Biologi Tingkatan 4: Modul PBD dan Jawapan
Biologi Tingkatan 4: Modul PBD dan Jawapan
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v
5
vi
9
10
11
12
vii
13
14
15
viii
BAB
BAB 1
Biologi
1
1
BAB
1
Biologi
1
BAB
Biologi
1
1 2
BAB
1 2
Peralatan
/
Perlindungan Diri
Personal Protective
Equipment
Biologi
1
BAB
2
Biologi
1
1
BAB
1
Biologi
1
Kadar penyejatan (s)
35
BAB
20
15
15 20 25 30 35
Suhu (oC)
Temperature (oC)
Panjang daun / cm
Leaf length / cm
Biologi
2
1
BAB
Plan drawing
2
Biologi
1
Dorsal
SP
HP
BAB
Posterior
FP
Anterior
Ventral
Biologi
2
1
BAB
&
BAB
BAB 2
Biologi
2
2
BAB
2.1
2
BAB
Membran sel
Cell membrane
Nukleus
Nucleus
Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
Biologi
2
BAB
2.2
2
Biologi
Nukleus
Nucleus
2
Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
BAB
Dinding sel
Cell wall
Dinding sel
Cell wall
Biologi
2
Membran nukleus
Nuclear membrane
Kromatin
BAB
Chromatin
Nukleoplasma
Nucleoplasm
Nukleolus
Nucleolus
Membran dalaman
Inner membrane
Kristae
Matriks Cristae
Matrix
Membran luaran
Outer membrane
Ribosom
Jalinan endoplasma kasar Ribosome
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Biologi
2
BAB
Biologi
Tilakoid
Membran Thylakoid
Membranes
2
BAB
Stroma
Granum Lamela Stroma
Granum Lamella
Tonoplas
Tonoplast
Vakuol
Vacuole
4
Biologi
2
BAB
2
2
Biologi
2
BAB
Sel saraf
Nerve cells
Sel epitelium
Epithelial cells Sel darah merah
Red blood cell
2
Floem Xilem
Floem Xilem Phloem Xylem
Phloem Xylem
BAB
Xilem
Xylem
Floem
Phloem
Floem Xilem
Phloem Xylem
Floem
Phloem
Xilem
Xylem
3
Biologi
2
BAB
4
Biologi
2
BAB
2
Sistem Organ
Organ Systems
Biologi
2
2
BAB
Biologi
2
Density of cell component X (%)
2019
BAB
Jenis sel
Sel otot Sel sperma Types of cells
penerbangan Sperm cell
P Flight muscle cell
2019
2018
2019
Biologi
Bahagian A
2018
X
2
Y
BAB
Mengaplikasi
Kumpulan fosfat
Phosphate group
Bes nitrogen
Nitrogeous base
Gula pentosa
Pentose sugar
Biologi
2
BAB
Kuiz 2
BAB
Biologi
3
BAB
Biologi
H2 O
3
BAB
O2
CO2
2
Biologi
2
3
BAB
Biologi
3
BAB
1
ATPA DP + Pi
Biologi
3.1
2
3
BAB
Tiub
visking 10 ml larutan glukosa +
Visking 10 ml ampaian kaji
tubing 10 ml of glucose solution +
10 ml of starch suspension
Biologi
3.2
3
BAB
2
Biologi
3
BAB
Tiub kapilari
Capillary tube
3
BAB
Bahan
terlarut Air
Water Protein liang
Solute
Pore protein
Protein pembawa
Carrier protein
Bendalir luar sel
Extracellular fluid
Kecerunan
kepekatan
Concentration
gradient
ATP
Biologi
4
3
BAB
Biologi
3
Xilem Tiub tapis Sel rakan
Darah terdeoksigen Xylem Sieve tube Companion cell
Deoxygenated blood
Darah H2O
BAB
beroksigen H2O
Sukrosa
Oxygenated Sucrose Daun hijau
blood Green leaf
O2 rendah
O2 tinggi
CO2 rendah High O2
Low O2 H2O
Low CO2
CO2 tinggi
High CO2 Sukrosa
H2O
Sucrose
Kapilari
Capillary
Duktus
pengumpul
Liku Henle Collecting duct
Loop of Henle
Biologi
Kapilari darah
Blood capillary
3
Lakteal
Lacteal
BAB
Butiran tanah
Soil particle
Air tanah
Soil water
H2O K+
