1. What does 'sampling cases' mean?

a) Sampling using a sampling frame

b) Identifying people who are suitable for research
c) Literally, the researcher's brief-case
d) Sampling people, newspapers, animals, health units,....

2. What is a research design?

a) A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
b) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
c) The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph
d) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data

3. What is a cross-sectional design?

a) A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes
b) One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
c) The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time
d) A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time

4. Which of the following should be included in a research proposal?

a) Your academic status and experience
b) The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic
c) Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them
d) All of the above

5. Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research?
a) Your sample frame and sampling strategy
b) The ethical issues that might arise
c) Discussing access to the research setting
d) All of the above

6. Why do you need to review the existing literature?

a) To make sure you have a long list of references
b) Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
c) To find out what is already known about your area of interest
d) To help in your general studying.
7. Match:
Group A Group B
a) Ordinal variable 1. Sex, smoking and disease status
b) Qualitative variable 2. Social class and educational level
c) Discrete variable 3. Number of children in the family
d) Binary variable 4. Occupation, marital status

8. What is the name of the conceptual framework in which the research is carried out?
a) Research hypothesis b) Synopsis of Research
c) Research paradigm d) Research design

9. Which one is called non-probability sampling?

a) Quota sampling b) Cluster sampling
c) Systematic sampling d) Stratified random sampling

10. If every individual in a population has the same chance of being included in a sample, the sample is a(n) ...
a) Biased Sample b) Convenience Sample
c) Random Sample d) Stratified Sample

11. Mrs. Fatma samples her class by selecting every third person on her class list. Which type of sampling
method is this?
a) Simple b) Systematic
c) Stratified d) Cluster

12. How can we enhance the research objective?

a) By making it more valid
b) By making it more reliable
c) By making it more specific
d) All of the above

13. Which of the following variables is measured on the ordinal scale?

a) Type of anemia b) Severity of anemia
c) Hemoglobin level d) Serum ferritin level
14. In a study, people are separated into certain sub-groups and then some are selected randomly from each of
these sub-groups. What type of sampling is being done?
a) Simple random sampling b) Cluster random sampling
c) Systematic random sampling d) Stratified random sampling

15. Match:
Group A
1. Simple random 2. Systematic 3. Stratified 4. Cluster
Group B
a) Selects intact groups, not individuals having similar characteristics. The type of sampling method is.........
b) All individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance of being selected for the sample.
The type of sampling method is ......
c) Mrs. Fatma samples her class by selecting every third person on her class list. The type of sampling method is .......
d) Identified subgroups in the population are represented in the same proportion that they exist in the population. The
type of sampling method is .........

16. What is a cross-sectional design?

a) A study of one particular section of society, e.g., the middle classes
b) One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
c) The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in timed
d) comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time

17. ....... is non-probability method of sampling

a) Cluster b) Stratified
c) Simple Random d) Purposive

18. The number of accidents in a city during 2010 is considered:

a) Quantitative continuous variable
b) Quantitative discrete variable
c) Qualitative ordinal variable
d) Qualitative nominal variable

19. The ABO group of the subjects in the study is:

a) Quantitative continuous variable
b) Quantitative discrete variable
c) Qualitative ordinal variable
d) Qualitative nominal variable
20. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:
a) Categorical variable b) Dependent variable
c) Independent variable d) Intervening variable

21. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?

a) age, temperature, income, height.
b) grade point average, no. of students/class
c) gender, religion, ethnic group
d) both A and B

22. A main disadvantage of cross-sectional designs is that ...

a) they take too long to conduct
b) they face problems with subject attrition
c) they do not easily help identify underlying causes for differences between age groups.
d) they are generally the most expensive way to conduct research in developmental psychology

23. What is the best design you choose to study the prevalence of a disease?
a) Ecologic study b) Cross-sectional study
c) Case-control study d) Cohort study

24. Match:
Group A Group B
1- Quantities variable (a) nominal
2- Qualitative variable (b) height and weight
3- Number of RBCs (c) ordinal and nominal
4-Gender (d) discrete
5-Level of education (e) ordinal

