs under MS Windows. The software provides a state-of-art
hydraulic analysis with the following capabilities:

➢ No limit for the sizes of pipes (circular pipes).

➢ Computes head loss using Hazen-Williams formula.

➢ Minor losses due to bends and other fittings included.

Operation of the program is very simple and gives the outputs nodal pressures and flows in each pipe.

To run the program, junctions (nodal points) in the network are chosen and they are linked with the
lines (pipes) i.e. the pipelines with their respective lengths and finally they are connected to water
source i.e. the reservoir. Elevation at each node (reduced level over mean sea level) is fed at the nodal
points. Water demand or the rate of withdrawal at each nodal point is also indicated. Diameters of the
pipeline, material of the pipe and other parameters that are used in the Hazen-William formula are
entered with peak factor selected. After feeding the above data, the network is run. On satisfactory
networking, the network runs successfully. If not, a menu containing the reasons for un-satisfactory
run is indicated with an explanation of error message (given an ID number) and this is rectified for
successful re-run. The network is normally run with all pipes running full.

3.17.2 OUTPUTS OF WATERGEMS SOFTWARE RUN

After running the software program, the following outputs are obtained:

➢ Flow in each pipe.

➢ Velocity in each pipe.

➢ Pressure at each node (difference between hydraulic head and the sill level of the pipe).

➢ Ground level and hydraulic level.

➢ Nodal drawls.

➢ Pressure contours.

➢ Sorting out of nodal pressures, diameters, elevations etc.

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➢ Flow directions at the selected flow conditions.

3.17.3 PIPELINE DESIGN

The distribution network in the form of CAD/GIS format is run with WATERGEMS software. The network
is designed for a peak factor of 2.50.

Software is run successfully for each of the 6 zones individually with respective tank as the storage
reservoir. CAD drawings of L-sectional plots & spot levels within the Water Works site are provided as
input to run the program.

The resultant outputs are a set of maps & tables showing:

i. Design pipeline length, diameter, pipe material

ii. GL & residual pressure at each nodal point

iii. Elevation, staging height and capacity of cushion tanks

The pipe network is set up in the programme by means of a system of numbering of nodes and pipes.
Each pipe and node number are unique in the system. The design parameters required by the program
are fed as data input and the network analysis is carried out. The results of the simulation were studied,
and necessary corrections made, and the simulation is carried out again in an iterative procedure till
the most hydraulically efficient design is obtained.

3.17.4 NETWORK ALIGNMENT

The planning and alignment of network is first and foremost important step in building of hydraulic
model. The output results of hydraulic model depend on how well the network has been planned and
laid.

The following factors have been considered while planning and drawing of network:

➢ General Utility alignment plan based on the road Typical cross section

➢ Location of Water Distribution Centre

➢ Shortest path

➢ District Metered Areas in the individual zones

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3.17.5 HYDRAULIC INPUT FROM GEOSPATIAL DATA

The proposed highly integrated approach of the system architecture can facilitate mutual
supplementary coupling of GIS and hydraulic model. It can make use of powerful hydraulic analysing
capability to complement GIS which is deficient of modelling functionality; also, such coupling can bring
spatial visualization of GIS to the fullest extent to facilitate interpretation of modelled results.

The network asset database which has been generated in AutoCAD is imported into Water GEMS to
generate water supply hydraulic model.

The integrated survey data and projected population has been transferred to hydraulic model in Water
GEMS by using various tools like TRex, Load builder etc

3.17.6 TREX

The module TRex of WaterGEMS permits the use of proposed GIS asset files (ex. DEM), AUTOCAD files
(.dxf) to provide topographical behaviour to the network layout.

3.17.7 LOAD BUILDER

In each water supply zone, the demand allocation at the junctions could be done on area basis or on
the basis of length of pipelines joining at that junction. The service zone under a Service Reservoir
covers two or more ward areas. The projected population density and demand of each ward is different.
Zonal demand is worked out and distributed uniformly within the nodal points within a specific zone,
considering demand of the zonal area covered in that service area and the network falling under it.

3.17.8 MODELLING

After finalizing, all pipes and nodes, inputs such as demand, and the pipe materials will be provided to
the software. Software takes into consideration of the elevation, contour, demand, pipe material and
other parameters. A simulation was carried out by the software, where it decides the diameter of the
pipe, flow direction and flow quantity along with the drawing.

Such simulation study by WaterGEMS software for Nagaon Water Supply seems to be promising for
deciding the pipe material taking into consideration of the feasibility of the cost and also the shortest
path through which the distribution system was drawn for the benefit of the society.

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3.17.9 RESULTS

The results of the simulation are provided in Distribution booklets. Pipe details contain the information
of pipe number, reach from node - to node, diameter of pipe, head loss in the pipe for the given
discharge i.e. head loss in meter per Km length, length in meter.

The second table on node details presents the nodal demand, finished road level, Hydraulic Gradient
Line (HGL) and the residual pressure available at that particular node.

3.17.10 FLOW CHART OF WATER SUPPLY HYDRAULIC MODELLIN G

Figure 4-1 : Flow chat of hydraulic modelling

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4 WATER SUPPLY PLANNING

4.1 POPULATION PROJECTIONS

The population projection given in tender has been considered and no other projections were carried
out. The entire population of the municipality along with residents in outgrowth area will benefit from
the project. The current and projected population is summarized in the following table.

Table 4-1 : Population Projected for the Year 2050

Year 2011 2020 2035 2050

Beneficiaries 1,21,628 1,43,015 1,84,930 2,42,610

Density
people per 132 155 201 263
hectare

The Nagaon town is proposed to be developed over an area of 9.22 [Link]. As per the land use of town
planning, the entire town is divided into and 28 Wards. The detailed area statement including Area,
Number of wards, Households and population.

Table 4-2 : Ward Wise Population Details as per 2011 Census

[Link] Wards No Ward Area (ha) No. of Household Population

1 1 20.43 303 1705

2 2 23.21 638 4587

3 3 51.23 513 4151

4 4 26.75 385 2725

5 5 33.67 644 4456

6 6 51.78 798 6873

7 7 37.15 578 3022

8 8 48.75 628 3858

9 9 35.46 463 2429

10 10 41.04 566 1831

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11 11 59.27 615 4989

12 12 33.08 518 4991

13 13 15.29 370 2327

14 14 20.44 613 3117

15 15 40.56 461 2641

16 16 32.34 408 3563

17 17 45.46 558 4583

18 18 26.77 771 7414

19 19 64.03 547 3377

20 20 136.86 907 15240

21 21 46.56 255 2564

22 22 73.81 571 5149

23 23 129.72 912 7308

24 24 74.04 638 8485

25 25 37.52 409 5336

26 26 53.98 617 5001

Govt. Buildings 356 -

Total 15042 121722

4.2 ZONING

Generally, a town is divided in number of wards for municipal management and for election of citizen
repetitive. However, zoning for design of water distribution requires more scientific approach and cannot
adopt the same zones. There are obvious reasons. The requirement of water distribution system is
equitable supply of water to all area with sufficient pressure and with cost optimization as regards both
capital as well as maintenance cost.

In the case of Nagaon town there is already three existing water supply zones. After detailed study
about the existing zones each zone was bifurcated into two zones (A & B) counting to 6 no’s by proposing
individual water works site for respective zones separately. The zones where old water works site are

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present were considered as A and the zones where new water works are proposed were considered as
B. The following factors influenced for zoning the Nagaon town.

• Projected population
• Capacity and staging height of existing OHT
• Alignment of railway line
• Highway and major roads
• Canals and rivers
• Ward boundary
• Existing zone boundaries

Figure 4.1 : Proposed Water Supply Zones in Nagaon City

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Table 4-3 : Zone Wise Population Projection for the Nagaon Town

S. No Zone Number Base year Intermediate year Ultimate year

(2020) (2035) (2050)

1 1A 13643 17982 23421

2 1B 42265 54403 69496

3 2A 11394 15240 20437

4 2B 24838 27259 41129

5 3A 20840 30678 36916

6 3B 30062 39348 51212

Total Population 143042 184910 242611

4.3 WATER SUPPLY DEMAND

4.3.1 PER CAPITA WATER SUPPLY

Per capita consumption defines the rate of water consumed by each person in a specified community
depending on all his activities related to usage of water in a day.

The factors that affect consumption of water include:

• Size of city: The larger the size, the more is the consumption.
• Characteristics of population and standard of living: In the high value residential area of the city
or in a suburban locality, per capita consumption will be high.
• Industries and commerce: The type and number of different industries also affect consumption.
• Climatic conditions: In hot weather, the consumption of water will be more compared to that
during cold weather.
Piped water supplies for communities should provide adequately for the following requirements:

• Domestic needs such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing of toilets, gardening, etc.

• Institutional needs.

• Industrial & Commercial needs.

• Floating Population needs.

• Fire Fighting.