Mg2+ Ca2+
Rambut akar
Root hair
Biologi
3
BAB
Biologi
3.3
2
3
BAB
Biologi
3
BAB
Biologi
3
BAB
Biologi
3
BAB
3.4
2
Biologi
3
BAB
Biologi
3
BAB
Biologi
2
3
BAB
Biologi
3
BAB
Ubat Bahan
Drugs hidrofilik aktif
Hydrophilic
actives substance
Bahan tercemar
Contaminants
Mengaplikasi
2018
Awal Keseimbangan
At beginning At equilibrium
3
X 2018
BAB
Bahan terlarut
Pelarut Solute
Solvent
Larutan pekat
Concentrated
solution
Pelarut
Solvent
2018
Di luar sel
Outside of cell
ATP
Di dalam sel
Inside of cell
Biologi
3
BAB
Bahagian A
2019
Vitamin K
Vitamin K Na+
Vitamin K
Na+
Vitamin K
Na+
B
3
BAB
Kuiz 3
BAB
BAB 4
Biologi
O
4
H H
+ +
H
H 104.5° H
Hydrogen atom
2
Biologi
CH2OH
C O
H H OH
C C
HO OH H H
C C
H OH
4
BAB
Biologi
4
BAB
2
Biologi
H O
N C C
H OH
H
2
4
BAB
Biologi
1
4
BAB
3 H2O
COOH
HO
COOH + HO + 3 H 2O
HO
COOH
Biologi
4
BAB
H H
H H
C C
C C
H H
Biologi
2
4
BAB
Polinukleotida / Polynucleotide
Petunjuk / Key :
Struktur nukleotida
The structure of
Gula 5-karbon / 5-carbon sugar
nucleotide
Bes bernitrogen / Nitrogenous
base
Struktur Polinukleotida
4
Structure of Polynucleotide
2
BAB
Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3
Nukleus Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3
Sel Nucleus
Cell Kromosom
Chromosome
DNA
Nukleus
Nucleus
Sel
Cell
Kromosom
Chromosome
Gen
Gene
DNA
Biologi
2018
4
BAB
2018
Biologi
Bahagian A
2018
4
BAB
CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H H H
H H
CH2OH CH2OH
O OH H OH H
O OH O OH OH
OH OH OH
H H
+ H2O
OH H H OH H OH
H H OH H
H H
H OH H OH
Biologi
4
BAB
Menganalisis
Kuiz 4
BAB
BAB 5
Biologi
2
5
BAB
Tenaga
Tenaga Energy
Energy
Biologi
5
BAB
1
Biologi
2
5
BAB
2
Biologi
7
Membran plasma
1 Plasma membrane
Ribosom 6
2 Ribosome
5
DNA
Vesikel rembesan
Secretory vesicle
BAB
4 5
Substrat
Substrate
Tapak aktif
Active site
Enzim
Enzyme
Biologi
Kompleks enzim-substrat
Enzyme substrate complex
Hasil
Product
5
Enzim
Enzyme
BAB
Bahan
tindak balas
Reactants
Hasil tindak
balas
Products
4
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Suhu
Suhu optimum Temperature
Optimum temperature
5
BAB
Pepsin Amilase liur Tripsin
Pepsin Salivary amilase Trypsin
Kadar tindak balas / Reaction rate
2 4 6 8 10 pH
Biologi
Kepekatan substrat
Substrate concentration
5
BAB
Kepekatan enzim
Enzyme concentration
5.1
2
Biologi
5
BAB
Biologi
Suhu (°C)
Temperature (°C)
5
BAB
5.2
5.2
Biologi
5
BAB
Biologi
5
BAB
Biologi
2018
Substrat S
Substrate S
Kotoran makanan
Food stain
Enzim E
Enzyme E
5
BAB
Bahagian A
Aras tenaga
Energy level
Ea1
Substrat
Substrate Ea2
Hasil
Kompleks enzim-substrat Products
Enzyme-substrate complex
Mengaplikasi
Kuiz 5
BAB
BAB 6
Biologi
1
6
2
BAB
Molekul DNA
DNA molecule
Satu kromatid
A chromatid
Bebenang kromatin
Chromatin fibre Protein
Sentromer / Centromere
6
BAB
B
J
A
H
I G
F A
C
E
A
D
Biologi
Fasa G1
G1 phase
Sit
Cy okin
tok e
ine sis
sis
Pembahagian rp h a s e
6
Mitosis
sel
Cell division
/ I nt e
fasa Fasa S
