Chapter l

Sets, Relations and Functions

SET"Set is a well-defined collection of distinct and distinguishable objects"

Set-Notations

A set is usualy denoted by capital letters A B,C,. etc. where as ts members or elements or objects are
dencted tby lowercase letters such as a.b, c, elc

The greek symbol e isused to dengte the phase belongs to'. Symba e is caled i membershp relat on

xe Ax be ongs to A or 'x is an elementof A or 'xsa member A object oftA

of
xeAx does not belong to A

e.g ae set of Englsh alphabet

6 set of Eng sh alphabet. Found
Representation of

1. Roster form or tabu

a Set
A setcan be represented by hwo methods
ar fom
aka |ITJEE
2 Setbu lder form or rule method

() Roster or TabularForm
Medical
Here theelementsof set are isted seperated by commas within braces or curty brackets () Here order af

Istingis immater and no eement is repeated

al

Forexample, the set A of al natura numbers less than 10 is writen as

A (1.2.3,4, 5,6. 7,8.9) or A=(t, 3,5.2. 6. 4, 9,8.7)
(order is immater al)

2 Set-Bulider Form

Here we choose a varabe (say x), whch represents each element of the set satisty ng a partcular property

Ins de the bracket, x is foloned by symbol:(or ;or vertcal line T or obiique Ine foowed by the property

or propertes, possessed by each elementof set For example,the set A of al even integers less than 10 is

written as

Corporate Office :Aakash Tewer,[Link] Road, New Dehi-11c0Cs. Phone: o1t-4762345e

 Sets, Re atorsand Functons Rapid Revision & Formula Bank

Ax (x|
is

s
an even integer iess than 10)

an even integer less than 10)

=(x;xis an even integerless than 10)

xxisan even integerless than 10)

The symbolfollowing xis read as 'such thar.

The roster fom of A is writtlen as
A= (0. 2.4,6.8)
Standard Notations for Sets of Numbers

Set of all Symbol Examples

1, Natural number N N(1. 23.)

Inlegers Z or l z oi -2,-,0. 1, 3)
2,

3 (a) Postve integers z* (1. 2. 3..

(b) Negative integers z(3, -2,-1)

4. Integersexcluding 0 4-(*1, 22, 13.

5 Even integers E (0 +2. 43
Odd integers O(1, 13
7. Ratonal numbers 1g are ntegers q O)

Non-zero rational numbers

Positive rational numbers

10 Rea numbers Here all rat ona and iratonal numbersare

||T
11. Non-zero roa numbers

12. Pos tive real number

induded

R,

R*
:e Rx
(:xE Rx>
)
O}

Metcal
13. Complex numbers C (a b, a, be R and iLi)
14. Non-zero complex number Ce = (xxeC,x )
C,
15 Natural numbersless than or equal N N, (1, 2, 3,4,

to k where kispostve integer

16. Whoe numbers W W- (0. 1, 2. 3)

Risasubset of C (R C c) lational numbers cannot be wrtlen in form.

Non-repeating and non-lerminating decimals are called rational

eg 2.5,ne, og,10

Corporate Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-11coo5. Phone :011-47623456
Rapid Revisior & Formula Bank Sets, Relations and Functons

NUMBER SYSTEM
Number System
Complex Number(C)

Real Numbers () Imaginary Numbers

Rational Numbers () Numbers

Irational

(N2,W3, m etc)

Fracions
Integers ()or (2)

Positve Integers (Z) Negative integers (Z)

Whole Numbers (Wm)

Natural Numbers (N)

Cardinal number of a set

a the number of elementa in the et t ia so known as order of a set. The number of set A ia

denoted by nA) or O(A)

Sets
Types of
ndati
1. Null Set (or Empty Set or Void Set) : A setwhch has no e caled null set. It is denoted by

or ()
Examples
An Set of odd numbersdivisble by 2. T-JEE
8=Set of all omnipresent human bein

() C= Set of al negative natural

Remember :
(a) (0) or (o) is not an empty set.
(b) is caled the null set and (0) not a null set.

(C is a subset of every sot

(d Cardina number of is zero.

(el A set having at eastone member is non-empty set.

2. Singleton Set :A set having a singe element only is called singleton set

e.g (),(0), (21, (a) etc. each is sngleton set or unit set.

Examples

A= Setof present chief justice of Inda.

B (x:1,x > O)

Corporate Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-1100C5. Phone: 011-47623456
4 Sets, Reations and Functions Rapid Revision & Bank
Formula

3. Pair-Set :A set having two elements only is ca ed pair set

eg (0. 1), (t 1). (x:xis a root -5x +6=0)

of
4. Set of Sets : A set S havng all its elerents as sets is called set of sets or a famly of sets or a class
of sets.

eg (1. Z. (2. 3){1., 2, 3)) is a set of sets aseach member is a set tsel
(1.2). 7. (1, 7. 4)) is not a set of set as 7 is not a set.

