COMPLEX

VARIABLES
 Comdez Variables

AVarable f te forn z: a+iy otore "-I and .

are veal is Calied conplex arable. ey corsidertog
:rSine Ge bave
Z: r [cOSe+ i Sie] re i6 called poar form
od ampltude form. atee r- Izl J g , e ta().
We con aSSOciate a comple Vaud furctiorr to the
COrmple Varable z ten oe can rtte

TO epreSert this Complea Rircto ce rEOuire tan

Fres arely z-pare & o-pare. for ch poBod (ay) th
Z- ploe there cocist a oiot
PORt (uv) io -pane th te
urction 0 fCz). The poot (U,v) S colled roqe Ff x

(u,v)
(zg)

Z-plane O-plane
Every complex furction fa) alogs be cxpreSab

called real fart g frz) and vCo8) & calied nogirarg ort

coayt
-i
fCZ=

- log+ e. lne lg l tar()

+&
 prco: The od anpltude fOrn f
el: I+i (+i
1-2

MOd amplltude forn |e Cos %+i Sio b

Q+b then (ogXrb)
a-ib
at lb Q-ib

(GATE A6 ME)

sol:
-T/2

PIcb
p The alue f J27
2.
*et(t).[Link]*i
+ 3
25 3}

+
3 5

(----(a-Bg-) [rocloios Catoril

[Eole's forrrola]

OS(20T)+ i Sin2)t) = |

(GAIE 9T CE)
e s petdc t h period 2ri
 COSZ: ( e + e )
Ccshz (e+e) Siohz (e- e)

COSx. COsh
icoSt. Sioby

eicte)eci)]· eZ-e]
Le-e]-ietnhz
[ectn,tcie] ce.]- csh z

COsbz Coshx. cosy +Sinbx. Srg

The pocpal
Value S obtaioed cobeo n:0
Pcb: FRrd the gereral arnd prtociple vakues log(1+ 3i)
|Z|= I+3 2 Avg(2)= tors(8)- Tð3
lcg (i+gi) =log 2 + i(+2on) any irteger
pecipal value Log (i+3) log2+ Vs (n=0)
pcb: Frd general and prtocipal values f -is
ol: (-iy': loge-t)_[ log

principal value e

PoperteS ¢ Cdull:
(GATE Q4 IN): The al Fort g the complex umber
given by () Re(Z) Z-Z*

(GATE Q IN): The complex uber z + ty ohich Sotisry te

EOation Z+|= lie n
a) CYcte Goith Cl,o) CS Ceter and Odis J
Jto cicle olth (-,0) 5 eter and adius I
C) y- aois (d) x - i s

Go:

EOation f Ctrcle aoith o,o) OS Ceter ard Y 5 adics

(a-x+(-H
lZ+il=| g a rcle oity Certer (-,0) and adius=1
(GATE 05 C): Ghich one g the foiloirg & ot tre for tte
Complez umbes Z?

(c) |ztZ1+ |Z-Za|= 2|z,R+21Z,|

(GATE 205 IN): corsider the circle Iz-5-5l 2 io the cOmplex

ditarce fron
fiom Criqto to crce is?
(55)
OB- 5/2
C= OB-CB 52-2
5

A
 *3S+) i(2n)
(io log + lgi t tz
2
(elzy
e
-iz -e
omple fmber iofioite
tofiite an Gokation
d arQue
lex digirct too ExocHg b)
Sootion Corplez
bos Sincz)
Io = qation The EC): 08(GATE-
25
(3-ut5 C3+46)
25+50 (3-4) (-5+i0),y
-5+iIo peSsorn
3+4¿exprcSSor the f
Value The PI): 8GATE-
Eo?-1]
+i5 2
mber
z compler a PI):I (GATE-O7
adS
E. oith Ctrcles corcertric Represert
moget lies
loz vaviable
0- complez frctton
a qç te ECc):GATE-C6
(GATE- 03 EE): SOUare roots f -i Gotere = are

i,-i tb cs (V)+isto(-4),cos(3)rio(34)
(c) cOs(Vy)tisin (3/4). Cos(3Y4)+iGo(4)
COS(3TV4)r lsio3T/4), coS (-3/4)+ sin(3/4)
-in/g
ard i - ¿3, ari/a

(GATE- , EE): Al the valuES the mutt value oplex furctios

obere =i Qre:
purey ogtory
(eal ard tgirag arts.

