VECTOR
CALCULUS
(
Vector Calculug
vector dtrereotiols vecto toteqials
Gradiaot Lie toteqral
2. overgence 2. Gurfoce irtegral
3. Curl 3 Voume itegal
Scalar furctton: A Scalar function fCa., z) a rction
degined at each poirt lo a certoio dooio D lo Space.
Its valae al and deperds on the poirt p(xt, Z) &n
Gpace, but rt on any particalar
particalor O. ordirate systen betrg
CEed.
veckor furction: A
AFunclon k v, ? + Vgj+ Vg3 defed at
eoch poit PED iS aled a vector function.
E:
Vector
5 difre rertial perctor: It S ceroted ba 'Cdel )
In 2-dimerson
In 3- dinenslon
(Scalor )
eatton y =0 callad laplace QUatn. AnH
farctior abich Sotisfles laplace s caled ononic
furctior
VEctor peratioS:
t b : (a,tb) + (a, t b)+(Og+ bg) B
. b : a,bt bt Qs bg Scalar poduct
vector proct
b, ba bg
’ Qt Vector alorg te drecton of
’ Arge betocer too vECtors a & cOS
b ba b
G Ca
FOStion vector
dr
dt velcity ? Tongert vector
’ ACCelavatior VCtor
dt
unt torgent ector - (dY /dt)
ld+/dtl
Gradiert ¢ a salor farcttorn: Let (a.g, Z) s a Solar
farction then
( +
* Gradient f a Salar pott funotton s a vector furction
* Giadert gives romal to the GuYfOCe
pc Gradkent cf p: 3°y-goz² at ol, -i, 2) is ?
vo i[6cy]+3(3o-3°z]+ B[-2g°z]
vol,,) -6i-qj+4% (NOimol)
R6+8t16 Ji33
pco:
:
20 28 2Z
* Angle betoeen taoo cUYves tre angle betoen thet
targerts at te comon pOot
* Argle betoeen too orfoces s the arge betaoeen tter
normols at tre coon POibt
pob: Fid angle
at (2,-,+2)
: 4i - +45 4i- 23 - B
Cose : Argle bla onas : I6+4-4 8
3521
Propertie f Giadert:
2 V(Gf+ Co9): Cyf+ C V9 : G, C arbtrarg Cortor
3
4.
2 r 2*
Re t
poy () ()A=
24).
|
--2
Re
Re
Re
+
Re
R9
DYrecttoral dertvatte: D0 off the surface to the directio
D.D ohbere
’ The mainum valae.ç DD iS
pc: Fd tre DD f : 2y+z in tre direction f
at tthe poit (,-,3)
vo la,-, 3)
vl,3) -27 ta5+ 6%
i+aj+25
DO VÓ. A . -2+4 +12
3
IYz+ IZ at tbe point ( , ) the
direction ¢ oral to tre Surfoce 3cyg z at (o,, 1)
VS (3?y i+ (6ry+1)3+ (-)5
slo) 37 +]-5
yS 3i+j-B
Divergerce q vector: Let V: v,l+ Vgi +VaB be a vector poit
farction then div (k): .V
).(xi-vaj-vg)
frctioro.
from
vcay7J dtv Fdiv
Forl F; div Fio(2xy'z)
d v F If POD
(vo) div 3.
V)0 (Carl 2.
VO.V (V)+ dkv CgI] div 4. (qrod)=0 Cordilv .
Identity) (vectorPopertieS:
6x87,,-6
:
lV] velacity angolar tren velcty lirear ts VIf *
vector.
irvotatioal called is then
v (k):õ Carl If *
luid the rotatiorn
¢ gives arl x
tion pott vEctor againa furctioro
is potrt vector f Cur *
3
B
then furctlon
ott vector abe V35 Vaj+v,+ =v Vector:
Let f arl
vector. soleoidal called is tenV ù=0 dtvergerce If *
Volune
ant a qut os fod, abict atrate gvesDverqerce
pcb Fid a,b,C f F: Ir28+0z +(bx-3-z) j+(4ry+Æ)
| +ytaz ba-3y+z Atz+yt27|
i(coi]-i (4a)+ B(bö2)
Ir F s Evotatioral then curlCÈ)= o7+oj+ OB
b=2, C:|
(23).
4+3-6Q =0
Q
(GATE -93): if the lioeor veloctty ¼ s given by V: yi rgzi-yz
then the argolar velcity at te point (l,-) iS
ol:
At cut,
1, -) [-f -a% ] -(i+ B)
(GATE- q4): The dtrectloral cevlvative f f% g) 2+3 z at
P(2,,3) G t e dlrection ¢ the vector
Fla3)
a
D.D=e, A : 8-2
(SATE-q5): The derivOtive f g) ot poBrt 2) tre acton
f vector 2+3 S 25 Qrd the drection ç te vctor
-2j i6 -3. Tren toe derivative of fxg) ¿o te directior
: Let à: ti
= 2/2 (i-£j)(
+
Let b= -2j
(vf). 5
161
D.D in the direction -i -23
().(
(t+ a)). ( - ) -7
directioal derivative qç the forction Ray2)
(GATE 6): tne directioral =
I+8 at the poirt P,,0) alorg te drectior 3 is
Gol:
( 2
(GATE 9): Por the frctton :0 -g3 to repre Sert tre veltity
Fotential ç an ideal flaid be eqal to ZeYo.