5. Finite and Infinite Set :A

set having finite number of elements in itis caled fnite set otheraise itis
caled infnite set. The number of members in an ifinite set are infinite ie. cannot be counted

Example
0 ,N,w,Q, R al
are infinite sets

) Set o all IT in India is a fnite set.

()Set of ail supreme court judges in India is a finite set.

esa fnte set asn(o)-0

O. Equvaient Sets : Two gven sets A and B are sad to be equvalent iff they have same number of
foite
ents equva en

j2 3 4 5
eg A (a.b, c. d. e) and B-R7re 6
equvalent sets as nA) n8) 5
7. Equal Sets : Two sets A and B are equa t both have a the elemonts Aisa subset of B and
Bis asoa subset of A The ordr of elements is immalerial
A-B AcBa BA
eg (a, b, c) (a, c, b)
Foundabe
A=B xe AxeB and xeBxe A

JEEI
Equal sets arealso equivalent but equivalent sets may ormay not be equa.

SUBSETs, sUPERSETS, PROPER SUBSETS

A set 'A is called a subset of set Bif every member of set A also belongs to set B. (sgn of subset is c)
AcB (xe Axe B) (A is contaned in B or B contains A)
Here set B is called superset of A BA
AgBisread as 'Ais not a subset of B
Example
A:xe N) andB (:xeZ)
So Ac B asevery natural number is aso an integer.

Example
A (a
AcR
, B(x o, u; is a letter of Engi sh alphabet)

Example :
A =(a, e. Lo, uj and B= (e, o, u, L a)

AcB and BcA A B

Corporate Ofice :Aakash Tewer, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005. Phone :011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets, Relations and Functons 5

Proper Subset
A set A is said to be a B B and
subset of a
ent set if
yment
every elem of set A is an element of set

g
one extra element which A
set B has atleast

Le., xe A xeB and at least one element ye B such that ye A

Proper subset is denoted by A c B(read as "Ais a proper subset of B")

AgB (read as "Ais not a proper subset B)

of
Example
A= (a e, i, o, u): B=(Set all letters of Engish aphabet),

of
Clearly AcB

)
Remember :

(ü)
AcB and A
Every set is a
B
subset
Ais proper subset

as well as superset
of B

of itsel. Ac A

(i) No set is a proper subset of itsef AgA

(Misa subset of every set. cA
() may or may not be a proper subset any set.

(M ItACB and B cC Ac C
(i) fAB and BA A=B

NcWclcQCReC
if cardinal number of a finite set is nthen number afTapossale sibsetsjis and its number of proper subsets
is(2-1).

Comparabilityof Sets
Two sets A and B are called comparabie if
One
any conditons AcB or BcAorA=B, holds good
otherwise A and B are caled incomparable.

Example
{fa, e. and (a, e, o) are incomparable.

{a, e, and {a, e, o, uj are comparable.

i,
(a, e, and (e, i, a) are comparable.

Power Set
The set of all possibie subsets of a given set A is cal ed power set of A and is denoted by PA) or 24
PIA) =:xcA)
xE PIA) xcA
e PIA) and e A P(A)

Example
A=(1, 2. 3)
PIA)=(9.().(2).(3). (t, 2). (1, 3). (2. 3). (1, 2. 3))

n(A)3 so n(PIA) = 2 8

Corporate Offce Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road,New Deihi-110005. Phone 011-47623458

:
 Sets, Relations and Functions Rapid Revision & Formula Bank

0 IfAhas n eements then its powerset P(A) contains 2 elements. n(P(A)) =2

Ö) and A both belong to PA)
(Gü) If A then PA) = (0) is a singeton set.

(M) IA ( then PIA) (0.(O) is a pair set.

M fcardina number of setAis n then total numberof subsets ofPIA) = 2 and proper subsets =2-1.
(M) MAcB P(A) C P(B)

UniversalSet

Any set which is the superset of all the sets under consideration is called the universal set (2or S or U).

..
Choice of univorsal sot is nat uniquo, but once chosen it is fxod for that discussion.

Example:

Let

then
A

U
(a, e,

(a, e,,o,
);B
u, n
o, u): C (e, )
or U(a, e, p, o, u, gl
i.
or U Set of all English alphabet

sh
Intervals as Subsets of R

Four types of intervals can be definad on Ras glven below

a
Let a, be R, Such that a <b
1. Open Interval

(a, b) or ] a, b[ = (k:a<x< b)
Set of all real numbers betweens and b. oundations
tincludinga and b
not both.

2. Closed Interval

[a, b) (:asxsb)
=Set of numbers between
all real a and b as weil as induding a and b both

3. Open-closed Interval (semi closed or semi open interval)

(a, b or Ja, b] =(x:a <x<b)

=Set of al numbers between
real a and b, induding b and excuding a.

(a, b]or Ja, b]

4. Closed-open interval (semi closed or semi open interval)

la. b) or (a, b (x:asx<b)

=Set of all real numbersbetween a and b indud ng a but excluding b.