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The rate of water supply to be adopted are as follows:

Residential Water Supp - 135 lpcd

Industrial, Commercial, Institutional & Fire - 20% of daily demand

4.3.2 SUPPLY OF WATER ON 24 X 7 BASIS

The system is planned for Nagaon town to supply water from the Tube wells present at various locations
by means of collecting, treating the water at WTP and supplying the same to the individual land
parcel/houses through the distribution main by means of gravity on 24x7 basis. The water supply
system is designed considering an average daily demand supply of 24 hours per day basis with a peak
factor of 2.5 in the distribution network (i.e. from WTP to ferrule ends). This will require:

• Adequate quantity of supply

• Adequate size of transmission network

• Adequate pressure of water, even at the farthest end of the system

• Extensive metering

• Adequate vigilance

• Efficient work environment.

4.3.3 PROJECTED WATER SUPPLY DEMAND

The water supply demand for the city is assessed based on the projected population over the years
and per capita rate of water supply established for different land uses and utility services, using
following guidelines:

1. Recommendations specified in the CPHEEO Manual,

2. Comparative studies made with available best practices

Besides the above, losses in distribution shall be considered for arriving at the requirement of water
treatment plant and also filtration losses at water treatment plant shall be considered for arriving at
the requirement of raw water demands. The following losses were considered in the system as per
CPHEEO manual

• 15% loss for ‘Non-Revenue Water’,

• 5% for Filtration Losses at Existing WTP & 2% at proposed WTPs.

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Table 4-4 : Demand Assessment for Nagaon Town

Total raw water

requirement
Water Supply
ICI & Fire Clear water Total clear water considering 5%
for residential NRW @ 15% in
Assessment year Zone Population Demand @20% requirement in requirement in losses in Existing
population LPD
in LPD LPD MLD WTP and 2% in
@135LPCD
the proposed
WTP (in MLD)
1A 13643 1841805.00 368361.00 2210166.00 2600195.29 2.600 2.737
1B 42265 5705775.00 1141155.00 6846930.00 8055211.76 8.055 8.220
Base year 2A 11394 1538190.00 307638.00 1845828.00 2171562.35 2.172 2.286
(2020) 2B 24838 3353130.00 670626.00 4023756.00 4733830.59 4.734 4.830
3A 20840 2813400.00 562680.00 3376080.00 3971858.82 3.972 4.181
3B 30062 4058370.00 811674.00 4870044.00 5729463.53 5.729 5.846
Total 27.262 28.100
1A 17982 2427570 485514 2913084 3427157.65 3.427 3.608
1B 54403 7344405 1468881 8813286 10368571.8 10.369 10.580
Intermediate year 2A 15240 2057400 411480 2468880 2904564.71 2.905 3.057
(2035) 2B 27259 3679965 735993 4415958 5195244.71 5.195 5.301
3A 30678 4141530 828306 4969836 5846865.88 5.847 6.155
3B 39348 5311980 1062396 6374376 7499265.88 7.499 7.652
Total 35.242 36.353
1A 23421 3161835 632367 3794202 4463767.06 4.464 4.699
1B 69496 9381960 1876392 11258352 13245120 13.245 13.515
Ultimate year 2A 20437 2758995 551799 3310794 3895051.76 3.895 4.100
2050 2B 41129 5552415 1110483 6662898 7838703.53 7.839 7.999
3A 36916 4983660 996732 5980392 7035755.29 7.036 7.406
3B 51212 6913620 1382724 8296344 9760404.71 9.760 9.960
Total 46.239 47.679

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[Link] ZONE WISE DEMAND

Population of each ward has been distributed proportionately in each zone, with respect to area covered in
that ward within the specific zone. Based on this the zone wise demand calculations were given in annexure-
1 and the summary of the same is given in Table 4-5.

Table 4-5 : Zone Wise Raw Water Demand Assessment

Base year Intermediate year Ultimate year

[Link] Zone Number
(2020) (2035) (2050)

1 1A 2.737 3.608 4.699

2 1B 8.220 10.580 13.515

3 2A 2.286 3.057 4.100

4 2B 4.830 5.301 7.999

5 3A 4.181 6.155 7.406

6 3B 5.846 7.652 9.960

Total Demand 28.100 36.353 47.679

4.4 WATER SUPPLY SOURCE

4.4.1 TUBE WELLS

The Feasibility studies carried out by the PDMC and based on the available previous decadal data
pertaining to existing water supply system. It suggested that there is an adequate availability of Ground
water in the town. So, tube wells were adopted as source for the proposed scheme. There are six numbers
of working tube wells individually in three zones. Based on the available information and assumptions
made it was assessed there is an average yield of 26lps available and considered for planning of deep
tube wells of depth between 250m to 300m. Total 25 deep tube wells have been planned for meeting
ultimate water demand in 2050.

The raw water from each tube well will be pumped by submersible pumps of varying capacity and supplied
to WTP through raw water transmission mains. In Zone1B to avoid multiple transmission main running
parallel on same route, an intermediate pumping station has been planned where water from 6 tube wells
will be pumped through a common main of dia 400m of about 1.55km.

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The Zone wise no of proposed tube wells as follows:

Table 4-6 : Zone Wise Proposed Tube wells

Discharge Required from Each Tube wells in (LPM)

No. Tube
Zones wells Base Year Intermediate Ultimate
Proposed Demand (2020) Demand (2035) Demand (2050)

Zone 1A 3 724.087 954.373 1243.043

Zone 1B 7 931.929 1199.566 1532.361

Zone 2A 2 907.085 1213.270 1627.005

Zone 2B 4 958.420 1051.840 1587.040

Zone 3A 4 829.545 1221.150 1469.455

Zone 3B 5 927.998 1214.652 1580.888

Raw water from individual tube-wells will be pumped to WTP location by individual transmission main.

4.4.2 WATER AVAILABILITY

From the yield studies provided in technical bid and from the site visit it is understood that the ground
water table is at 3 to 4m below ground level and from the log profile of the geotechnical investigations
it is understood that the soil is a combination of silt and fine sand and no evidence of hard or impervious
strata. Hence one can consider that the aquifer is homogeneous and continuous across the town and
hence there is availability of abundant quantity in the aquifer.

An analysis of water demand and availability of water in the Tube Wells/Aquifers at the proposed sites
are being carried out considering various geological and geophysical investigations in the Nagaon town
such as Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The tests provide us with the resistivity values which can be
utilized in knowing the presence of potential aquifer zones, subsurface strata and thickness of the
aquifer.

4.5 PUMPING MAINS

It is proposed to have two pumping main systems in this project for transmission of water from source
to households.

• From Tube well to Sump near WTP

• From Sump to OHR through Pressure filters

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Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

The design of pumping main is being done using Modified Hazen Williams formula as explained in 3.8.

4.5.1 TUBE WELL TO SUMP NEAR WTP

The raw water trunk main will be laid to carry raw water from Tube well-cum-pump house to the
proposed water treatment plant. This trunk main will be buried under ground with proper bedding. The
alignment of the pipeline is planned along the proposed road network in the master plan. The
economical pipe size analysis is performed for the different horizon years to obtain the economical
diameter and load analysis is performed for stability. The valves and fixtures will be arranged on the
pumping main based on hydraulic/surge analysis. Smart devices will be installed on the pipe network
to have frequent check on the performance of the pipelines. This system will ensure safety measures
against leakages and high pressures generated in the pipelines.

In zone-1B as 6 no of pumping mains are to be laid on the same road for 1.55km. we are proposing
and additional sump cum pump house where all 6 pumping mains will discharge into the sump and a
common pumping main is being proposed from there to water works site.

The storage capacity of the sump can be for retaining 0.5-2hr discharge depending on electricity supply
and SCADA system. For Nagaon as suggested in tender the capacity of the sump shall be taken for
retaining 1hr discharge capacity. Hence the capacity of the sump shall be 570cum. The sump shall be
divided in to 2 halves for maintenance purpose.

Detailed calculations of economic size of pumping main are provided in annexure-2 and the summary
of the same is provided in table below

Table 4-7 : Pumping main and pump details

Diameter Discharge Pump

Tube well No Length (m) Head (m)
(m) (LPM) Capacity (HP)
T1A/1 150 952.38 143.26 30.68 10
T1A/2 150 952.38 1010 35.67 12.5
T1A/3 150 952.38 858.21 33.58 10
T1B/1 Sump
400 6291 1554.72 13.03 15 (2W+1S)
to WWS
T1B/1 to WWS 200 1198.41 102.7 35.72 15
T1B/2 to
200 1198.41 1837.01 34.97 15
Sump
T1B/3 to
200 1198.41 1816.38 36.99 15
Sump
T1B/4 to
200 1198.41 970.26 37.22 15
Sump

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Diameter Discharge Pump

Tube well No Length (m) Head (m)
(m) (LPM) Capacity (HP)
T1B/5 to
200 1198.41 79.43 31.35 12.5
Sump
T1B/6 to
200 1198.41 844.27 35.82 15
Sump
T1B/7 to
200 1198.41 801.17 34.23 15
Sump
T2A/1 200 1214.29 194.04 29.4 12.5
T2A/2 200 1214.29 620.44 31.43 12.5
T2B/1 150 1055.56 80.03 35.26 12.5
T2B/2 150 1055.56 867.64 40.19 15
T2B/3 150 1055.56 891.61 43.95 15
T2B/4 150 1055.56 1353.1 45.28 15
T3A/1 200 1087.3 90.97 29.63 12.5
T3A/2 150 1087.3 1214.66 38.46 15
T3A/3 150 1087.3 618.69 32.06 12.5
T3A/4 150 1087.3 926.85 35 12.5
T3B/1 150 1214.29 90.97 37.68 15
T3B/2 200 1214.29 1450.93 40.35 17.5
T3B/3 200 1214.29 787 37.27 15
T3B/4 200 1214.29 1433.61 36.39 15
T3B/5 200 1214.29 1066.55 37.33 15
All tube well pumps are submersible pumps and their capacities are indicative and may change as per
the manufacturer’s specifications. For tube wells, no backup pumps will be provided. For pumping from
intermediate sump to water works horizontal split case centrifugal pumps with 50% capacity standby
is proposed with 2 working and 1 standby pump.