25. Match each description of a sampling procedure with the correct term iN group (A) and (B)
Group A
1- Each individual of the total group has an equal chance of being selected
2- Households are selected at random and every person in each household is included in the sample
3- Individuals are initially assembled according to some order in a group and then individuals are selected according
to some constant determinant e.g., every fourth subject is selected
4- Individuals are divided into subgroups on the basis of specified characteristics and then random samples are
selected from each subgroup
Group B
(a) Systematic sampling
(b) Paired sampling
(c) Simple random sampling
(d) Stratified sampling
(e) Cluster sampling

26. Cross Sectional study

A- To estimate the prevalence
B- To detect association between (risk factor/ disease)
C- To detect causative (Efficacy of new drug)
D- To describe a rare disease/ rare symptom for a known disease

27. The Framingham study, in which a group of residents have been followed since the 1950's to identify
occurrence and risk factors for heart disease, is an example of which type(s) of study?
A. Experimental
B. Observational
C. Cohort
D. Case-control
E. Clinical trial

28. All of the following are measures of central location EXCEPT:

A. arithmetic mean
B. geometric mean
C. median
D. mode
E. range

29. The measure of central location that has half of the observations below it and half of the observations above
it is the:
A. arithmetic mean
B. geometric mean
C. median
D. mode
E. range
30. The measure of central location most affected by one extreme value is the:
A. arithmetic mean
B. geometric mean
C. median
D. mode
E. range

31. A measure of the amount of variation of a set of values about the mean is the
A- Regression coefficient
B- Standard error of the mean
C- Standard deviation
D- Range
E- Correlation coefficient

32. Prevalence of cataract at one point of time can be determined by

(a) Longitudinal study
(b) Cross-sectional study
(c) Surveillance
(d) Cohort study

33. Pregnant women were asked about the history of smoking when they came for regular antenatal visit and
then followed up to see how many of them had Low birth weight babies. What is the type of study?
(a) Case control
(b) Prospective cohort
(c) Cross sectional
(d) Ecological

34. A study compared 150 children with a particular disease with 300 disease free children to examine past
experiences that may contribute to the development of the illness. What kind of study is this?
(a) Cohort
(b) Controlled clinical trial
(c) Case series
(d) Case control
35. The physical examination records of the entire incoming freshman class of 1935 at the University of
Minnesota were examined in 1977 to see if their recorded height and weight at the time of admission to
university was related to their chance of developing CHD. This is an example of:
(a) Cross sectional study (b) Concurrent cohort
(c) Retrospective cohort (d) Clinical trial

36. Several studies have shown that 85% of cases of lung cancer are due to cigarette smoking. It’s a measure of:
(a) Incidence rate
(b) Relative risk
(c) Attributable risk
(d) Population attributable risk

37. Incidence is determined by

(a) Prospective study
(b) Case control study
(c) Cross sectional study
(d) Retrospective study

38. Which of the following is not a true difference between Case control and Cohort study?
(a) Case control study requires more time than cohort study
(b) Cohorts are chosen based on exposure in a cohort study
(c) Cohort study is generally prospective in direction
(d) Case control study must be used for rare diseases

39. Case-control study is a type of:

(a) Descriptive epidemiologic study
(b) Analytical study
(c) Longitudinal study
(d) Experimental epidemiological study

40. The following are true about the median in data analysis - Except one:
a) It takes all values into consideration
b) Its value is not affected by the extremes of values
c) it is used to compare between groups
d) It presents value of the observation located in the middle of the arranged data
41. Measures of central tendency include the following - Except one:
a) Mid-range b) Mode c) Range d) Median

42. The measures of central tendency for a quantitative (e.g., weight/kg) are the following:
a) The arithmetic mean, median and range.
b) The arithmetic mean, mode and range.
c) The arithmetic mean, median and mode.
d) The Median, mode and standard deviation.