(a, b) or [a, b[

Carporate Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005. Phone :011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets Relations and Furct ons 7

Some More Representations on Number Line

Infinite open interval

x>aie. (a,

-)
x< Le. ( b)

Infinite close interval

xSb Le. (, bl

x2a Le. (a,-)

(0,-)R
(-,0) =R
(-)R
VENN DIAGRAMS
Venn diagrams are introduced by Euer a Swissmathematician) and named after John Venn. It is a pictoral
representation of sets in which a set is represented
by a crce or a dosed geometrical figure inside universal

set which is shown by a rectangle, Each eement of a set is represented by within the circle

representing that set

A= (a, b, ) AcB,A(a. t):

B (a. b, [Link] A;ee B
c.
Various Operations on Sets

Union of Sets :A UB (read as 'Aunion Bor "Ajoin B) is a set consisting of al the elements
which are ether in A or in B or in both,

AuB or e B)
x
A
MedicaT-JE

AUB AuB AUB

vdenoles'or
xe AUB e xe Aand xeB|
Example:
Q Setof al rational numbers
aSet of all irratona numbers
R=QU
Corporate Offce :Aakash Tewer, 8, Pusa Road,New Dehi-110005. Phone :0114762345e
 Sets, Reators anc Functons Rapid Revision & Formula Bank

Remember :

A,UA, UA

A,UA,UA
Union of fntenumber of fnite sets is a fnite set

Union of finte sets with an ininte set is an infinte set

AUA=
SuG
INTERSECTION
A,

S, u.
AU6=A AUS=S

OF TWO SETS
If AcBhen AB=B
An B (road as 'A intersecton B or'Acap B or A meet B)is deftned as a set containng al the elements
common to A and B
ACB(x:e A and xEB)

xE An B exe A and x B
xE AnBxeAor xe B

AnB AnB e

Remember:

A, nAnA,
Ar B=AB
witbe
EEQunK
fnte set
Intersecton of fnite number of fnite sets a

Intersectan of finite set with inin tesetwil be a Enle set

Intersectionof two or more inite sets may ar may not be fnte

AnAA; Anoe. Ar S-ASO

ntA Bthen A BB,(AUBrA= AOB)UA=A A

Disjoint Sets
Two sets A and B havng no element in common arecalled dsoint or mutualyexcusive sets

ie An B=$ Aand B are dsjont

A and B are disjoint

Corporste Ofice :Aakash Tcwer, 8. Pusa Road, New Dehi-110006. Phone :011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets, Relations and Functons 9
Example:

Z and Z are disjoint sets.

Set of all boys and set of all girs are dsjoint sets

Set of Hndi aphabet and set of English aphabet are disjont sets.

Set of years of birth of aduts and set of years of birth of minors are disjont

Q and O' aredisjo nt

A family of varous sets is panwise disjoint if no twO members of this famlyhave a common eement

Note: A,A,
But t A, nA
A, are paiwise
A,
disjoint

A, A, sA then A, n A,
may not be
A,
pairwise dsjoint.

AoBOCo but A and B. B andC are not disioint

So A, Band C are not painwise dsoint

Difference of Two Sets

A-B (read as 'A minus B) or (reiative compiementof B in A) is the et of elements oft A which
are not elements of 8.

A-B (:xE xe B A and

B-A :xe B and xe A)

oundats S

A-B when BcA A-B 8-A

A-B, when A and B A-B= when

are dis oint A-B=A A Bor ACB

Remember :

xe A-B xeAand xB
Diferenceof two sets is not ocommutative]
A-AAA
Deiete the elements of set B from set A and the set formed by remaining elements of A is A-B
(A- B), (B- and (AnB)are dsoint sets
A)

A-BcA:B-AcBA-=A
A-A
A-BA - B=AIB C8(compement B in
of
A)
Corporate Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-11cocs. Phone :011-47623456
10 Sets, Re atiors and Functions Rapid Revision & Formula Bank

Symmetric Difference of Two Sets

Let A and B be two given sets Then the symmetric difference of A and B denoted by A AB or A B
(A direct sumB) is defned as

AAB (A- B)(B-A)

=(AUB)-(An B)

AAB=(AUB)-(A o8) AAB (A-B) AAB (B- A)

when when A cB
are dis oint

AAB=BA A; commutatve law halds in case of symmetric diflerence of wo sets.