-egative.
(GATE - Q ME): T6e argunert f conple umber t
:

Argaroent - tan (%) : taslo) 12

Analyttc frcton: A furctior fCz) is Said to be analy tc

reqion R Z- pare f the derivative fz) ÔsG
Qt eoch and every pot i trat rogion.
NeCeSEOy and sufiiert cordto: a furction f): 0rN
to be aralytic to te rgion
co» Portial dertvatlves
cù) THey Shud attfy -
(or)

O Manikantta t.
Cauchy Relman or
Pcb Rz) : z.

tre -plare.

Nte: . ArY frctior cohich ovoveS } s alaoys rt aralic

thraghoat the z-plane.
Eveg poyronial n z S alaoys alytic tsagat the
Z- plare.
Fx: f): Qtiv X-2

Thig pacton s anolytc &n tre regioS obcb cbes t

Cootain N:2 live

aralyt'c tn the egiors abth ortotrs -2 lire =3, I7-2|=

Aralytic Araytic NOt anaytic Not aralyic

Enttre frctlon ) Hoborphic o) REgular furction
A forction ohich aralyttc the entire zpon
alled entire fuctto: OManikanta Reddy, g6os7922)
 +Linlt ecstirg Rrction
Continas urction
Dfretiabie cton
Aralyttc furction
’ £otlre Rurction.
C-R Oatiors r polor for:
fz)= a+ iv rei) uc,e)+iGe)
P d r . to r
Pdo.r. to 'e'

+ir.

-r.

PopertieS ¢ aaly tit uncton: Ir fCZ)= Qtiv s araly tic

furctior then
I. QCT H)=C & V(og) Ore Othogoral to chtrer

gc 6 4- ave l'a to ech ther.

a HarnonC RUrctO.
Hronic rction: Afurction H ) Ghich Gotisfies
te aploce OUtion H & alled homonC

furctlon.

S 6obo8922)
Qgy Gotisfies lapace ation
Deteriotion q onuqate furctiorn:
TOAal derivat?ve method: Let tbe real art g ax 8) f an araytc
furction (Z): Q+iv be given. Then to fiod V(x J) e prC
S fOlIaos. The total derlvative f v is giver by
dv
dv=-d+d8
V:f(-uy)d +für dytC
terms irdepercert
Then to flod u(*g).
du = dx+ Vy dz - Vy dy Csirg

Milne - Thongo metrod:

TaKe
Replace bË z and 9by o' in fz)
Then itegrate e) ot espect to z

fz): Vy + iVo
Replace
ihen integrate pz) ot respsct o z.
(GATE-O5 PI): Tie furcton o- q+iv log (o ?)+i tos()io
t aralytc at the port
CC) (l,O) d) (2,o )

log is ot defiad at orgi

(GATE -OT CE): Foertial furctlon o s gver, S. : -[Link]
tre odition )=0 at
0,8=0?

d = dx+ y. d
 E-(-2y) drt . (dg)

At :0, y=0

(GATE - C ME): An aralytc furction ¢ a onplex oriabe zxi

trern expresion for v Shoud be

dv = Vy det Vy d8
dv -xdx t g dg

Sol: Given

(GATE- I CE): FoY On aralyttc furction frz+ iy) QCz g)+ ivexg)
The expeSON for V, CorSderig
K to be constant
Given Q 3 342
dv Vae dz +Vyd - -Uyd+ Uz dy
dv - Co- 64) dxt 6x dy

(GATE -y EC): The real art f an aralytic furcton f(z) Gere

Given
 edcos d - stpx dy
Vesipx +C
GATE- Q ME): A analytic furction f a COnplex Variabe z:

Ty then va) t be
El:
v: Va d+ Vy dy : -Uyd t+ Qn d

(GATE - ME): IA H) g?.