43. Descriptive epidemiology includes all EXCEPT:

a) who b) when c) where d) why

44. Which of the following is not a data-collection method?

a) Research questions
b) Unstructured interviewing
c) Postal survey questionnaires
d) Participant observation

45. Prevalence of a disease depends upon the following:

a) Incidence
b) Duration
c) Both of the above
d) None of the above

46. Study of time, place and person distribution of health related events is known as:
a) Descriptive epidemiology
b) Experimental epidemiology
c) Analytical epidemiology
d) Clinical epidemiology

47. Low birth weight LBW statistics of a hospital is best shown by:
a) Bar chart
b) Histogram
c) Frequency polygon
d) Pie chart
48. Median is almost equivalent to
a) 25th percentile
b) 50th percentile
c) 75th percentile
d) 100th percentile

49. Histogram is used to present which kind of the data:

a) Nominal
b) Continuous
c) Discrete
d) Any of above

50. Trends can be best represented by:

a) Scatter diagram
b) Bar graph
c) Line graph
d) Pie chart

51. Which of the following types of representation can be used to find out the relationship between two
variables?
a) Pictogram
b) Bar diagram
c) Histogram
d) Scatter diagram

52. Median of the following data will be: 10,9,8,8,7

a) 8.75 b) 8 c) 9 d) 10

53. What is true among given data 20, 31, 31, 31,25,28, 35, 38, 31
a) Mean is 31
b) Range is 20-38
c) Median is 15
d) Mode is 15
20, 25, 28, 31, 31, 31,31,35,38
54. Why is it important to reference the sources you use?
a) So that your tutor can locate all of your sources.
b) To give context and evidence to your arguments.
c) To demonstrate your understanding of a topic.
d) All of the above.

55. If the standard deviation of a population 9, then the variance will be

a) 3 b) 9 c) 27 d) 81

56. Which of the following is NOT a measure of scatter

a) Range b) Standard deviation c) Variance d) Midrange

57. Checklist is the tool used in which of the following methods of data collection:
a) Interviews
b) Observations.
c) Focus groups.
d) Measurements

58. When the interviewer asks questions in a face-to-face contact, this method of data collection is called:
a) Personal Interview
b) Observation
c) Questionnaire
d) Focus group

59. A(n) ...... is a structured technique for data collection that consists of a series of questions, written or
verbal, which a respondent answers.
a) questionnaire
b) observation
c) focus group
d) time-series questions

60. A structured questionnaire is one option

a) where only closed questions are used or the respondent has to choose from a limited set of options
b) where an online survey tool is used to structure the questionnaire
c) which only includes open questions
d) Where respondents are encouraged to structure their responses in whichever way they want
61. An advantage of open-ended questions is that:
a) coding is a challenge.
b) potential is high for interviewer bias.
c) respondents can express themselves freely.
d) they can also be used in topic guides

62. The epidemiologic triad of disease causation refers to:

a) Agent, host, environment
b) Time, place, person
c) Source, mode of transmission, susceptible host
d) John Snow, Robert Koch, Kenneth Rothman

63. Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?

a) A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out
b) A description of the purpose of the research
c) A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments
d) A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years

64. The most frequently occurring number in a set of values is called the
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range

65. What is the mean of this set of numbers: 4, 6, 7, 9, 2000000?

a) 7.5 b) 400,005.2 c) 7 d) 4

66. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a ...... .
a) Line graph
b) Bar graph
c) Scatterplot
d) Vertical graph
67. A nutritional survey was conducted among second year medical students as part of their Nutrition and food
safety unit. Below is a set of Body Mass Index (BMI) result for 16 students that were collected;
19, 39, 26, 30, 33, 28, 24, 36, 26, 25, 27, 28, 44, 20, 31, 22
Calculate the following measures of central tendency and dispersion.
i) Mean
ii) Median
iii) Mode
iv) Range
v) Variance
vi) Standard deviation

68. In cross sectional study among 400 persons to measure the prevalence of diabetes among obese people, we
found 68 diabetic persons among 240 obese while 12 diabetic persons among 160 non obese
Calculate:
i) Prevalence of diabetes
ii) Prevalence ratio
iii) Prevalence odds ratio