In that caGe the value ç 'a' bos to be
Gol:
Q3
(GATE -O2): Te directioral ckeriative f te focairg forcton
at C, 2) in tre direction qf (4it 3) S: ): +y2
4i+33
S25 5
(GATE - 3) : The vector fetld f:a+-i 5
divergerce free, but rt rotational
b» tvotatioral, but rot dtveiqerce fee
too dveqerce fee and rotattoral
(d) reither divergerce f iotational
|-| =0 (divergert fiec)
Curl =
Irototional
(GATE- O5 EE): For the alar field u> the mogoitude g
tne gadiert at tre pott (V3) is
grad a (u (Xl +83 Dw3)
\Val: Si+ s = 5
(GATE -C5 TN): 4Salor field s given by f:J®
ad aYe Cavtesian [Link]. The derivative f alog
tte lEre yx directed ony from the origin at poirt (3,8) is
():(i+8
+
(GATE-C5CE): The Db f fxg,z):2+3g'+ 2" at the poirt PO:2)3)
(Vfu2,3) ez3)
DD =(). a : (4i- 12j
25 +6%). ( i-23
dy-12
5
(GATE- O7 E): Te velocity vector s ven S V:5xHi+ 2yS +342*
The divexgerce f this velocity vector at (l,) S
At CI,1, ) div k 5+4+6 =15
(GATE -G pr): The orgle betoeer tao poror vector - i3
ard b- -37+
(GATE -G EE): Dvergete f tr vector field v(x,8,2) ( cosy-g
Gol:
(GATE-8 ME): Tbe divevqerce g the vEctor field (7-9)it (8-x)3t
Point
DD (xir gi + B)2) (3t-9)
6-l6 =-2
(GATE - C CE): Rr a Scalar furction f(Z) xt 38+ 7 te
gradient at te poit P,2,-1) S
ol: Grad f
At (u2,-1) vf: ai+12 -45
(GATE- O9 CE): FOX a salar fUnction f(g.Z)
diectiora certvgtive at po,2,) n tre dection i-j+2k is
2-12-8 =-316
(GATE - O9 TN): YOUS iS Certered at te
Ogin The anit normal at the pot (zi,z) tbe onfoe
g the Sptere ts the vctor
(
bo ) o ( 7 )( ) C) d)
NOrmol to the GorfOce
2A
(GATE - ME ): The divergeoce f eC tor fleld. 3xz? 2x4
(GATE - IO EE): Divergerce of the 3- dirensoal Kadial vector
(GATE- | cE): If and b are tao arbtra vectors coith moqnitrt;
a ar b respecttvely. Ten lx 51² coil be al to
lãx 61?: Iai161sta, 6)
GUlI- cos. 6)]
(GATE-I PT): I A(O,+,3), BO,O,0), Od C(3.0, 4) are tyee points
co- rdiate SYSten then obch one F tre
foicGOiq vectos s peperdicolar to toth AB 6 & vEctos
a) 16 +9-2B
43+3B
37+ 4
vector perperdialar to 48 K:
3
I67+a-125
(GATE- I P): f T(XH.Z) = tgt 9z? defires te temperatue
at any locotion ( , z ) then te magnitode f tre topeatur
gradiert at pnt Pi,,I) S
Sg:
(T)(u) = a+ 2j+43 256
(GATE- EE): The t vectos [I I J aro [I a a] Ghee
C) PaYeilel d) Co}ingr
bT Orthorormal
Ortrogoral
Cute rods
P.k, = |-L
anity ore l,a, a'
Botn vectors arc Otrogor
(GATE-12 EC, EE, IN ): The okrectio F vEctox A s OooWy Cutord
fion the origio, oth Al= KrD obeve
Sol: Given
onit radtal vector ir te direction a A
Vector : .r
(rz):o
3r +(o3[++z23-0
3r + o4)?-l0
3+- = 0
n=-2
(GATE - (2 ME, PI): FO the spher'cal rpOce y 2? -l, the unt
toord orol vector at the poirt ( £0) s giveo b
-(2c7 +28I* 22b)(tot0)
(NOrnol)
(2+2
(GATE -I3 fC): Te deverqerce F the vECtor
= 3
(GATE -13 EE): Tre url f gradient f sala, fieid deried b
Curl (9rad v ) 0
(GATE - QEC): The agrtuce f tre gradiert for tix forcton
fg,z)
(Vfn,) 2?+ 6j +35
vl = q+36+9 7
(GATE- 4EE): Let V(fv)yryz +z'x , atere f ard v are
Tala ar vector fetlds espectively. rf v- gi+ zj xB ther
(GATE -u E): A Particle moves alog a Curve choee pOYametric
ONationS Qre: =t+ 2t y-32t z: a Sin5t Goere g8Z
Goo Variations of distace overd by POrticle ( G) cot
ttrne t (en G) The ogoitude ¢ the aCcelaiation F Partide
Cioonlg2) at t=0
Let
vekcity - (3'+) + (6e3+ jo COS5t B
dt
Acelexation : Y
At t= r =-12.?