4.5.2 AERATOR SUMP TO OHR THROUGH PRESSURE FILTERS

The aerated water in the sump will be pumped through pressure filters and the outlet manifold from
the pressure filters will be connected to overhead reservoir. As both the sump, pressure filters and OHR
will be inside water works site the length of the pumping main will be in the order of 40 to 50m. The
economic size and pumps capacities will be finalized after procurement approval of pressure filters
including finalizing of head losses in pressure filter.

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4.6 WATER TREATMENT PLANT

4.6.1 GENERAL

The properties of the ground water vary from aquifer to aquifer. As of now the septage from households
are being sent to septic tanks and overflows from septic tanks are let into storm drains. Hence shallow
aquifers will be polluted from septic tanks. In technical bid water quality reports have been provided
across the city from 20 shallow wells and 10 deep wells. The parameters were discussed below for
finalization of source for drinking water supply.

[Link] SHALLOW WELLS

Some of the shallow wells are within the drinking water standard limits and are good for drinking after
disinfection. But around 50% of them have one of the properties beyond standard limits. The properties
which are above standard limits are Turbidity in 6 samples above 1NTU, Total Dissolved solids in 4
samples above 500mg/l and another 2 samples above 300mg/l, Total alkalinity in 6 samples above
200mg/l, Total hardness in 6 samples above 200mg/l, Calcium in 5 samples above 75mg/l, magnesium
in 5 samples above 30mg/l, iron in 3 samples above 0.3mg/l and [Link] present in 5 samples. Hence
for shallow wells cost of treatment increases. For detailed water quality parameters for shallow wells
are tabulated in and Table 4-9.

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Table -4-8 : Water quality parameters for shallow wells (part-A)

Standards
[Link] Parameter Unit Desira Permiss S-6 S-7 S-9 S-10
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-8
ble ible 25 ft 30 ft 25 ft 250 ft
1 Temperature C 24.4 24.1 24.5 24 23.8 24.1 23.8 24.4 23.8 23.7
2 Color Hazen 5 15 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
3 Turbidity NTU 1 5 <1 8 <1 3 <1 <1 <1 32 18 <1
4 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.98 6.59 8.08 8.07 7.14 6.86 6.94 6.98 6.67 7.73
5 Conductivity Us/cm 250 324 305 292 332 796 640 412 855 326
Total Dissolved
6 mg/l 500 2000 156 202 198 182 206 482 388 248 538 207
solids
7 Total Alkalinity mg/l 200 600 92 118 136 132 142 254 214 152 268 138
8 Total Hardness mg/l 200 600 116 134 152 148 160 322 262 172 344 156
9 Calcium mg/l 75 200 26 34 37 35 38 78 64 44 85 38
10 Magnesium mg/l 30 100 12.24 11.76 14.28 14.52 15.6 30.48 24.48 14.88 31.56 14.64
11 Sodium mg/l 8 19 10 8 11 35 34 20 40 10
12 Potassium mg/l 0.9 2.5 1.1 0.8 0.9 2.2 2.7 1.5 3.3 0.9
13 Chlorides mg/l 250 1000 22 30 18 18 21 70 62 28 92 23
14 Sulphates mg/l 200 400 9.6 12 9.6 3.8 7.2 38.9 26.8 16.7 26.8 5.8
15 Nitrates mg/l 45 45 2.8 3.1 2.2 3.1 4.9 10.3 8.9 6.2 8.8 4.6
16 Fluoride mg/l 1 1.5 0.33 0.42 0.27 0.49 0.29 0.4 0.33 0.46 0.41 0.48
17 Iron mg/l 0.3 0.3 <0.05 0.56 <0.05 0.18 <0.05 0.06 0.08 2.36 1.42 0.08
18 Total Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0.05 <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
MPN / shall not detect in
19 Total coliform <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D 141 39 33
100ml 100 Ml sample
[Link] / shall not detect in
20 E-Coli Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
100ml 100 Ml sample

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Table 4-9 : Water quality parameters for shallow wells (part-B)

Standards
[Link] Parameter Unit Desira Permiss S-6 S-7 S-9 S-10
S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-8
ble ible 25 ft 30 ft 25 ft 250 ft
1 Temperature C 24.4 24.1 24.5 24 23.8 24.1 23.8 24.4 23.8 23.7
2 Color Hazen 5 15 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
3 Turbidity NTU 1 5 <1 8 <1 3 <1 <1 <1 32 18 <1
4 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.98 6.59 8.08 8.07 7.14 6.86 6.94 6.98 6.67 7.73
5 Conductivity Us/cm 250 324 305 292 332 796 640 412 855 326
Total Dissolved
6 mg/l 500 2000 156 202 198 182 206 482 388 248 538 207
solids
7 Total Alkalinity mg/l 200 600 92 118 136 132 142 254 214 152 268 138
8 Total Hardness mg/l 200 600 116 134 152 148 160 322 262 172 344 156
9 Calcium mg/l 75 200 26 34 37 35 38 78 64 44 85 38
10 Magnesium mg/l 30 100 12.24 11.76 14.28 14.52 15.6 30.48 24.48 14.88 31.56 14.64
11 Sodium mg/l 8 19 10 8 11 35 34 20 40 10
12 Potassium mg/l 0.9 2.5 1.1 0.8 0.9 2.2 2.7 1.5 3.3 0.9
13 Chlorides mg/l 250 1000 22 30 18 18 21 70 62 28 92 23
14 Sulphates mg/l 200 400 9.6 12 9.6 3.8 7.2 38.9 26.8 16.7 26.8 5.8
15 Nitrates mg/l 45 45 2.8 3.1 2.2 3.1 4.9 10.3 8.9 6.2 8.8 4.6
16 Fluoride mg/l 1 1.5 0.33 0.42 0.27 0.49 0.29 0.4 0.33 0.46 0.41 0.48
17 Iron mg/l 0.3 0.3 <0.05 0.56 <0.05 0.18 <0.05 0.06 0.08 2.36 1.42 0.08
18 Total Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0.05 <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
MPN / shall not detect in
19 Total coliform <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D 141 39 33
100ml 100 Ml sample
[Link] / shall not detect in
20 E-Coli Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
100ml 100 Ml sample

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Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

[Link] DEEP WELLS

Most of the shallow wells are within the drinking water standard limits and are good for drinking after
disinfection. But at one location the properties are beyond standard limits. The properties which are
above standard limits are Total Dissolved solids above 500mg/l, Total alkalinity above 200mg/l, Total
hardness above 200mg/l. As the drawl from deeper wells increases there is a likely chance of
appearance of dissolved solids (iron and manganese) in other tube wells also. Hence for deeper wells
treatment shall be for removal of iron and manganese from the raw water and disinfection. For detailed
water quality parameters for deep wells are tabulated in Table 4-10

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Table 4-10 : Water quality parameters for deep wells

Standards
[Link] Parameter Unit Desira Permiss
D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 D-10
ble ible
1 Temperature C 24.2 23.9 24.4 24 24.4 24.5 23.9 24.1 24.1 23.8
2 Color Hazen 5 15 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
3 Turbidity NTU 1 5 <1 <1 <1 <1 5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
4 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.01 7.35 8.29 7.81 7.64 7.31 8.06 8.24 7.94 7.98
5 Conductivity Us/cm 405 372 373 358 298 538 402 362 370 395
Total Dissolved
6 mg/l 500 2000 262 236 222 208 194 340 254 218 238 248
solids
7 Total Alkalinity mg/l 200 600 164 162 154 154 1.8 224 158 148 158 158
8 Total Hardness mg/l 200 600 182 178 166 168 130 242 170 156 170 176
9 Calcium mg/l 75 200 46 40 38 38 32 58 42 39 40 42
10 Magnesium mg/l 30 100 16.08 18.72 17.04 17.52 12 23.28 15.6 14.04 16.8 17.04
11 Sodium mg/l 21 20 13 10 17 26 23 18 28 26
12 Potassium mg/l 2.6 2.5 1.1 1.5 1.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.7 1.9
13 Chlorides mg/l 250 1000 28 32 14 22 28 38 26 28 36 32
14 Sulphates mg/l 200 400 18.6 12.4 16 4.5 15.6 15.6 19.7 5.3 20.8 26.9
15 Nitrates mg/l 45 45 5.4 2.4 3.6 3.9 2.1 5.1 5.2 3.7 2.8 1.7
16 Fluoride mg/l 1 1.5 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.3 0.27 0.34 0.27 0.51 0.17
17 Iron mg/l 0.3 0.3 0.06 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.14 0.08 0.07 <0.05 <0.05 0.11
18 Total Arsenic mg/l 0.01 0.05 <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
MPN / shall not detect in <2
19 Total coliform <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D <2 N.D
100ml 100 Ml sample N.D
[Link] / shall not detect in
20 E-Coli Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
100ml 100 Ml sample

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4.6.2 PROCESS DESIGN

For Nagaon treatment of water from deep wells will be economical compared to shallow wells.
Treatment of deep wells require removal of iron and manganese and disinfection.