AAB= :xe A and xe B)UixeA and xe B)

Complement ofa Set

It Abe a set andUbe the universal set such that AcUthen ement As denoted by
A'or A or C A) and is defned as U-A
ie A A CIA) = U-A=(:xe U and xe A)

xe A

2
A x

xE A x A

Foundatio

-A Or
A'o A or cIA)

u:
r
AUN=U, AA
ALGEBRA OF SETS Meica
1. ldempotent Laws : For any we have
(a) AA = A

b) AA=A
2. ldentity laws :For any set A,we have
(a) A0A
(b) A

(c) AUU
(d) AU=A
Commutative laws: For any two sets A and B, we have
(a) AUB BUA
(b) An B=Bn A
Corporate Office :Aakash Tower, &, Pusa Road, New Dehi-11o005. Phone :011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Fomula Bank Sets, Relations and Funcions 11

4. Associative laws:For any three sets ABand C., we have

(a) (AUB)C=AU(BUC
(b) (A C=An (BoC
B)
5. Distributive laws :For ay three sets A,B and C we have

(a) A8nC)=(A8)AUC
b) An (8C) (ArB) AC
6. Demorgan's laws :For any three setsA, B and C, we have
(a) (A u A'e B B
(b) (AnBy A' B
(c) A-(8=A-BA-C)
(d) A-(Bo A-8UA- C
(A)=A (for any set A)

PIA) O AB) PAO B)

PA)U PB)c PIA UB)
sOME THEOREMS
For any sets A, B and C, we have
1. A-B A B
2. AuBB es AcB
3 An BA c AcB
4 (A-8)BAUB
5 A-(8U)A- B)A-C)

Some More
A- (80C]A-8)-C)
Operations on Sets

ACAUBANBcAA -8)^B=
kash Foundations

AcBea BcA: A-B B-A

(AUB)O(AUB)AAUB-(A-B]8-A)A
A-(A-B) = An A- B= B- A =8 B, A
UTNE B)

AUB=AnB A = B An (8AC)= (AB)A (AnC)

Some Basic Results about Cardinal Numbers

AB and C arefntesets andUis frite universal set, then we have

nA nU)- nA)
1.
2 nA B) A + n(B) -nAn B)
3. nAUB)=nA) B) c AnB= ie.
H A and B are disioint

4. nAn B] nA] -nA B)

5 nA B) =nA B= nU)- nAUB)
6. nA U B)= nAn B U)-nAn B)
7. nA- B) =nA)- nA B)

8 nA B) =nAU B)-An B)-nA B)

Corporate Ofce :Aakash Tcwer, 8, Pusa Road,New Dehi-11c0cs. Phone:01147623456

 12 Sets, Relatiors and Functions Rapid Revision & Formula Bank

9. nA A B) = nAUB)-nAO B)
10. n(A UBUC)= nA)+ nB) + n(C)- nAn B)- nAn C) - n(Bnc)+ n(A OBOC)
11. It A,A,are pairwise disjont sets then, n(A, UA,C.A) = nA,) + nA,) + .*nA,J
A,,

12 Number of elements belanging to exacty two of sets A B and C

nAn B) + n(Bo C) + n(CoA)-3. n(A nBAC)
13. Number of elements
ents belcnging to atleast two
b of sets A, B and C
n(A B) + nBC)+ n(CA)-2 nAOBOC)
14. Number of elements belong ng to atmost two of sets A, B and C= n(AUBUC)-n(An Bnc)
15. Number of elements belonging toexacty one of the sets A, B and c
=n(A)+nB) +n(C)-2n(An B)-2n(AnC)-2r(B C) + 3n(An Bc)
Ordered Pair :
Itis a parof ob ects written a particular order, Two members in are written in a partiaular order separated by
a comma and encosed in parentheses. Hence in ordered pair (a, b) a is called the first componentor the
first element or the first co-ordnate and b the second.

Ordered pairs (a, b) and (b, a) are dfferent

(a,b) (c, d) iff a c and b d

ie, (1, 3) =(1, 3): (1, 3) (1.2)(2. 3) (3, 1)

CARTESIAN PRODUCT
Cartesian product of two sets AB:Let A and B be gven two non-emply sets Then the cartesian product
ations
of A and B written as AB is defined as A B (a,b):a andb B) A

tisa set of al ordered pars such that in each ordered par frst eemert beongs to set A and second eiemernt
be ongs to set
E
AMBis read as'Across B' or 'cartes an product

AB ((a, b) : oe A and be 8)
Thus (a, b) e AxB ae A and e B.
aTEE
b

BA ((b,a) :be B and a c A)

ABBA (not commutatve)

• n(A B) =n(A) n(B) and n(PIA B)l2A )

.A and B e A B
Cartesian product ofn non empty sets A, A,, A, is a set of al n tupes
(a,, a,:

such that each ac A, i 1, 2....

AA= A :RR= R is a set of all points lyng in the two dimensional pane
RRR=Rrepreserts set of all points in 3-D space.

atleast one of A and B is

If infinite set then A x B is aso infin te set,

provided other is non-empty set

. nA
that

If n B) k then n (A BoBA)
Corporate Office Aakash Tewer, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005. Phone :011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets, Relations and Functons 13
Key Results on Cartesian Product
tA B, C, D are four
our Sets, then se

1. Ax (BC) (AB)A C)

2. A(BnC) (A B)A C)
3. A (B-C)
B)-A C) (A

4. A B) o (C D) -(An C) * (B D)
5. MACB, then (A C)cB x C) x

6. MACB, then (A B) (BA)= A

7. MAcB, then A AcA B)oBA)
8 ItACBand C cD,then (A C)c (BD)
9. AB=B*A AB
Pictorial Representation of Cartesian Product of Two Sets
Arow dagram :
Let A =(1,2. 3) B=(a,b)