= 2y dx+ xdy
20y+C
Complez totegyation: An Zrkegral ç te form Sf)dz ooc
dz: t idg alled a Cornplex trkegral. i s ertegral
value eperas t ooly on (z) but also on te Curve C:
Prcb: The value f
to 9 ard theo vertiallg to 9+i. (2,1)

2
2

(7-8)(dz+ t oy) Sr-7Xdz+?) (or coNevt to )

(i-6Xi+ 2) dx
(it y)(*%),
) Aorg B: A‘ C2,1)
dy0
x Varies ffon O to 2

( = 2

Alorg BA dz=O
 BA
Sidz: á-iyxtdy) : ¿(2- 6) al+½
BA
pcb: Te aue s
2: | tO

d 4tdt
SCt+i)Cdt+ i4tdt) = SCt+1)C+ iAt dt 2

COsby's Inteqral thore:

then

E: 6 (z32 +5)dz o Cpoyrorna'

+32+5
Z-2
dz 0

~=3
+32+5 -dz CIT G ot oplicable.
Coey's teg1al formola:
Od on a cCSed nve 'c'
ard G a FOint rsde c' ten

Z-a
fa)
E: ani [4+657
Izl=3

Genealised causs otsgral forila:

f fCz s aralytic sde ad. on a cdoseo uNe 'c
& Q poit sde 'c' then

(Z-ayt
Ex: : z2+3z+5
Izl=3 (Z-2)2
Gereokzed oushy's itegval formua: If fCR) S onolytic inside
ard on a coeeo curve 'C ard za a oint irSae c' hen
dzz 2ri
= fa)
(2-ayi
Ez: +3Z+5
1zl=3 (z-2y2
POceoure to fol 0:
I- DYOO t e qven Curve
2. Foctor ze the deromiator f giver fuction ad mors the rots
<i) If al the VCots ae at side o Carve c then acodg
to cauchy's itegral taOrem g'ven tegral
g donomirator
(o) Gorite doon uneator and the factorS 'ot Gshch core
Sponds to rootS atsicde the Curve 'C OS F(Z)
(fany)
(b> Deperdirg on isicde rto Gotether t is c Srple OOt
o multipe root appy caucy's trtegral fororula
genevalized Cash's tegral forula.
pco
dz Gere C S ) lz =2

cçC: |z=2
op (o) (2,0)
ROt: Z=)
’ (,0)

Z: lieS sde given C: Izl=2

Let Fz) - Z+| (oly UnerQtor)

= 2TT [t -I+1]= 272

cin C: Zl=2
lies autsde c: Jzl-%
 -dz otee
pcb C

Deroninotor: z Z(zt)
(-0) C,0) Rats:
Z=0 liS isde and Z- lies atsde ç
FCZ) 27+ 1

dz -
fCz2 dz 9T fO) an? ( ] : rt
pc: z Gdhere
(z-2\=
(z-1)X(2-2)
(i0)
Deomioator : (Z-)(-2)
ROOtS:
Sple tipe
Z=| lie5 utside anal z:9 lies isde

fz)
(Z-(2-2
-Z1 - 21T

PIb: dz Goee c G I|=|

(Qz-1
f(Z) 2Z+)
QZ+I
(7-%)
fCi2)
1

(GATE- 06 EC): The VolUe q the contaur oteqrol

(ó3 ~-jl:2
tre postive Gerse *0,2)