As iron and manganese are dissolved solids they shall be oxidised and shall be converted to solids and
the solids shall be removed by filtration followed by disinfection for removal of microorganisms in water.

Existing WTP’s in Nagaon are also following the same process flow for treatment of ground water i.e
aeration followed by filtration and disinfection. As discussed in technical bid the raw water from sources
of existing water treatment plant contains 1.0mg/l of iron and the same has been removed after
treatment. Hence the same process design can be implemented for the proposed WTP’s.

[Link] AERATION / OXIDATION

Aeration is unit process in which air and water are brought into intimate contact. When water is aerated,
it dissolves or liberates gases until it reaches an equilibrium between the contents of each gas in the
atmosphere and its contents in the water.

Aeration as a water treatment practice is used for the following operation.

• A physical venting of the gasses H2S and CH4 (and CO2) from the water
• An increase of the oxygen content in the water to facilitate chemical/biological oxidation. Ex:
Oxidation of Iron and manganese.

Heavy concentrations of iron and manganese in ground water result in an unpleasant taste and give
the water a brownish colour. There are 4 types of aerators in common use 1) Gravity, 2) spray, 3)
Diffusers and 4) Mechanical aerators. In aeration process the aim is that water should come in maximum
contact with the air so that it becomes saturated with oxygen. In order to save space spray aerator
above sump is proposed, it sprays drops of water into the air from stationary or moving nozzles. The
finer the spray most effective the aeration. By spraying water through nozzles, the water is broken up
into small droplets or thin film to enhance counter current air contact. The vertical jet from nozzles give
the longest exposure time with air. However, for safe discharge from pipe and inclination of 5 degrees
is desirable.

In the aeration process, the water is saturated with oxygen to promote the following reactions:

4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3- + 8CO2

ferrous bicarbonate + oxygen + water = ferric hydroxide + carbon dioxide

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2Mn(HCO3)2 + O2 = 2MnO2 + 4CO2- + 2H2O

Manganese bicarbonate + oxygen = manganese dioxide + carbon dioxide + water

The oxidation products, ferric hydroxide and manganese dioxide are insoluble. After aeration, they are
removed by clarification or filtration.

[Link] FILTRATION

Filtration is a process for separating suspended and colloidal impurities from water by passage through
a porous medium or porous media. Filtration with or without pre-treatment, has been employed for
treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity (e.g., silt and clay), colour, microorganisms,
precipitated hardness from chemically softened waters and precipitated iron and magnesium from
aerated waters. Removal takes place by a number of mechanisms such as straining, flocculation,
sedimentation and surface capture. Filters can be categorised by the main method of capture

• Exclusion of particles at the surface of the filter media. i.e. straining

• Deposition within the media i.e. in-depth filtration.

Filtration of municipal water supplies normally is accomplished using

• Slow sand filters

• Rapid sand filters
• Pressure filters

The selection filter is based mainly on 3 factors

• Area constraint
• The rate of filtration
• Concentration of suspended solids

Design of proposed WTP’s are for the city of Nagaon where the available government land is very less
and the cost of the land is very high. Rate of filtration of slow sand, rapid sand and pressure filters are
0.1- 0.2 cum/sq.m/hour, 4.8 to 6 cum/sq.m/hour and 6 to 20 cum/sq.m/hour respectively. These values
describe that the area required for filtration is very high for slow sand filter and high for rapid sand
filter and very low for pressure filters. The concentration of solids to be removed are also very low.
Hence pressure filters can be adopted as the loss of water from backwashing of pressure filters is very
less compared to other filtration methods.

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[Link].1 PRESSURE FILTERS

A pressure filter is similar to gravity sand filter except that the filter is completely enclosed in a pressure
vessel such as a steel tank and is operated under pressure. To remove odour and colour from raw
water if any we need to pass the water through activated carbon media. In order to avoid another
vessel for activated carbon filter we are proposing dual media filters. The water passes through various
layers of filter media i.e., Anthracite coal, Sand, Gravel etc. Multilayer filtration, with anthracite coal as
a layer is particularly effective in the treatment of ground water as coal works as an adsorbent for
removal of colour, odour, turbidity and microorganisms as well. For better performance and space
optimization the rate of filtration at 19cum/hr/sqm.

Pressure vessel which consists of the filter beds, supporting arrangement for filtration such as valves,
pipe work etc. As per the above discussion the bed consists of 3 materials such as Anthracite coal of
0.7 m min depth, graded sand with 1m depth and Gravel, the supporting body needs to be 0.2m. Under
drain system is used to collect the filtered water and to distribute the back-wash water uniformly upward
underneath the gravel bed. The ratio of total perforated area to the filter area should preferably 0.003
to 1 except with special bottoms. Which means for every 100 sq.m of filter area, there should be a
minimum of 0. 3sq.m area of perforators in its under-drainage system.

[Link].2 FILTER BACKWASH

The backwashing of the filters shall be done with clear water with a minimum pressure head of 5m.
The same can be managed by connecting the back-wash pipe to overhead reservoir which is inside the
water works site.

The filters shall be designed for backwashing with water at the rate of 30 m3/m2/hr preceded by air
scouring at the rate of 50 m3/m2/hr for every 21 hours. Air scouring shall be between 3-5 minutes, air
– water combined for 2-3 minutes and water wash for 7-10 minutes. Filter backwash blowers shall be
housed in the filter House

Backwash water from WTP shall be disposed of into the nearest storm water drains.

[Link] DISINFECTION

After all reduction of solids, colour and odour from the water if any, last component of WTP is
disinfection. Chemicals like Chlorine and its compounds, Bromine, Iodine, Potassium permanganate,
Ozone etc have been used as effective disinfectants. Physical methods like Thermal treatment, UV rays,
Ultrasonic waves have also been used on a limited scale. Chlorination has been found to be the most
practical method of disinfecting water by means of chemicals as Chlorine is a very active agent and
quickly reacts with organic and inorganic matter present in water.

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The maximum dosage for chlorination shall be 3mg/lit with a residual chlorine at the end of distribution
system of 0.1-0.2mg/lit.

4.6.3 HYDRAULIC DESIGN

The water from tube wells will be pumped out into the sump through spray aerators. The aeration
system is designed to remove 1.5mg/l of iron and manganese from raw water. The sump is designed
considering 1hr retention capacity and spray aeration is being given inside sump there by reducing the
land required for aeration.

The water from sump will be pumped to OHR through pressure filters assuming head loss from pressure
filters as 3m and an additional 3m residual head at inlet in OHR. The size of filtration is worked out
considering 20cum/hr/sqm filtration rate. The filter house size is considered such a way that it can
accommodate pumps, switch gear, pressure filters, operation and maintenance bay.

The detailed hydraulic designs for WTP are given in annexure 3. The details of various unit sizes of all
3 new WTP’s are given in table.

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Table 4-11 : Unit sizes at proposed water works site

DETAILS OF VARIOUS UNITS SIZES AT PROPOSED WATER WORKS SITES

[Link] Unit Description of Item Unit Zone-1B Zone-2B Zone-3B
Inlet Pipes No's 2 4 5
Inlet Pipe Dia. mm 100 400 150 150 150 150 150 200 200 200 200
Aeration with 30mm dia Nozzles for ultimate demand No's 8 48 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1
Sump
30mm dia Nozzles for Intermediate
No's 6 38 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6
demand
Size of sump mxmxm 26 x 10 x 2.5 16 x 10 x 2.5 20 x 10 x 2.5
Proposed no. of pumps for ultimate
W+S 5+2 3+2 4+2
Demand
Proposed no. of pumps for Intermediate
W+S 4+2 2+1 3+2
Demand
Dia. of pressure filters m 2.5 2.5 2.5
2 Filter House
No of pressure filters for ultimate
No's 7W+1S 4W+1S 5W+1S
demand
No. of pressure filters for intermediate
No's 6W+1S 3W+1S 4W+1S
demand
Size of Filter House mxmxm 35 x 12 x 7 23 x 12 x 7 27 x 12 x 7
Capacity KL 3320 1960 2450
Dia. of Water Tank m 26.7 20.6 23
3 OHR
Depth of water column m 6 6 6
Staging m 18 15 17
4 Operator room Size mxm 10 x 10 10 x 10 10 x 10
5 Chlorination room Size mxm 10 x 6 10 x 6 10 x 6
6 Guard Room Size mxm 4x3 4x3 4x3

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Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

From the hydraulic designs it is understood that the wastage through backwash in pressure filters is
only 2% compared to 5% in rapid sand filters. Hence for all existing water works the raw water
requirement will be arrived considering WTP losses as 5% and for all new water works the raw water
requirement will be arrived considering WTP losses as 2%.