AxB

Lattice-tD
ce-Diagram
ndations
Axis OX represents elements and perpendcuar axs Oy the eements of set B Each dot
A
represents an ordered par of A B

Let A =(1,2,3)
B(1.3) JEEN

RELATIONS
Foranytwo non-empty A and B,every subset of A x B defines a re atlon from A
sets to B and every relation

from A to Bisa subset of A x B ie. RcA B defnes a relation from A to B

a RbeABR
t (a, [Link] a Rb is read as'a related to
b) is t

M (a, b) e R, then a Rbis read as 'ais not related to b

Corporate Ofice :Aakash Tewer, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-11Go05, Phone :01f-47623456
14 Sets, Re ators and Functons Rapit Revision & Formula Bank

Domain and Range of Relation

Domain ot R Dom(R) Setof first elements of al the ordered pairs belonging to R

Range ofR= Setof second elements of al the ordered pars belongng to R.

Co-doman of R B where R a is relation from A to B

Range of RC Co-domain of R

(ae A:(a, b) e R for someb e B)

Dom(R)
ofR(beB:(a, b) e R for some a e A)
Range

tRAx B, then Dom(R) A and Range of R B

Dom (0)¢; Range
of
Representation of a Relation

Let A(-2-1, 4) B= 4. 9) (1,

A reiat on trom A to B ie. a RDis defined as a is less than

This can be represented in the folowing ways.

1. Roster form : R ((-2. 1), (-2,4) (-2, 9), (-1, 1),-1.4) -1, 9), (4, 9)
2. Set builder notation :R ((a. b) ac A and be B,a isless than tj

3. Arrow diagram:

Foundations
4. Lattice-diagram

akasn IT-JEE|

cal

5. Tabular form
R 1 4 9
-21 1 1

Note: (a, b) eR then wo wite 1in the row containing a andcolumn containing b andif (a,b) R
we write Oin the respectve rowand column.

Corporate Otfice: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005. Phone : 011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets. Relations and Functons 15

Any subset R of A
x A defines a elation from A to A or in A This relation is caled Binary relation or
simply nA) =pand nB) =qthen nA
relat on. If B) pq
Total number of subsets of (Ax B) = 2
Hence 2s diferent relations are poss ble from A toB
Any subset of A xA is a relation on A

Inverse Relation

Let RcABbe a relation from Ato B

The inverse relaton of R (dencted by R)isareaton from B to A defined as R= {b, a): (a,b)€ R}
M (a, b) e Rthen (b, a)e R- ae A be B
Domain of R1 =Range d R

Range of R1= Doman d R

(R=R
Universal Relation
tA be a set and Ris the set A xA,then Ris ca ed universal relation in A

HR=A A then Ris universal relaton inA.

Void Relation

is called the empty or void relation as cA xA

Types of Relations on a Set
1. Reflexive :
Let A be a gven non-empty set Then a reaton RinA (e Oundations
REA A)is said to be refiexive i (a, a)
€ RYacA
ie.a Ra, Vae A
s equal to", "s paralel to", are examp s of reflex ve reatons.
2. Symmetric

A relation R in A (e. RcA A)is sad to be symmetric

if a Rb bRa (a, be A)
ie. it (a b) e R (b, a) eR,a beA
's parale to,"is equal to", are examplesof symmetric relations.
3 Transitive :

A relation
if a
Rin a
Rb and b Rc aRc(a. b, ce A)
gen non-empty setA eRcAx A)is said to be transtve

ie. b) € R and (b, c) eR(a,c)e

If (a, R, a,b,ce A
*s parale to'. is equa to", s congruent to are some exampes of the trans tve re at on.

Equivalence Relation
A relation R on a given non-empty set A is caled an equvalence relation i and oniy it it is Reflexve,
Symmetric as wel as Transtive.
is paralel to s equal 1o","is congruent to* "ldentity reaton"are some of the equivalence re at ons.

Everyidentity relation is an equivalence relation but every equivalence relation need not to be identity
rolation

Corporate Oice Aakash Tcwer, 8. Pusa Road, New Dehi.110005 Phone:o1t4762s454

t
 16 Sets, Re atiors and Functons Rapid Revision & Formula Bank

Partition of a Set
fAis a non-empty set, then a partition of A is a collecion of non-empty pairwise dis oints subsets of A such
that union ofco lecton of subsets is A

Example:

ItA,. A,A,A,are non empty subsets of A then the set (A,. AA A)s called partton of A f

)AUA, [Link] A
and 0)A^A =Vijüj= 1, 2. 3 n
FUNCTIONS
Let A and B be two given non-empty sets A funcion f from set A to set B is a rule which assocateseach
element of

set

set B

fx.
A is

is

Heement x of A
A to a unique
ca led domain of
cal ed co-doman of function

corresponds to
e ement

tuncton
of

'"
'
B.