(z-jl:2

(-i,0)

utsice
f) (Z+22)
dz
(z-jl=9 (z-at)
 1=|
dz
|+Cot
dz fZ I+ éren otGz fCZ) FEc): (GATE-
C9
Ca-3)
5 cOS(T) -2i.
cs(aTz/-)
dz(z-2) 6
R9.
(z-Ya)(z-3) (7-1)z-3)
C0)e) dz
COS(2TZ)
3z|=| byven ve clos a
Xz-3) (27-
iSGatere
C COS(TZ)
dz inteqral
9 alue
f e A): CE
(GATE
lside Izl:| C: :
SZ
fCz): for plane complex the Circle
n
it tre aUnc evalated Oz
FCZ) irteqal The 8): (GATE
(0,-1) ME
0,2) 'z+ Go:
(o.3)
contar
|z- tre s Cee dz alue
f Tbe ECO): GATE
tant-(B-6]: 8
z36 32-¿
dz
dz z3-6
(1,0)
3Z
l|=| C&
Goere
ccrase ontaur toen
tn betrgirtegatibn lrkegial
C
tre
volueg trcoCm,
the oteqral ouchs CSg CE): (GATE
C6
 (GATE - q IN): The value otere the cootar o
tte iteqration S a Simple ciosEd Corve ard the Oriqins
it.
6 Ginz

(GATE -O IN): The otar C o te odjoioig fiqure is described

b t I6. Then tre value f 8
(o.5) -(15)3
Egl: Gtven 6
8 dz 2 z+8 dz
-

(Z-3 les isde 1zl: 4)

-3Z+ 4
vaue f
(GATE - I EC): The vale f lotegral9,hZ+5 dz, ben c
cicle (z{= gtven b x(-2,)

4Z+5 (Z+a-iXZ+2+i)
Z:-2+i
Both rOOts lies utside : Izl= I
-3Z+ 4
2+42+5
(GATE -| PI): Te valae f z4-) dz csrg couctys irtegal
OYOd te cicle
dz
(2+)

dz + dz
9
dz
(Z-1)(z+1)
liec irside te Ctrcle
-dz
 FCZ)
(Z+)
0) Z-1]=| C:autsice
o ies Z:-1
Z-|=l, Qvaurd directionortecocrose tte
fci'-caj)+4 21j =dz
zl=3 rBide lies -I= :
12l-3
giver
b plane z- the poth cloed a s CEC): lu(GATE-
dzf(Z) dz
autside lies -al Z=
-2) 0, *
*0,2) 0,1) Gotee lz-|2, Ccular
tre aYCrd
atcicKcoiSe evaluated EE): -3 GATE
dz
IZ+1|= C: ven f
-30) autSd lies z:-3 irside
& lis l:
value Z+l|=|,
tre thot Guch
rte a s C
z+}+3
If fZ) Given ): IN
EE, EC, (GATE-
(2
2 I
 Residue theorem! Ir fz) iS analytiC iside ard on Q coS
arve 'c' ecept at a finite rumber f Strgulatties tde
c' tten
9 F(z) dz
ni [ n f resdues OvEY the Sulorities
Sirgalartty: A polrt hee fZ)) fotls to be oralyttc
6 calleda rgularty f fCz)
E (2-3Xz+7) thon Z-3, 2-7 Qre trgilaritiEs f fz)
Sgalarities are ¢ 4-tyPeS!
Gnple pole 2. FOle Orcker,o
[Link]
ESertal Grgalaitg 4 Removable sirgularity
Srple pole: Here Z=3,-7 are siople
poles q fz) fz)2-3XZ+7) HeYe Z:-2 S a
pde f Oder : f(Z)E pole
(z+2(2-5)
f oder g' ad z a pole op OrderT o Sirple
pole.
£Sertlal Grgularit&: fcz) Sin(-i): 7-! (z-1 3!(z-155]
Here
eSSertiol srgulorty g Fz).
Rernovabe Srguloarity: Rz): (2-)(Z+2)
32+2 z-2
Z+2

Here Zz | 8 a rerovable stqularity. arc Z: - S

Slrple ple
Calcalation ¢ YCgicke:

(z-a) fZ)
pole q Oder 'n f fz) then

fo-aff}
* Reeodue etroo s Eed to fnd
SZZteS688678922)
pacecve to f d fCz» dz ustg esdie etd:
1. Remove rerovable irqularttteS f fcz) f and
2 DIOG the reqior 'c' ad OK the poles of fZ)
3. ReScke Coresponcs to oles aotside 'c s 0
4 FRod the esdues corespords to poles insde 'c sig
above forula.
reSidues]
pcb: z97
dz otere c: Iz| 2.5 ZI=2-5

dz (2p)
Z (7-2)

7-0, Z2 Qre mple poles & lies isde zl25

Res fCzlz:o o Z(Z-2)
O+1
-2
z2+)
(zf2) Z(Z2) 2 54
Cz) dz :
pcb: - 27 dz Iz| |5
2Z(7-D(2-2) zl=|.5

Z-0, I lieG irside (zl= 5 & are Simple z0 Z:Z=2

poles
Res fl:0 z(2-1(Z-2)
I-22
(z1). Z(2(Z-2)

Pb: 2z(Z+2)(2Z+)

20

** Res f c z , (z%). 2-I

Z(Z+2),2(z+) Z-0, Z-% lies
sde
fcz> cz - ant (-%+4%)
 dz
pob: 9z-(2+2)) Gtere c ig zl=3 zl=3

ol: Both Z=l, Z:-2 lies iside zlF3 Z:-2

der '2'

(z-2+2)
Z+2
(Z+2)2Z-z*
(Z+2)2
5
Res fz)z-2 (z-1)2

(GATE C8 EC): THe residue f the function rz)

(z+2(z-2
: d
(Z+2f(2-2

-2
Z’2 (zt2)3
(GATE C8 fE); Given x(Z)* the residue
(z-o)2 ofth lzl>a
XCZ) at

(7-o)2

Res

|-2Z

(GATE -I0 C): The esches fa omplex fuction (Z) Z(z-)XZ-2)

at ts poles
o: All the poles z:0, !, 2 are Smple poles
Toylor erieS ¢ fCz): TOylor Gerles q Cz) abaut z=a is
fCz)= fa)+ (Z-a) f)+ (-a a+-3 Fa) +--
2!
* Corsist ony posttve pOoerS q (Z-a)
Laurert'S GerieS: LaureOt'S Geries of fCz) abaut za is
fCZ) QoCZ-aj?
*It orsits f both psttive & regatve pooers ¢ (x-a)
pcb: aorite
(7-)Z+3)
:
(z-D(Z+3) (2-1)(z-|+4)

4 (7)(t)

Resicke: In \aorent's Gerles eponsion f fCz) abaut z:a

ths N S te [Link] ¢ (z-a olled the resie

called a Sople pole

h3. f éhee are tofiite uter g terns oith rqative
S calld an SSertial Girglor
S2. I tere aYe o terrs aoitn neqative FOCer (z-Q)
then Z=a S alI pole q Oder 'n'
4. If there aYe o terng Goty roative pOer g (7-a)
then cal led Reovabe Sirqalarity
 pcb: (2-1Xz+3)
Residue =
(z+3) z-l
pcb: Exord (z-1Z+3)
:
Ce-ijer3)"-()"
(7-1(zt3) (}-(]
43 (Z-)+-.
Residue lz:1
Z (z+3)
pdo: 1zl=3 (z -2) o(-2)dz
gl:
(z-2) cos(-)-2-2)| - (2-3j
- -

(2-2)

pb - ohee
casby irtsgyal forala:
coushy residue theoeN: Res fa)\z:0 &e)--|
Louretz Geries: ez z2

Rr)dz amic-): -nt

 (GATE- I IN): FOr tre furction z3 f'a complex Variable Z, the
point z0 is
: +

5 74

Higbest ogotive pOer s i. Z-0 s Pole of order '2

(GATE - JN): Tbe ontaur tegial Sedz oits C as the use
clCK aiSe ant Circle the z plane iG Sual o

Res fez:01