4.7 STORAGE RESERVOIRS

To serve the clear water for the consumer in this project total of 3nos of OHR’s are proposed one each
in their respective zones to distribute the water by gravity system. Apart from this there are 3nos of
existing OHR’s in the three existing zones near water work sites. The capacities of OHR’s are arrived
using demand mass curve method. Detailed calculations for arriving at the capacities of OHR’s are given
in annexure 4. It is found that the existing reservoirs capacities are adequate to meet the demands of
existing zones. For 3 proposed zones the capacities are given below.

Table 4-12 : Zone wise Existing & Proposed OHR’s

[Link] Zone (Nos) Capacity of OHR Staging Height Remarks

(in KL)
(in mts)

1 1A 1200 11 Existing

2 1B 3320 18 Proposed

3 2A 1000 10 Existing

4 2B 1960 15 Proposed

5 3A 1800 13 Existing

6 3B 2450 17 Proposed

The functions of the Overhead (OHR) are:

• To provide storage capacity to meet fluctuations in demand.

• To provide reserve supply for fire-fighting use and emergency needs.
• To stabilize pressures in the distribution system.
• To increase operating convenience and provide flexibility in pumping.
• To provide water during source or pump failures, and to blend different water sources.

4.8 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

4.8.1 WATER DISTIBUTION ZONES

The proposed Nagaon town area of 9.22 sq. km is divided into 6 water distribution zones based on:

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➢ Projected population
➢ Capacity and staging height of existing OHT
➢ Alignment of Railway line
➢ Highway and major roads
➢ Canals and rivers
➢ Ward boundary
➢ Existing road network, road connectivity, road width

Zoning in the distribution system ensures equitable supply of water throughout the project area.
Considering the above factors water supply zones were decremented, then each zone can be served
by a separate distribution system. The distribution system is such that, neighbouring zones may be
interconnected to provide water during break-down of one zone where the neighbouring zone can
provide water by simple operation of valves. The detailed details of zone wise distribution network is
shown in Table 4-13

Table 4-13 : Zone wise Distribution Network System

Zone- Zone- Zone- Zone- Zone- Zone-

S. No Parameters
1A 1B 2A 2B 3A 3B

1 Zone Area (Ha) 112.27 383.42 105.66 184.97 194.19 277.99

2 Population (2050) 23421 69496 20437 41129 36916 51212

Clear Water Demand

3 including ICI, Fire & NRW 4.464 13.245 3.895 7.839 7.036 9.760
(MLD) (2050)

Number of Tube Wells

4 03 07 02 04 04 05
Proposed

5 No. of District Metered Areas 04 09 03 04 04 03

Min Min Min Min Min Min

Min. and Max. diameter of 110 110 110 110 110 110
6
Water supply pipe (mm)
Max Max Max Max Max Max
400 700 600 600 500 600

Total Water Supply Network*

7 22.21 57.82 16.39 22.87 26.32 38.42
length (Km)

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*The detailed abstract of pipe lengths may change slightly during detailed designs stage.

4.8.2 DISTRICT METERED AREAS

In a continuous water supply system, DMAs are used to focus water usage demands from manageable
defined areas. NRW is proposed to be monitored by dividing the distribution area into number of DMAs.
Each DMA serves an approximate population of around 1100 to 1500 connections which is most
preferable this concept of DMA’s will facilitate execution of works in a phased manner. Each DMA area
is identified as having a well-defined boundary and consisting of DMA valve at the entry point and
Automatic Reading Meter at the valve location to identify the discharge of that particular zone and
protective enclosure installed along with the individual meters at the consumer point. In Nagaon total
28 DMA’s will be formed for all the 6 zones of Nagaon Town for which the flow of water is being
monitored/noted at the entry of each DMA by arranging a flow meter at the entry point of DMA.

General specifications:

• The System should be able to Operate, Monitor, Control and Manage the water to consumers
in complete distribution network without any external electric energy.
• The system should be capable to achieve the uniform distribution of water to all the consumers
in the network irrespective of its elevation and distance from the source of supply.
• The system should be able to record and generate the report of the cumulative quantity
delivered to every consumer in the network.
• The system should be able to allow the quantity to consumers as per the demand / quota.
• The system should be capable of water quality monitoring and close in the event of water
security issues.

4.8.3 FIRE HYDRANTS

A hydrant is an outlet provided in a water distribution main or a sub-main for tapping water, mainly
during fires. They may sometimes however, be used for withdrawing water for filling the municipal
water tankers. In thickly populated areas, fires generally break out and may lead to serious damages,
if not controlled effectively. Big cities, therefore, generally maintain full firefighting squads. Firefighting
personnel require enough quantity of water, so as to throw it over the fire at high speeds. As the
Nagaon is medium sized town a provision for fire hydrants has been provided with 20 hydrants covering
an area of 9.22 sqkm.

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4.8.4 PROPERTY SERVICE CONNECTIONS WITH METERING

Individual properties in each plot will be provided with water meter connection under the proposed
water supply system. Billing for water supply consumption will be done as per meter reading. GI &
HDPE pipe material are proposed for property service connections.

Table 4-14 : Service connections for water supply

Ferrule Size
[Link] Connections No's
(mm)
1 15 Single Stored 5522

2 20 Double Stored 16566

3 25 Three to four Stored 4141

4 40 ICI Connection 1380

Total 27609

4.8.5 AMRS

A water meter is a scientific instrument for accurate measurement of quantity of water distributed to
the consumers. It also fulfils the need to know accurately the water produced and distributed.
Consumption based water rates require periodic reading of meters except in remote or automated
meter reading of meters.

The AMR based Meter reading should be done automatically by RF based Radio modem installed in the
meters along with non-rechargeable long-life battery. Battery life shall be minimum of 8 to 10 years.
AMR meters shall transmit the total water consumption.

All AMR meters Data will be collected at AMR Data Management System server located
Authority/department premises over RF based Radio modem. All AMR meters shall transmit the total
water consumption data on wireless at periodic intervals. The user at AMR Data Management centre
can set the periodic intervals period between 1 minute to 24 hours. All AMR meters shall transmit the
total water consumption data on wireless based on user request AMR Data Management centre. All
AMR meters shall capable to store at least 7 days daily consumption History Data inside meters. On
request from AMR Data Management centre the AMR water meter shall able to transmit.

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5 FIELD INVESTIGATONS

5.1 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY DATA

Topographical survey data are important in water supply project for layout planning of Tube well cum
pump arrangement, water treatment plants and pumping stations, alignment of water supply network.
Topographic levels of proposed sites of these water supply components make it necessary to look for
available survey data or acquisition of data through fresh topographic survey.

One of the basic elements of this study included the following:

• Construction of permanent Benchmarks and duly establishing their co-ordinates using DGPS (X &
Y co-ordinates) and Auto Level (Z co-ordinate) and connecting to GIS benchmark level.

The information available from the above studies shall be incorporated in the infrastructure
benchmarking of proposed utilities under this project.

5.1.1 SURVEY INSTRUMENTS USED

The most modern methods of Duel Frequency Global Positioning System (DGPS), electronic Total
Station and electronic Auto Level are used for the topographic survey. The survey comprising use of
DGPS and Total Station stores data in digital format and is considered the most advanced land surveying
method. However, to monitor the accuracy of land survey, control stations are fixed using DGPS. These
controls are the best way for quality control and avoiding accumulation of errors in land surveying.

Following survey instruments are deployed in this study:

a) DGPS - 1 No : TPS 1200 Series

: Trimble R3

b) Total Stations - 6 No. : Leica TC 1800 (1 Set)

: Leica TRS1101 (4 Sets)

: Leica TRS1202 (4 Sets)

: Leica TS 05 (4 Sets)

: Trimble (2Sets)

: Pentax ATS 101 (1Set)

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c) Electronic Auto Level - 3 No : Horizon Digital Level DILED 7

: Geomax ZDL 700

a) Duel Frequency Global Positioning System (DGPS)

DGPS works by placing a high-performance GPS receiver (reference station) at a known location. Since
the receiver knows its exact location, it can determine the errors in the satellite signals. It does this by
measuring the ranges to each satellite using the signals received and comparing these measured ranges
to the actual ranges calculated from its known position. The difference between the measured and
calculated range is the total error. The error data for each tracked satellite is formatted into a correction
message and transmitted to GPS users. The correction message format follows the standard established
by the Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services, Special Committee 104 (RTCM-SC104) These
differential corrections are then applied to the GPS calculations, thus removing most of the satellite
signal errors and improving accuracy. The level of accuracy obtained is a function of the GPS receiver.
Sophisticated receiver used in the survey can achieve accuracy of the order of 0.3 mm or less.

b) Total Station

Total station is the most modern instrument being used for topographical surveys worldwide. The
system incorporates electronic theodolite, electronic distance measurement device and computer as
one unit. The capability of the system to retain data in memory, carry out calculation using its own
processor, and finally ability to create X, Y, Z files directly transferable to the computer, makes the
survey process very fast and accurate.

c) Electronic Auto Level

Auto level is used to accurately transfer the Z coordinate from a benchmark to the control points, for
controlling the vertical accuracy of the total station during topographical survey.