Pro hase
sa
S phase
Pro
p r fa
I n te
BAB
Fasa G2
G2 phase
Biologi
6
BAB
Biologi
3
6
BAB
3
Biologi
6
BAB
2
Meiosis
Meiosis
Biologi
6
BAB
Biologi
6
BAB
Biologi
2
6
BAB
Biologi
6
BAB
Biologi
6
BAB
Biologi
46 46
+
Tak disjunsi
Non-disjunction Meiosis
6
22 24 23
BAB
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation
47
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 21 22 23
Biologi
2018
MITOSIS
Fasa G1 Fasa S Fasa G2
G1 phase S phase G2 phase
0 10 20
(Jam / Hours)
2018
6
BAB
2018
2018 P
Biologi
Bahagian A
P Q R S T
6
BAB
Mengaplikasi
Kuiz 6
BAB
Biologi
7
BAB
Biologi
7
BAB
1
2
Biologi
Glikolisis
Glukosa / Glucose Glycolysis
Tenaga
Energy
Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
Kitar kreb
Krebs cycle
Tenaga
Energy
CO2
Pengangkutan elektron
Electron transport
Tenaga
Energy
O2 H2O
Biologi
7.1
2
7
BAB
Kalium Kalium
Hidroksida Hidroksida
Potassium Potassium
hydroxide hydroxide
7
BAB
7.2
Biologi
Penutup
Tabung uji A Stopper Tabung uji B
Test tube A Test tube B
Tabung didih
Boiling tube
7
Set A Set B
BAB
7
BAB
Biologi
7
BAB
2018
Biologi
Bahagian A
7
BAB
Menganalisis
Kuiz 7
BAB
Biologi
8
BAB
Biologi
1 2
Trakea
Trachea Spirakel
Spiracle O2
CO2
Trakeol
Tracheole
Otot
Muscle
8
1 2
BAB
Aliran air
Water flow
5%
30%
70
blood flow
%
%
100
60
Lamela
90%
1 2
CO2 O2
O2 CO2 Trakea
Trachea
Kapilari darah
Kulit / Skin Blood vessel
Peparu / Lungs
8
1 2
BAB
Alveolus
Alveoli
Biologi
Peparu Peparu
Lung Lung
Diafragma Diafragma
Diaphragm Diaphragm
8
BAB
Biologi
4
8
Ruang operkulum
Otot operkulum
dibesarkan
Buccal cavity
mengecut
Buccal cavity
expanding
Lengkung contracting
Lengkung insang insang
Gill arches Injap operkulum
Gill arches
Injap operkulum dibuka
Opercular valve
ditutup
Opercular valve open
closed
Biologi
8
BAB
Biologi
Menarik nafas
Inhalation
Menghembus nafas
Exhalation
O2
CO2 O2
O2
CO2
O2
CO2 O2
O2
Jaringan kapilari
Capillary bed
O2 O2 O2
CO2 CO2
Sel badan
Body cells
8
CO2 O2
BAB
Udara alveolus
Alveolar air
O2
Dinding alveolus
Alveolar wall
Sel darah
merah
Hb Red blood
O2 cells
Sel badan
8
Body cell
O2 meresap ke dalam
sel badan
O2 diffuses into
BAB
body cells
CO2 meresap ke
dalam darah
CO2 diffuses
into blood
Darah
Blood
Biologi
8
Mukus
Mucus
BAB
Dinding tiub
bronkiol
yang radang
Inflamed bronchiole
tube wall
Biologi
Udara
air
Alveolus sihat
Healthy alveoli
8
Penyakit Berkaitan
Sistem Respirasi
Diseases Related to
Respiratory System
BAB
Serangan asma
Asthma attack
Biologi
X Y
Tulang rusuk
Ribs Peparu
Lung
Diafragma
Diaphragm
8
BAB
Y
X
Z
2018
Biologi
2018
X
2018
X
8
O2
CO2
BAB
Otot
Muscle
Bahagian A
Z
Biologi
8
BAB
Biologi
Bahagian B
Kapilari
Capillary Cecair
Fluid
Membran alveolus CO2
Alveolar membrane
Udara
Membran respirasi O2 Air
Respiration membrane
2018
8
BAB
2018
Lengkung insang
Gill arch
Peparu
Air mengalir
Lung
kedalam mulut Operkulum
Water flow into mouth Operculum
Kuiz 8
BAB
Biologi
9
BAB
Biologi
9
2
BAB
Makanan tercerna