Magnitude = l-23| = 12
Lie ickegrals: Iotegrotion along aa urVe
rteqval ard is deroteo b F-dT
J.dí SCFdx+ F, dy +Fgdz)
pob: F (5xy- 6°)i+ (4y- 6x) je then [Link] alorg tre
CUrve H-3: ( ) ’ (2,8)
dg: 3dx
S(or4-a° )dz+S(436x) 3*°dx
= 76.5
pcb: F it y3. Fiod F.d alorg g-x: (0.0)’()
Sel :
-2.
Pgb: (+y)dz+ (gdy otee c s a SoIore
B
bourded by x=t, g±|
Alorg eci
-3
Alorg DA : 8=-1
=3
pob:
l: Alorg OA:
3x3)dz
19/20
Along A0:
AO
20
Greers theoren: Let M&N aNe furctiors x. defireo
in a region th
Goith a Stmple closed curve 'c' tren
Moxt Ndy •N - •M
)drdy
CRelatioo biGo loe & dabe integYotion J
Stores therem: letLet G
5 be a open Suypoce baurded by a
G1 I3EC
Srle closed crve 'c' then
13rC $ F. dY Sf ceot F.6 ds
Cst 9 Relatiorn ba lie & Garfoce tokegrattoo I
Gouss-divergerce trtorem: et 's te a cosed Surfoce the
aton ba Surfoce & vokme
IRelation Yokarme ibtegration ]
(GATE- 05): vaue f tbe oteqal 9 ydg-gd, abee c s te
GOUCNe aat from the frt wocant t the lie x=l ard gal
ou te (USe Greers theoren to charge tte lioe ioteg1al io
daube teqral (0,1)
Heee M=-8
Onsider PotS
(GATE- C8 EE): Consider P Ordd Q in r- plore
oits P tb RIO)
Od lice irtegval
0,1). The lire todegal 2xxr goy) along te
Seri circle fth the line seaet R% S oneter
ol: N: 28
M N =0
p(i0)
:. From qreens theore (xdzt 8dg ) 0
(GATE -CS PI): T î S positon vecto f anH Pt on a
closed SurfOce S trat eclosS the volune v ten
to
g: Fror goues- dtvergerce theoren
SS (+ 1+1) dv =3V
(GATE-9EE): F(*g) ( y ) &at (y'y)áy. 5 lire itga
Over the aigt lire fiom (ag) (o, 2) to (2.0) evalaleS to
g: Given raigH lire is x+82 (o, 2)*
(GATE C9 ): The lioe iteqral the vector furction F- 2zl+3
alorg te x - s fio =| to
X- acS
2
2
´xd 4-) 3
Shoo o te Figre i5
o: APply GreerS theOre
2
N2X
3
222/3
2 3
(GATE -l PI): The lie totegal
to
8 P> (2, H2) alorg the Gemi cêrcle RP2 5 Shoun io
i fque
d(xg)
a,32)
=
(GATE - | EC): Corscer a closed SUrpoce 's SoNUdig a volue
the unit oral on's. the Value ¢. 5r. ds s
Egl: Frorn gsS- divergerce theOIEN
(GATE I3 ME): The follcoA fOce inteqral 9to be ealuated
Ver a Gphere for the qven teody velcity vector field
F:xit93+ ZB defioed or to a cartesiao O. Ordiote syte
bavirg i, 3 5 Unt boSe vectoS
vector to the Sphere ç sorfoce toteqral s
:
(GATE-13 E£ ): Gien a vector fied
tie iteqal F. dl evakated abg a segent the x-Qxis
to x=2 iS
X- 0dS
dy-o
(GATE- EE): The lie inteq1a f furction F z i o tre caunte
clCHaise airectin, alorg the cicie rty2: | at z=| S
f(2dz - Ody)
JN
(GATE -I4 E): Thee rtegral $(yetz- xdy) ts evaluatd albg the
ccle y' a traversa in cgrter cloçKaise diySCtion
The iteqial s OUal to
ep: APply greens treorem
E-2 (Areal ç given Ciclc)
=-2.(} -a