EEM3213
Tutorial 3: Series
Maclaurin and Taylor Series
1. Find the first three non-zero terms of Maclaurin series for
a) f ( x) = ln (1 + cos x )
1
b)
1+ x
2. Find the nth Taylor polynomials for
a) x ; x0 = 4 , first 4 non-zero terms
b) sin x ; x0 = , first 4 non-zero terms
4
3. By using Taylor's theorem about x = 0 , show that
x2 x3
(i) e x = 1 + x + + + ... ,
2 6
x2 x3 x4
(ii) ln(1 + sin x) = x − + − + ..... .
2 6 12
1 3
By using these series, show that ln(1 + sin 2 x) − 2 xe − x = x − x 4 + ..... .
3
L’Hopital’s Rule
4. Evaluate the following limits:
2 x 2 + 3 x − 14 tan x − x −x
a) lim b) lim c) lim xe
x→2 x−2 x →0 x3 x →
sin x ex −1 sin 2 x
d) lim e) lim f) lim
x → −1 1 + x x →0 sin x x →0 sin 5 x
ln(sin x)
g) lim
x →0 + ln(tan x )
Fourier Series
5. Find the fundamental period of the following functions:
2x
a) f ( x) = cos nx b) f ( x) = sin c) f ( x) = 5 cos(3 − 2 x )
k
2
d) f ( x) = 6 sin − x e) f ( x) = −5 tan 4 x −
3 2
6. Obtain the Fourier Series of the functions f (x) , of period P = 2L .
− 1 − 2 x 0
a) f ( x) = b)
1 0 x2
7. Determine whether the following functions are even, odd or neither even nor odd.
a) f ( x) = x 3 (− x ) b) f ( x) = x 2 sin 2 x
c) f ( x) = sin 2 x cos(− 3 x ) d) f ( x) = (2 x + 3) sin 4 x
8. Obtain the Fourier Series of the functions f (x) .
a)
− 3x if − x 0
b) f (x ) =
3x if 0 x
c) f (x ) = x, - x
Answers
x2 x2
1. a) f ( x) = ln 2 − − + ... b) f ( x) = 1 − x + x 2
4 96
( x − 4) ( x − 4) 2 ( x − 4) 3
2. a) f ( x) = 2 + − + + ...
4 64 512
2 3
2 2 2 2
b) f ( x) = + x− − x− − x − + ...
2 2 4 4 4 12 4
1 2
4. a) 11 b) c) 0 d) − e) 1 f) g) 1
3 5
2
5. a) b) k c) d) 3 e)
n 4
6. a) f ( x) =
4 (2n − 1)x
sin b)
n =1 (2n − 1) 2
7. a) odd b) odd c) even d) neither
3 − 12
8. b) f ( x) = + cos((2 n − 1)x )
2 n =1 (2n − 1)2
− 2(−1) n
c) f ( x) = sin (nx )
n =1 n