5.1.2 METHODOLOGY

The basic principle of surveying followed is “to work from whole to part” by establishing a network of
permanent primary control points in the survey area using auto levels and DGPS.

[Link] ESTABLISHING CONTROL POINTS WITH DGPS IN SURVEY AREA

a) Primary Control points

• DGPS stations are the primary control points which form the basis for entire survey.
• These points are always established in pairs.

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• The line connecting the pairs of DGPS points becomes base line for any survey to start with.
• The location of these points is selected such that they are inter-visible from each other.
• These points are established at an interval of 5 km.
• The X and Y coordinates of primary control points are generated using high precision DGPS
instrument.
• The reference point number and the RL of these points are marked in red paint on the DGPS Station
pillars.

b) Secondary Control Points:

• Secondary control points are established at 250m interval by conducting traverse between the
primary control points using Total Station equipment.

• These points are established alternatively on either side of alignment such that every benchmark
is visible from its preceding and succeeding points.

• The X and Y coordinates of these benchmarks are generated using Total Station instrument with
primary control points as reference.

• Double check levelling procedure is followed to transfer the level of primary control points.

c) Great Trigonometrical Survey (GTS) Benchmark

Height control is established with respect to the Survey of India GTS benchmark.

[Link] TRANSFER OF LEVELS FROM BENCHMARK TO CONTROL POINTS

The first step is to transfer accurately the levels from GTS benchmark to all the control points established
all along. These vertical controls are used for accuracy of Z coordinate in total station survey.

The height control for the entire topographic survey is established by connecting all the benchmarks to
the GTS benchmark. For this purpose, high precision Auto levels are used. All the level lines are closed
back to check for the error if any. Double tertiary levelling (DCBM) procedure is adopted to ensure
greater accuracy. Field books entries and calculations are thoroughly checked, and cross checked before
finalizing the reduced levels. The gross error noticed, and its distribution is clearly indicated in the field
book.

Double Tertiary (DT) levelling using auto levels is carried out connecting from and closing on GTS
benchmark. All necessary precautions in DT levelling to avoid collimation errors, levelling stave and
instrument settlement errors, parallax errors in reading etc. are taken. Each observation is reduced to
three places of decimal of a metre and two sets of reading are taken at each station. Collimation error
of the instrument and length of staves are frequently checked, and result recorded in the field-leveling

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book. Where control is required to be extended by using Total Station, two sets of observations for
linear and angular measurements are taken to avoid observation errors. Traverse carried out by using
total station commences from and close on control points fixed as mentioned above and the mis-closure
is kept within the limits.

Based on the control data bank both in respect of planimetry and heights established above, grid plots
are taken at interval and /or locations specified using Total Station.

5.1.3 GRID CONTOUR SURVEY USING TOTAL STATION

Total Station survey starts at the DGPS reference station using the same coordinates. Block level topo-
contour survey using Total Station is conducted with 5 m x 5 m grid size. Temporary Benchmarks (TBM)
are established at places as required for carrying out grid survey.

5.1.4 SURVEY DATA PROCESSING

The data of topographic survey obtained by Total Stations and DGPS are processed using Leica
GEOSOFT software depending on the particular model(s) and appropriate topographic plan are
generated. The data are arranged as X, Y, Z files for each file and then plotted using AutoCAD software.
The data collected using topographic surveys are arranged and merged together in X, Y, Z format using
AutoCAD software. Bentley MX Roads software is used for generating contours, which are then
transferred to AutoCAD for annotations and plotting. Final data charts are in "dxf" / dwg format in
AutoCAD.

5.1.5 ACCURACY OF SURVEY DATA

➢ Instrument accuracy of DGPS is ±3MM plus 0.5PPM between any two points.
➢ The permissible error in double tertiary levelling as per Survey of India standards is 12 √K (in
mm), where the length of levelling line in km.

5.1.6 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP

Topographic survey map in the form of digital elevation model with contours of 0.5m interval will be
provided after completion of survey. The topographic maps will cover road features, important
landmarks, culverts, railway crossings, stream/canal/river crossings. It will also cover grid survey at
proposed water works locations including boundary markings. Temporary benchmarks will be marked
on the existing platforms/culverts. Pole locations, tree locations along the roads will also be marked.
Existing water work unit features will also be surveyed. Temporary benchmarks will be established at
appropriate locations as per the client suggestion.

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5.2 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

In order to determine the subsurface profile, depth to bed rock and nature of the foundation strata
thorough subsoil exploration are required. This has been initiated, from the geotechnical reports given
in tender document findings are given below:

• Average ground water table is 3m to 5m.

• Up to 5m depth below ground it is silty clayey soil and below this depth clayey/sandy soil.
• Less permeability of the soil.

Geotechnical investigations are planned to be conducted for the following components

• Water Treatment Plant locations in Zone 1B, 2B and 3B

• OHSR location at 1B, 2B and 3B.
• Intermediate sump cum pump house in 1B.

Water Treatment Plant:

In order to delineate the subsurface profile, depth to bed rock and nature of the foundation strata, sub-
soil exploration through drill holes method is used for accomplishment of the task. Bore holes of 150
mm diameter up to required depths with Rig equipment as per IS 1892-1962. All in-situ tests are to be
conducted as per the relevant Indian Standard Specification i.e. IS Code: 1498-1970.

Overhead Service reservoirs (OHSRs) and Intermediate sump cum pump house:

The scope of subsoil investigation is to ascertain Geotechnical properties of substratum for design and
construction of various types of foundations. It is proposed to have exploration by drilling of boreholes
at various locations of given structures. Accordingly, the exploration program of borehole is to be taken
up to a depth of 3.0m or extended by 3.0m beyond the observed S.P.T.(N) Value >110 from ground
level or 3.0m into weathered rock or 1.0m into hard rock whichever occurs first. Undisturbed and
disturbed samples are to be collected appropriate to ground conditions and transport them to
Geotechnical laboratory. Laboratory tests are to be conducted to determine the Index and Engineering
properties of soil and suggest the Net Safe bearing capacity of the soil on which structures are to be
constructed.

5.3 GEO-PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS

To explore the possibilities of extracting the ground water from HY Tube wells of the project area.

• To carry out detailed Hydrogeological investigation in and around study area.

• To conduct geophysical surveys to access nature of sub surface formation in the study area.

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• Data integration and report preparation with the location of 25 borewell sites favorable for
groundwater extraction.

• Geophysical Survey – Vertical Electrical Sounding: Electrical resistivity survey in the form
of Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) will be conducted in the potential zones delineated
form the resistivity profiling. The VES will be conducted probing the depth upto 300 m
below ground level using a high precision computerized resistivity meter. It is estimated to
conduct about 25 VES covering the study area. The data obtained in the form of apparent
resistivity will be interpreted using manual and software interpretation techniques to
decipher the thickness and spatial distribution of aquifers in the study area, identify zones
favorable for groundwater extraction and select potential ground water locations for drilling
borewells. All the VES locations will be geo referenced suing a GPS and integrated with the
base map. While conducting the VES, reference soundings will be made near the existing
high yielding and failure borewells and the data will be used for correlation studies while
interpreting the VES data.

5.4 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND STANDARDS

The objective of water works management is to ensure that the water supplied is free from pathogenic
organisms, clear, palatable and free from undesirable taste and odour, of reasonable temperature,
neither corrosive nor scale forming and free from minerals which will produce undesirable physiological
effects.

Recommended guidelines for water quality are given in Table 5-1, Table 5-2 and

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Table 5-3.