ye B)under the functon

It is denoted by f: AB

f, then we saythat y is the image f and we

x write

Note :0 Any linear expression represents afunction

) Range af Tc codomain of
() :ABi nat a function. there is atieast one element in A which does not have a
Aimagein Bor there is an alsmert in A which hasmare than one Fimagesin B
MA function can aiso be represented as a set ordered pairs eg f =1. 2) (2. 3) (3, 4)

34to234 2 2. (3
af
is a 31) is not
(4.4J)

a function as f
kunction

- from (1, 2.
2 and 1--1.
Clearty (1.-1),

The Graph of a Function

The graph of a tunction y= fu) cons sts of al po nts )in the Cartesan plane snce by definton of a
funcion, there is exactly one val ue af y for each that no vertical inecan intersect the graph of a
s
function of x for twice or more.

dical

not a function of x a function ofx

Domain of the Function

Domain of the function is set of all thosereal numbers x for which x)exists or fx)is meaningtu and finite

Range of Function
Setof al the imagesof elements in doman is caled the range.
Range (x):xE domain)

Corporate ofce Aakash Tower, 8. Pusa Road, New Dehi-10005. Phone: 011-47623456
:
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets, Relations and Furct ons 17
Domain and Range of Standard Functions :

Function Domain
,ne W
.neN ,
[0,-)

(0,-)

R-(0)
a,a > 0
log, b>0, a> 0, a 1
t
Sin x
cos (,)]

tan x

cot x R-(nn), n e

sec x (-1][1,-)
cOsecx R
),n (-)u[1,-)
Foundatioq
sinx

cos

tar

cotx

sec
x

x
A Medics
(10[1,-)
JEE|

cOsec x -]0[1, -)

Algebraic Operation on Functions

We have the folowing formulae for domans of funct ans

) dom (f tg) =dom f dom g

) dom (/g) =dom fo dom g
() dom (fIg) = dom fo (xe dom g:g )= 0)

(M dom xedom f() 20)

Corporate ofice : Aakash Tower, 8. Pusa Road,New Dehi-t10005. Phone:01147023450
 18 Sets, Re atiorsand Functions Rapid Revsion & Fomula Bank

Solution of Inequations :
The kngwiedgeof solutions ineguatior c the probles of doman and range. By the help of
folowing ikstration we wil know how to sove dferent hvoeof ineguations

Methods to find the range of a function :

The range of a function can be fnd out by the folowing methods
) By using the range of standard function

@) Bycompieting the square

()By using the concept that for pos tve numberswe have arithmetc mean 2 geometric mean.
(v By usng the concept that if a bca0has rea roots then D=b-4ac z 0.

M-Va+sasnx+ bccs xs Va' +b

SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

Constant Function

A function dencted by (x =c(where ce R)isknonn asconstant functon

Doman R
Range ()

ldentity Function )

A functon which is assocatedto tself is known asi

and denoted by )=x EEIFoundations
Since x can take any valueso domain of unctoe s
R
corresponding value of Kx)is also R
so range
Doman R
Range R

Modulus Function : Medi?

This is also known asabsolute va ue functon andis dencted by

x. x20
ie.
f)-s <

Domain f this function is set of all rea numbers because f(x) exists

for all xe Rbut l 2 0 so rangeis all non-negative roa numbers.

Domain R
Range (0)
or Ru0)
Corporate Office :Aakash Tewer, 8, PusaRoad,New [Link] :011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets, Relations and Functons 19

|,
Properties of modulus function :
(a) |x|
(b) wherenis even and ne Z
(c) |xy|*|x||yl

(e) ||x-lyl|s|x*y|s|x| +|yl

) saA)=ta az0
(g lsa-as)sa, az0
(h) as sbR)e (-.-]a b
0 The minimum value of |x-a * x-b| is ja -b|

) #- a+ -bl la-b asxs b

*jxyz0
k|l-Ixys0
-= ys0
-=-by 20

Signum Function

The functon [Link] as f ash Foundations

is caledsgnum funcion. This s gnum funcion mey also

K>0

|IT
Doman R
Range (1,0.1) Medical
Greatest Integer Function
oted
This functon is aso known as step tunction or foor function

ifnis an integer and xis any real number between n andn+1

ie. nSx<n+1, then [=n
Thus (34 3. (399] -3
499]-5,(-4.001] -5
030.-02] 1
Domain of d is set of all real numbers because d exist yxe R
But [x is always integral nuber so range is set of ail integers Z

Corporate Office :Aakash Tewer,. 8. Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005. Phone :011-4762345e
20 Sets, Reatiors and Funcbons Rapid Revsion & Formula Bank

Some Properties of [x]:

(a) (x+ k =
+ k, keZ if

) -=-1, txe Z
(c) =0, xe Z
( =1,xe Z
(e) d-]=2x,x e Z
-j=
2 1, xé Z

(g) x-1< 4sx

(h) n x2n, e Z
n
) > nx2n + 1, ne z
0 Sn x<n+ 1, ne Z
(k) < nx<n, ne Z
Fractional Part Function