69. In nine families surveyed, the number of children per family were 4,6,2,2,4,3,2,1,and 7. The mean, median
and mode numbers of children per family are respectively
(a) 3.4, 2, 3
(b) 3, 3.4, 2
(c) 3,3,2
(d) 2, 3.5, 3
(e) None of the above

70. What is the best design you choose to study the prevalence of a disease?
A. Ecologic study
B. Cross sectional study
C. Case control study
D. Cohort study

71. What is the best trial design to study the incidence of a disease?
A. Ecologic study
B. Cross-sectional study
C. Case-control study
D. Cohort study
[Link] Framingham study, in which a group of residents have been followed since the 1950's to identify
occurrence and risk factors for heart disease, is an example of which type(s) of study?
A. Experimental B. Cohort
C. Case-control D. Clinical trial

73. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone (CASH) study, in which women with breast cancer and a comparable
group of women without breast cancer were asked about their prior use of oral contraceptives ("the Pill"), is
an example of which type of study?
A. Experimental B. Cohort
C. Case-control D. Clinical trial

74. Which of the following is calculated from cross sectional study as a measure of risk?
A. Prevalence odds ratio
B. Attributable risk
C. Relative risk
D. Incidence rate
E. Prevalence rate

75. Which of the following is a characteristic to a research question?

a) Describes the research findings.
b) Focuses and guides the research project.
c) Invites other researchers to join the research project.
d) Explains what the researcher is looking for.

76. In which way of these sampling methods, all members of the population have an equal chance of being
selected?
a. Convenient b. Cluster sampling c. Snowball d. Purposive c. Quota

77. A 39-year-old man who presents with mild sore throat, fever, malaise, and headache is treated with
penicillin for presumed streptococcal infection. He returns after week with hypotension, fever, rash, and
abdominal pain. He responds favorably to chloramphenicol, after a diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever
is made. Which option explains the given example?
a. Case series report
b. Case-control study
c. Ecological study
d. Cross-sectional study
e. Case report
78. Longitudinal studies differ from cross-sectional studies in that they…
a. Take more than one observation whereas cross-sectional studies usually take only measurements once
b. Take less time to complete because they only need one group of participants
c. Recruit larger samples than cross-sectional studies do
d. Recruit multiple age groups whereas cross-sectional studies only recruit one age group

79. What is the likely relationship between mean, median, and mode of positive skewness distribution?
A. Mean < median < mode
B. Mean = median = mode
C. Mean > median > mode
D. Mode < mean and median, but cannot tell relationship between mean and median

80. In a class of 134 medical students, the mean systolic blood pressure was found to be 126 mmHg with a
standard deviation of 6 mmHg, if the blood pressures in this sample are normally distributed, two-thirds of the
medical students will have a systolic blood pressure in the range of:
A. 108 – 144
B. 114 – 138
C. 118 – 134
D. 120 – 132
E. 124 – 128

State which type of the sampling procedures was done in the following scenario.
1. A Heterogenous group (e.g., healthcare staff) is classified into homogenous groups (doctors, nurses, technicians)
and then a random sample is chosen from each homogene.
Answer: Stratified random.
2. You want to select a simple random sample of 1000 employees of a social media marketing company. You assign a
number to every employee in the company database from 1 to 1000 and use a random number generator to select 100
numbers.
Answer: Simple random.
3. All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers, you randomly select a
starting point: number 6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on),
and you end up with a sample of 100 people.
Answer: Systematic random.
4. The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all with roughly the same number of employees in similar
roles). You don't have the capacity to travel to every office to collect your data, so you use random sampling to select
3 offices.
Answer: Cluster random.
5. A researcher studying the experiences of undocumented immigrants in a particular city. This population might be
difficult to reach through traditional sampling methods due to fear of legal impacts and other barriers. The researcher
might start by contacting a local organization that provides services to immigrants. Through this organization, the
researcher could connect with a few willing individuals to participate in the study.
Answer: Snowball non-random.
81. What type of variable is hypertension grade (mild, moderate, severe)?
a. Ordinal scale b. Nominal scale c. Variance scale d. Binary scale e. Continuous scale