(Source: W.H.O guidelines for Drinking Water Quality)

Table 5-1 : Recommended guidelines for water quality parameters

S No Water Quality Parameters Acceptable Cause for Rejection

1 Turbidity (NTU) 1 10

2 Color (Units on Platinum Cobalt scale) 5 25

3 Taste and odour Unobjectionable objectionable

4 PH 7.0 to 8.5 <6.5 or > 9.2

5 Total dissolved solids (mg/1) 500 2000

6 Total hardness (as CaCO3) (mg/1) 200 600

7 Chlorides (as CI) (mg/1) 200 1100

8 Sulphates (as SO4) (mg/1) 200 400

9 Fluorides (as F) (mg/1) 1.0 1.5

10 Nitrates (as NO3) (mg/1) 45 45

11 Calcium (as Ca) (mg/1) 75 200

12 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/1) ≤ 30 150

If there are 250 mg/lit of sulphates, Mg content can be increased to a maximum of 125
mg/lit with the reduction of sulphates at the rate of 1 unit per every 2.5 units of
sulphates

13 Iron (as Fe) (mg/lit0 0.1 1.0

14 Manganese (as Mn) (mg/lit) 0.05 0.5

15 Copper (as Cu) (mg/lit) 0.05 1.5

16 Aluminium (as Al) ( mg/ lit) 0.03 0.2

17 Alkalinity (mg/lit) 200 600

18 Residual Chlorine (mg/lit) 0.2 >1.0

19 Zinc (as Zn) (mg/lit) 5.0 15.0

20 Phenolic compounds (as Phenol) (mg/lit) 0.001 0.002

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21 Anionic detergents (mg/lit) (as MBAS) 0.2 1.0

22 Mineral Oil (mg/lit) 0.01 0.03

TOXIC MATERIALS

23 Arsenic (as As) (mg/lit) 0.01 0.05

24 Cadmium (as Cd) (mg/lit) 0.01 0.01

25 Chromium (as CN) (mg/lit) 0.05 0.05

26 Cyanides (as CN) (mg/lit) 0.05 0.05

27 Lead (as Pb) (mg/lit) 0.05 0.05

28 Selenium (as Se) (mg/lit) 0.01 0.01

29 Mercury (total as Hg) (mg/lit) 0.001 0.001

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

30 0.2 0.2
(µg/lit)

Refer to WHO
guidelines for drinking
31 Pesticides total mg/lit) Absent
water quality, Vol.
I1993

RADIO ACTIVITY +

32 Gross Alpha activity (Bq/lit) 0.1 0.1

33 Gross beta activity (Bq/lit) 1.0 1.0

Table 5-2 : Bacteriological quality of drinking water

Organisms Guidelines

All water intended for drinking

[Link] or them tolerant coli form bacteria Must not be detectable in any 110-ml sample

Treated water entering the distribution

system

[Link] or them tolerant coli form bacteria Must not be detectable in any 110-ml sample

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Total coli form bacteria Must not be detectable in any 110-ml sample

Treated water in the distribution system

[Link] or them tolerant coli form bacteria Must not be detectable in any 110-ml sample

Must not be detectable in any 110-ml sample. In

case of large supplies, where sufficient samples
Total coli form bacteria
are examined, must not be present in 95% of
samples taken throughout any 12-month period.

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Table 5-3 : Treatment for different water sources to produce water with negligible virus risk

Type of source Recommended Treatment

Ground water

Protected, deep wells; essentially free of faecal Disinfection

contamination

Unprotected, shallow wells; faecal Filtration and disinfection

contamination

Surface water

Protected, impounded upland water, essentially Disinfection

free of faucal contamination

Unprotected impounded water or upland river, Filtration and disinfection

faecal contamination

Unprotected lowland river, faecal contamination Pre-disinfection or storage, filtration,

disinfection

Unprotected watershed, heavy faecal Pre-disinfection or storage, filtration,

contamination additional treatment and disinfection

Unprotected watershed, gross faecal Not recommended for drinking water supply
contamination

• For all sources, the median value of turbidity before terminal disinfection must not exceed 1
nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) and must not exceed 5 NTU in single sample.

• Terminal Disinfection must produce a residual concentration of free chlorine of ≥ 0.5 mg/lit
after at least 30 minutes of contact in water at pH < 8.0, or must be shown to be an equivalent
disinfection process in terms of the degree of enterovirus inactivation (>99.99%)

• Filtration must be either slow sand filtration or rapid filtration (sand, dual or mixed media)
preceded by adequate coagulation – flocculation (with sedimentation or flotation).
Diatomaceous earth filtration or filtration process demonstrated to be equivalent for virus
reduction can also be used. The degree of virus reduction must be >90%.

• Additional treatment may consist of slow sand filtration, ozonation with granular activated
carbon adsorption, or any other process demonstrated to achieve >99% enterovirus reduction.

• Disinfection should be used if monitoring has shown the presence of [Link]. or thermo tolerant
coliform bacteria.

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6 ELECTROMECHANICAL WORKS

6.1 PUMPS

The initial cost of a pumping installation is insignificant compared to its life cycle cost. The pumping set
and its allied equipment are, therefore, required to be chosen after a great deal of deliberation on
various items keeping in view working conditions, duty expected from the pump and trouble-free
operation, long term economics of its life cost. Prior to the selection of pumps for the proposed pumping
stations in Nagaon Water Supply Scheme, following design considerations are adopted.

6.1.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

While selecting the pumping equipment, following design aspects are considered:

• Nature of raw water

• Type of duty required: continuous, intermittent or cyclic.

• Present & projected demand & pattern of change in demand

• Pump head & flow rate required

• Type & duration of availability of power supply

• Operating speed of pumps & suitable drive / driving gear

• Pump efficiency & consequent influence on power consumption & running costs

• Options possible by permuting the parameters of the pumping system including capacity &
number of pumps, standby pumps, combining them in series or parallel.

• Standby pumps

• Pumps design life

• Options of different mode of installation, their influence on the cost of civil /structural
construction, operation & maintenance & on overall economics.

• Capacity of pump such that it can take care of any variation in water supply without throttling.

• Similar type and capacity of pump to be selected to avoid maintenance problems.

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6.1.2 CHOICE OF TYPE OF PUMPS

Based on the underlying operating principle, centrifugal pumps and reciprocating type positive
displacement pumps are more popular. Reciprocating pumps are good on high head (high pressure)
duties and for metering/dosing requirements. Centrifugal pumps, on the other hand, are of mechanically
simpler construction and give non-pulsating continuous flow.

Pumps normally work with their axis horizontal. Vertical turbine pumps have their axis vertical. For ease
of maintenance, pumps are made with axially split casing arrangement.

6.2 TYPE OF PUMPS SELECTED

Based on above criteria, the following two types of pumps are selected for this project:

6.2.1 HORIZONTAL SPLIT CASING CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

General

The pumps proposed shall be suitable for installation at site whose altitude is as per site level and shall
work under maximum ambient temperature. The pump and motor shall be capable of providing the
required output when working under above conditions.

Specific Requirements

Design The design, manufacturing, performance of the horizontal execution pumps as specified
hereinafter, shall comply with the requirements of applicable codes, the latest applicable IS standards,
in particular and in that order of application, the following-

IS 5120 Technical requirements for rotodynamic special purpose pumps (Such as centrifugal
pump axial flow, mixed flow, turbo pumps) for liquids other clear, cold, fresh water.

IS 6595 (Part 1 & 2):2002 Horizontal centrifugal pumps for clear, cold water specification.

IS 9137 Code for acceptance test for centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps- Class C.

The materials of the various components shall be as per data sheet or equivalent material conforming
to applicable IS standards in that order of application.

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Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

6.2.2 SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

Submersible pumps shall be provided for all Borewells/ Tube wells. While calculating the capacity of
pump, the resulting suction head, delivery head and frictional losses shall be considered appropriately.
Normally Standby pumps are not proposed in rural water supply systems based on tube wells and for
other sources. Standby pumps shall be provided only in exceptional circumstances. In such cases if
the number of pumps installed are more than one, then one standby pump is suggested. For
economical selection of the pump, the actual pump capacity required shall be worked out using the
family curves furnished by pump manufacturer.

Generally Submersible pump set conforming to IS:8034-1976. The pumping hours shall be determined
keeping in view availability of electricity. In the submersible pumps, the bowl assembly is directly
connected to a submersible vertical electric motor suitable for working under water and the compact
assembly thus formed operates below the surface of the water in the well. Delivery of water to the
surface is through the riser pipe on which the assembly is suspended. The power is supplied to the
motor through a flat type cable designed for working in under water condition. These pumps are
usually operated at a motor speed of about 2900 rpm. To minimize the suction head, submersible
pumps may have to be lowered inside the well. In most of the rural water supply schemes the source
is a tube well hence submersible pumps are preferred for which suction head is zero. Prior to the
selection of a pump for pumping station, detailed consideration has to be given to various aspects.
The hours of pumping are decided and the quantity of water available in the source is also calculated.
Then the discharge of the pump set is calculated in terms of the lps (liters per second). Friction head
and the total head for the pump set are calculated for the given diameter of the pumping main.

In Nagaon town water supply scheme was planned with two types of pumps for Raw water & Clear
water mains for design period as 15 years following CPHEEO norms i.e. pumps are designed for the
intermediate design year 2035.

• Submersible pump inside the tube well to draw the raw water by suction from ground water
and then pumping to Treatment plant located at Water Works site.
• Horizontal Split case pumps near the Intermediate sump location in Zone-1B to pump raw
water to proposed water works site and near the filtration plant in water works site to pump
water into proposed Pressure filtration plant.

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Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

6.3 PUMPING SYSTEM DESIGN PARAMETERS

Specific Speed

Specific Speed of a pump is calculated by the following formula:

3.65 NQ 0.5
nq =
H 0.75

Where,

nq = Specific Speed

N = Operating speed of the pump in rpm

Q = Rate of flow in cubic metre per second

H = Rated head per stage of the pump in meter.

A given duty point with rate of flow Q and total head H can be satisfied by centrifugal pumps with
impeller of different shape depending on the rotational speed. The specific speed nq serves as the
characteristic value of the impeller shape. The term is understood to be the rotational speed of an
impeller being geometrically similar in all components and which has been dimensioned such that at a
total head Hq of 1 m, a rate of flow Qq of 1 m3/s will be delivered.