Function denoted by fxj =(.known asfractonal part functon

Also defined asf)=x

fxe Z then x)=0 (2)= 2- 12)=0 e
rxe Z then x les between 0 to 1.
EEIFoundations
ie x Z0<r) <1 e r34)= 34 34 :0 41

Note : Fractional part tnction a pariodic hunctian h gfundamental period T

is
Domain =R
Range O, 1)

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
Medica
A function f: RR defned as r)= log, x where a >0 and a 1is known as logarithmc functon

Here fx) exist if x >0 and 0 <a<tora> 1 (a 1)

where 0<a<1

Doman =R
Range =R
a>1
Corporate Ofice :Aakash Tewer, 8,Pusa Road, New Dehi-11co05. Phone :011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets, Relations and Functons 21
Properties of logarithmic Function

0 log, (mn) kog, m log, n

9(-o9, m- bg, n

() og,mlog, m, m>0

M log, blog,:p and qare not [Link] log,,bPog lb|

M og, O3oo iog x where O<x#1.

log,a

(M) log,[Link], a =1

if log, x)=y

[f(x)2 gx)ifa>1
() if log, x)2log, gx) x)sgx)it0 <a<1

roz(ay ita>1

sh
(x) If log, ) 2y
()sa 0xa<1

() if log, )Sy
Exponential Function Foundations
fx) is known asexponentia function (a> 0)

ItJEE
R (0, 1)
Range

Medicas

Properties of exponential function

() x
KINDS OF FUNCTION

Polynomial Function

The functon
poynomial
fx)
function
a, a,x+
of degreen.
ay.. +a,where a, a,, a ... a, e R and ne N is called a

Corporate Offce :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road,New Dehi-110005. Phone :

011-4762345e
22 Sets, Re atiors anc Functons Rapid Revision & Formula Bank

RationalFunction

A ftunction defined by the quotient of two polynomia function is caled ratonal function.

Example:

isaratanal functon
+x+1

Irrational Function
A functon invalving one or more radcals of poynomialis called a irational function

Example

etc

Algebraic Function
An agebraic funcion which cons st a fnite number term
of volvr r and roots thevariable
is
of
of
xand simple operaion aidtion, subtracion, mutipication and dvsionie al raional, and irationalfunctons

are a gebraic hunctons

Transcendental Function

Al function whch are not algebr c are callad transcendenta funcion.

Example:

(a) All trigonometric function ie sin x, cos x etc

(h) Ail axpanential funcion, a ete

(c) Inverse trigonometric function sin x cosxetc. Foundations

(d) Logarithmc tuncton, iog x, etc

Note :A ranscendental function is notexpressedi rumber

Ye-JEE| af algebraic ferms
e
Explicit Function
A funcion in which dependent able
dica
()sexpressed drecty in terms of independent variable (say

y1y
var

ie *3r+5
x+2

Implicit Function
A function inwhch we cant express dependent var able in terms of independent variabe

Example:

++ 3ry =0,note that we can't write yor x in tems of x, or y separaley

Even or Odd Function

(a) Even funcion :Iff-)= )Vxe D,then x)is sad to be evenfuncton.

Example:f)= cos x is a even functon [: -= cos (-x]= cos x

Corporate Otfce :Aakash Tewer, [Link] Road, New Deti-11c005. Phone: 011-47623456
Rapid Revision & Formula Bank Sets, Relations and Funcons 23
D) Odd function :If A-x-)Vxe D, then fx)is sad to odd function.

Example: )=+ tanxisa odd function

because M-)=(-(tan (-x--tan x[+ tan x -f)
so -x) -x)
Note :(a) Even function is symmetrical about y-axis while odd function is symmetrical about origin
([Link] opposite quadrant)

(b) Addition andsubtraction of hwo even unction is aways even functicn

(c) Sum of even (() and odd hnction isneither even norodd function.
0)
(d Any function can be uniguely represented as the sum of aneven and an odd function,

where )+-* is an even and ()-(-xl is an odd function

(e) x)=0is the only tuncticn which is both odd and even.

Periodic Function

A functon defned on its doman issaid to be periodc ftunction it their exists a positve number T such that
Also bothx+Tand T shoud belong toD

The least positive vakue of T,ifexsts is caled, he undamenta pernod of the t

Some Standard Functions and their Fundamental Period

)
Function Fundamentat Perod

)ns
) [Link]°x
cosecx, sec'x

tanx, corx (0)eher

)
an

n is
even

oven
and

or
2r

odd
it nis an
oundat

l
1

(M Agebrac tuncton (V) non periodic

eg. (.,.) lIT-JEE
Note :A constant fancton is periodiefunctiot baving no kundamental period.

Some SpecialPoint about Periodic Function

IM perod of Ax) is 'T hen

(a) 0) Period of fax)and ax + b)is G.a 0.