82. Variable which is influenced by the intervention of the researcher is called ..... .
a. Independent b. Dependent c. Discrete d. Extraneous e. Confounding factor

83. Which of the following is a continuous variable?

a. Skin color b. Weight c. Blood groups
d. Categories of hypertension e. RH groups of blood

84. What is the primary purpose of a scatter diagram in data analysis?

a. To display the distribution of a single variable.
b. To show the relationship between two variables.
c. To calculate the mean and median of a dataset.
d. To represent the spread of data in intervals.

85. In a histogram, which axis typically represents the categories or intervals of data?
a) The x-axis. b) The y-axis. c) The z-axis. d) Both the x-axis and y-axis equally

86. "Social class" is categorized into four categories (I highest to V lowest). What type is that variable?
a. Dichotomous b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Interval

87. The shape of normal distribution curve is based mainly on two values. Which of the following represent
these values?
a) Mean and sample size
b) Mean and standard deviation
c) Range and sample size
d) Range and standard deviation
e) Mean and range

88. What is the area under the curve of a normal distribution between -1 standard deviation and +1 standard
deviation from the mean?
a) Approximately 34%
b) Approximately 68%
c) Approximately 95%
d) Approximately 99.7%
89. Which of the following is represented by the interquartile range (IQR) of a dataset?
a) The difference between the maximum and minimum values.
b) The middle 50% of the data's spread.
c) The standard deviation of the dataset.
d) The sum of the first and third quartiles.

90. In statistics, what does the term "range" refer to?

a) The average value of a dataset.
b) The spread or variability of data.
c) The highest value in a dataset minus the lowest value.
d) The middle value in a dataset.

91. What is the measure of central location that is most used with the interquartile range?
a. Arithmetic mean b. Median c. Midrange d. Variance e. Standard deviation

92. Regarding the normal curve, which of the following statements is true?
a. Both limbs of the curve touch the baseline
b. The curve is bimodal
c. Skewness has positive values
d. Has no specific criteria"
e. Mean, median and mode coincide

93. What type of graph is used to compare and display categorical data using rectangular bars, with the length
of each bar corresponding to the frequency or count of a category?
a. Scatter plot b. Box plot c. Bar chart d. Line graph

94. Which of the following indicates positive skewness in a data distribution?

a. The data is symmetric. b. The data is left-skewed.
c. The data is right-skewed. d. The data is normally distributed.

95. Complete the following:

• A set of number of mean =12.5, median = 9, the frequency distribution curve of this set will be skewed to
the………..
• A set of number of mean =8.5, median = 10.5, the frequency distribution curve of this set will be skewed to
the………
96. A sample of 175 nursing students was found to have a mean serum cholesterol level of 186 mg/dL with a
variance of 36 mg/dL.
a. If the data is normally distributed, one- third of the nursing students will have a cholesterol level (mg/dL) outside
the range of
(A) 150-222
(B) 168-204
(C) 174-198
(D) 180-192
(E) 186-192

b. If data is normally distributed, the cholesterol levels of 95% of the nursing students will be in the range (mg/dL) of
(A) 150-222
(B) 168-204
(C) 174-198
(D) 180-192
(E) 186-192

97. The Gaussian distribution curve characteristics include

(A) the total area under the curve represents all possible values
(B) the mean, median, and mode are found below the apex of the curve
(C) one-third of the values are found more than one standard deviation from the mean
(D) 2.5% of the values are found two standard deviations above the mean
(E) All the above

98. All of the following have individuals as unit of the study except:
a. cohort studies b. case control studies c. cross-sectional studies d. ecological studies

99. True about cluster sampling all except:

a. sample size same as simple random b. it is two stage sampling
c. cheaper than other methods d. it is a method for rapid assessment

100. Simple random sampling:

a. provides least number of possible samples
b. equal chance to each for collection of certain number for a sample
c. picking every 5th or 10th at regular intervals
d. sample represent, a corresponding strata of universe