The specific speed also refers to the service data at a point of optimum efficiency of an impeller. The
shape of the impeller of a centrifugal pump i.e. the specific speed has a substantial influence on the
efficiency of the pump. However, the absolute size of the pump determined by the flow rate Q also
has an influence. The graphical representation is used for quickly establishing the specific speed n q in
relation to flow rate at peak efficiency Q opt, head at peak efficiency Hopt, specific speed nq and speed n
in RPM.

After working out flow rate of the pump and total head, determination of the speed of the pumping
unit, shape of impeller and size of impeller are important. Since pumps are being designed for heavy
duty and severe conditions, it is preferable to select a pumping set of low rotational speed to minimize
wear & tear and cavitation.

A reference to guidelines laid out the relationship between specific speeds of some shapes of impellers
corresponding to maximum efficiency established, which is broadly as under:

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Specific Speed Shape of Impeller

4 to12 rpm Vane wheel impeller

8 to 45 rpm Radial Flow Impeller

40 to 160 rpm Mixed Flow Impeller

110 to 300 rpm Axial Flow Impeller

Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)

The positive displacement pumps are predominantly used when high pressure and high heads are to
be developed. The centrifugal pumps are made with specific speeds above 36. However, for high
discharge/low head, the specific speed becomes high and the corresponding Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSHr) required also becomes high, reducing the efficiency of pumps. To cater to such problems,
multi-impeller/multistage pumping is resorted to.
The suction lift capacity of a pump depends upon its NPSHr characteristics. The meaning of NPSHr can
be explained by considering an installation of a pump working under suction lift. When a pump installed
is primed and started, it throws away the priming water and has vacuum developed at its suction. The
atmospheric pressure acting on the water in the suction sump then pushes the water through the foot
valve, into the suction line, raising it up to the suction of the pump.

While reaching up to the suction of the pump, the energy content of the water, which was one
atmosphere when it was pushed through the foot valve would have reduced, partly in overcoming the
friction through the foot valve and the piping and the pipe fittings, partly in achieving the kinetic energy
appropriate to the velocity in the suction pipe and partly in rising up the static suction lift. The energy
content left over in the water at the suction face of the pump is thus less than one atmosphere until
the flow is a fairly streamlined flow. But with the impeller rotating at the pump suction, the flow suffers
turbulences and shocks and will have to lose more energy in the process. This tax on the energy of the
water demanded by the pump, before the pump would impart its energy called the NPSHr of the pump.
The NPSHr characteristic of pumps is parabolic, increasing with flow rate. Pump of high specific speed
have high NPSHr.

The energy of the water at the pump suction, even after deducting the NPSHr should be more than the
vapour pressure Vp, corresponding to the pumping temperature. If the energy of the water at the pump
suction is less than the vapor pressure, the water would tend to evaporate. Vapour bubbles so formed
will travel entrained in the flow until they collapse. This phenomenon is known as cavitation. In badly
devised pumps systems, cavitation can cause extensive damage due to cavitation erosion or due to
vibration and noise associated with the collapsing of the vapour bubbles.

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Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSH)

To ensure safety against cavitation, the pumping system has to be so devised that the water at the
pump suction will have adequate energy. Providing for this is called as providing adequate Net Positive
Suction Head available (NPSHa).

NPSHa is given by:

Vs 2
NPSHa = Ps - Hfs - - Zs - Vp
2g

Where,

Ps = suction pressure

Hfs = friction losses across the foot valve, piping and pipe fittings.

Vs = velocity head at the suction face.

Z = the potential energy corresponding to the difference between the level of pump-
center line and of the water in the suction pump.

Vp = the vapor pressure

While calculating NPSHa, the atmospheric pressure at the site should be considered, as the atmospheric
pressure is influenced by the altitude of the place from the mean sea level.

NPSHa = Ps – Hfs – V2/2g – Zs – Vp

For trouble free operation of pumps, the condition NPSHa > NPSHr has to be satisfied.

Operating Head

A pump or a set of pumps has to satisfy the needs of the pumping system. Hence one has to first
evaluate the head needed to be developed by the pump for delivering different values of flow rate. A
plot of these values is called as the ‘System Head Curve’. Each point on the System Head Curve denotes
the head of the following:

(a) Static Head

This is the difference between the level of water in the suction sump and the level to the highest point
on the delivery piping. Obviously, the static head is more at the low water level (LWL) and less at the
high-water level (HWL).

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(b) Friction Head

This is sum of the head losses in the entire length of the piping, from the foot valve to the final point
of delivery piping, also the losses in all the valves i.e. the foot valve, the non-return (reflex) valve and
the isolating (generally, sluice or butterfly) valves, and the losses in all pipe-fittings such as the bends,
tees, elbows, reducers, etc. The friction head varies with the rate of flow.

Hazen William formula as per CPHEEO Manual

Q=1.292*10^-5*C*d^2.63*S^0.54

V=4.567*10^-3*C*d^0.63*S^0.54

Where

Q=Discharge in cubic meter per hour.

d=Diameter of pipe in mm.

V=Velocity in meter per second

S=Slope of hydraulic grade line and

C=Hazen-Williams coefficient.

(c) Velocity Head

At the final point of delivery, the kinetic energy is lost to the atmosphere. To recover part of this loss,
a bell-mouth is provided at the final point of delivery. The kinetic energy at the final point of delivery
has also to be a part of the velocity head.

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Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

7 SCADA SYSTEM

7.1 SCADA SYSTEM

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system allows an operator to monitor and control
the water supply system at every stage of its operation. SCADA system allows remote and sites to
communicate with a control facility and provides the necessary data to control operate processes. It
provides an economic advantage on the maintenance of the water supply system. SCADA identifies the
faults or defects in the water supply system over a large footprint area and helps to diagnose and repair
the system from the control center.

Typically, there are three major elements that make up a SCADA system:

1. Master terminal unit

2. Remote terminal unit

3. Communications equipment

7.1.1 MASTER TERMINAL UNIT

At the heart of the system is the master terminal unit (MTU). MTU initiates all communication,
gathers data, stores information, sends information to other systems, and interfaces with operators.
The major difference between the MTU and RTU is that the MTU initiates virtually all communications
between the two.

7.1.2 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

Remote terminal unit (RTU) gather information from the remote site from various input devices, like
valves, pumps, alarms, meters, etc. Essentially, data is either analog (real numbers), digital (on/off),
or pulse data (e.g., counting the revolutions of a meter). Many remote terminal units hold the
information gathered in their memory and wait for a request from the MTU to transmit the data.

7.1.3 COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT

Communication equipment is required for bi-directional communications between an RTU and the MTU.
This can be done through public transmission media or atmospheric means.

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Water supply project, all complete, including 5 year O&M on EPC mode”

7.2 CONTROL SYSTEM

7.2.1 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of providing Instrumentation, Automation and Local SCADA for each pumping station
and the entire system network in general are as follows.

• Hydraulic parameters monitoring and control.

• Electrical Energy monitoring.

• Supervisory Control & Monitoring of equipment i.e. pump, motors etc.

• Shutdown sequence and emergency tripping conditions of all the individual and complete system
have to be defined.

• Two levels of Supervisory control shall be adopted for HMI and Control room levels.

• Emergency response for stopping pumping station.

• Data acquisition of pump parameters and Pumping system efficiency monitoring.

• Optimization of pumping system.

• Monitoring, measurements and control of Reservoir, Tapping points, Distribution Centers, District
Outlets & Water Meter.

• Minimization of human errors.

• Aid to manpower.

• Logging, reporting, preventive maintenance, safety etc.

7.2.2 PURPOSE

The purpose of the raw water and clear water main control system are as follows:

• To ensure continuity of raw water and clear water flow through the system.

• To ensure satisfactory operation during transient conditions such as during start up and shut
down of the system.

• To ensure the capacity of water treatment plant is not exceeded.

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• To monitor at a central point, the operation of the complete pumping installations.

• To allow change of system control set points from a central location.

• To provide facilities for alarm announcement and management, and in the event of system faults,
to take appropriate action to protect the faulted item and to effect where possible remedial
actions (i.e., in the event of a drive fault to raise an alarm and initiate operation of a standby
drive, if available).

In addition, the control system will permit:

• Trending of operational variables.

• Preparation of operational data archives.

• Preparation of on-demand periodical operational management reports.

7.2.3 REQUIREMENT

The monitoring and control for Pumping Stations and WTP will comprise of PLC based system equipped
with combination of Optical Fiber network and Ethernet network by using media converts. This system
will aid the operator to monitor and control the pumping station equipment both locally and remotely
from Central SCADA. PLC at pumping station will communicate to Central SCADA over both Wireless
Communication and Optical Fiber Network. Network including Raw Water Pumping Station, WTP, Clear
Water Pumping Station and Water Distribution Centers are interconnected using Optical Fiber as primary
communication media and wireless as secondary. Control System is designed accordingly maintaining
interdependency between pumping stations and WDCs. Following sites are provided with PLC based
control System

• Tub Well Site

• Intermediate Sump cum Pump House

• Water Works Site

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