)0tA) # Period of f()and gx)aresame say'T hen period of fx) g) may be

(c)
)
If
2

period
and gx) both

T(tAis any uncton

fx) is T, and
are even)

except even)

glx) is T, Then period of x) g(x)is given by L.C.M. of T, and T,

(same for )orless than that of LCM (7,T)

Corporate Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005. :

Phone 01147623458
24 Sets, Re atiors and Functions Rapid Revision & Formula Bank

LCM of LCMof a,ce

Note : bd'T HCF of bdf

O sin x and sin aro not a periodic functian because these cant be witten in the fom af

(LCM of rational with irationalis not possible. [Link] of (x 2. 2r is not possible as

2reiationel and 2e rational

Bounded and Unbounded Function

fxj is sad to be boundedabove, it there exists a fixed number say M such that fx) is never greater than M

)
for ail value of x.
then

ie.

is

Example:
m
mstr)

f=3+snxis
s
Smlartyi's bounded below

M for all

sadto be unbounded

a
value ot x

if one or both
ifthere exists a fxed numberm

of the upper and lower

bounded tunction because maximum and minimum va ue

(M and m) bounds

of
(say) that f)

of the funcion are

snx are +1 and -1

is never less

infnite

So,2SRx)s4 for al value d x

TYPES OF MAPPINGS OR FUNCTIONS

One-one Function or Injective Functien :
A functon is sad to be one-one function if d ferent alements in a doman have t images in co-domain.

R)then .Y
is one

(domain ) (co domain)

JE
Note :@ Example
one-one
of one-onefunctlon
functions.
:Lihear riomial fnction (ax b), xe,log
x,
are always

dy
0vredomain
cal s continuous, then
nd is y =jssaid to be one-one function.
dy
Nurnber of one-one function Aand B are fnite sets havingm and n elements respectively.

then number of one-one fanction trom A to BPtn 2m,0, n <m

Many-one Function
A functon f:ABis said to be many one if more than one eement in set A have same image in SetB

Note (
: Al
(
even function,
Squarefunction,
modulus unction, periodichnction are
Trigonometric function are also many-one
aways many-anefunction.
functionin their domain.

Corparate Otfice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-11coOs. Phone :011-47623456
Rapd Revissor & Fomula Ban Sets Reiations and Furctons 25
Into Function

A functon tA Bis sad to be into functon there exist atleast eemont in set 8 having no any
n set A

In fg setB (co-domain) theresno pre-mage,for element d n set A so tunction is into function.

Onto Function (Surjective Function)

tA8 sad to beorto function i every element in set B has a pre image in set A

Range of f co-doman of f
Example of Onto function

log Inear poynomaas are aways onto functiondefined trom ts doman bR

One-one onto function or (Bjective function) Itf a unon s one oneand onto both thentis caled one
:
one onto functon or bectos

tAB
and ABre
are s
s bjectve then either r20 or fus0 and range oft B, and number of elements in A

Let A and B both have n elements then nunber ofbjectve tunction frorm A to Bent
Example

ItfRRAM} 3x 2then f) s mary one tundton

because

So mage of-2and-1 are same

Ais many one
Example
Rx) 2x sin is one one because fi)2 cos . mnimum vaue of cos xs-1
r)»0 for al e Domain R

Compositton of Funcon

Let A-8 and g 8Cthen the compostion ofgand fs

denoted by gofands defned agof ACgven ty gofox) =gRu)
Sim sdefned
ar y tog Note that gofs del ned only Range
fc dom g and s fog defined on y Range gcdom f dom fog
(xE dom [Link])c dom

Corporate offce :Aakash Tower, 8. Pusa Road,New Dehi-t10005. Phone :011-4762345e

Inverse Function

Two functions f and g are inverse of each other itf(g)=x for x e dom g and gf))=xfor x edom
Le..gaf fand fog
dom g We denole gty
g where
tby o
fis identy function on dom f and
n

g'. To fnd the inverse

x asa funcionaf y The resutng equaton is x=
9 is identty function on

f write down the equaton y= d

and then solve
m

)
Note : Far existence ofinverse funcion, function must be ane-ane onto.

The graph of

po .
Graphical explanations:
f and are
4es cne graphatr
xas belc
re ated to

Since
each other

now
in

that y
the followng
esa
logxand
us
way:

y
the
ieor
the pont (% y)
gpnofr
aete
lies

inverse of each cther)

on the graph
the graph
of f

Existence of Inverse Function

A functon need not have an [Link] thefuncton (x) has no invere f R) To have an
inverse, a functonmust be both one-ane and onto, Ie bjective

Few Algebraic Properties of Function

tx y)= x)+ y) or fax + by) = afx) bry)

x=x where
then is a constant Foundat
Hx y)= . y) then x whore a ond à are

t ry)=Ax)+Ay y> 0),then fo)log,

.IT-N
t x)= fiothen (x) e,where is a constant

Corporate Office :Aatash Tewer, 8,Pusa Road, New Dehi-11c005. Phone :01147623456