Digested food
2
9
Kelenjar
(d) Sel goblet
gaster Goblet cell
Gastric
gland
Biologi
9
1
BAB
Biologi
9.1
3
9
BAB
Biologi
9
BAB
Biologi
9
1
BAB
f Mikrovilus / Microvilli
b d g
Kapilari darah Sel epitelium
Ileum
a Blood capillary Epithelial cells
Ileum
Usus kecil c
Small intestine Vilus e
Villi Lakteal h
Lacteal Sel goblet
Goblet cell
i
Kelenjar usus
Intestinal gland
Vilus / Villus
Biologi
9
BAB
e
Fruktosa
Fructose
a f
Vitamin larut lemak Asid amino
Lipid-soluble vitamins Amino acids
b g
Asid lemak Vitamin larut air
Fatty acids Water-soluble vitamins
c
Gliserol h
Glukosa
Glycerol Glucose
d
Titisan lemak
Lipid droplet
i
Galaktosa
Kapilari darah Galactose
Blood capillary
Lakteal j
Air
Lacteal Water
Sel epitelium
Epithelial cell
Biologi
Jantung/Heart
(b) Aorta
(a) Vena kava Aorta
Vena cava
Karbohidrat
Carbohydrates
Protein
Proteins
9
1
BAB
2
Biologi
9.2
3
/
9
BAB
Termometer
Thermometer
Tabung didih
Kaki retort Boiling tube
Retort stand
Air suling
Distilled water
Kacang gajus
Cashew nut
Plastisin
Plasticine
Biologi
9
BAB
Biologi
9.3
3
/
9
Tiub
Asid spesimen
askorbik Specimen Jus
0.1% tube buah-
0.1% buahan
BAB
2018
Arteri
Artery
Vena
Vein
2019
9
BAB
2018
C
Biologi
Bahagian A
2018
2017
Y
W
Batu hempedu di
duktus hempedu
Gallstones block
the bile duct Z
9
BAB
Biologi
Bahagian C
9
BAB
Kuiz 9
BAB
Biologi
10
BAB
Biologi
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
O2
10
BAB
Biologi
4
10
10
BAB
Biologi
3
10
BAB
Plasma (55%)
Platlet
Platelets
Eritrosit
Erythrocytes
Leukosit
Leucocytes
Biologi
10
BAB
Biologi
Venul Vena
Arteri Vein
Venule
Artery Arteriol
Arteriole Jaringan kapilari
Capillary network
4
10
Endothelium Endothelium
Endotelium
Endothelium
10
BAB
Biologi
Otot kardium
2 Cardiac muscle
Arteri koronari
Coronary artery
Vena koronari
Coronary vein
(g) Aorta 1
Aorta
(a) Vena kava superior
Superior vena cava
(h) Arteri pulmonari
Pulmonary artery
(b) Injap sabit
Semilunar valve (i) Vena pulmonari
Pulmonary vein
(c) Atrium kanan
Right atrium (j) Atrium kiri
Left atrium
(d) Injap trikuspid
Tricuspid valve (k) Injap bikuspid
Bicuspid valve Struktur Jantung
Manusia
(e) Ventrikel kanan
Right ventricle
(l) Ventrikel kiri Structure of Human
Left ventricle Heart
(f) Vena kava inferior
Inferior vena cava (m) Septum
10
Septum
2
BAB
Biologi
Nodus sinoatrium
Sinoatrial node
Nodus atrioventrikel 1
Atrioventricular node
2
Berkas His
3
Bundle of His fibres
4
Gentian Purkinje
10
Purkinje fibres
BAB
Biologi
Mekanisme
Pembekuan Darah
Mechanism of Blood
Clotting
Biologi
10
BAB
Biologi
3
10
BAB
Biologi
Rh+ Rh+
Antigen Rh
Rh antigen
Antibodi Rh
Rh antibody
10
BAB
Rh +/+ Rh –/–
Biologi
3
10
BAB
3
Biologi
Plak
Plaque
10
BAB
3
Biologi
Belon
Ballon
Plak
Plug
2
10
BAB
2 5
3 4
1
6
Injap
Valves
Salur limfa
Lymph vessei
Nodus limfa 7
Lymph node
Biologi
10
BAB
Tonsil Kelenjar
Tonsils timus
Thymus
gland
Apendiks
Appendix Limpa
Spleen
Sum-sum tulang
Bone marrow
Biologi
3
Pengumpulan
Kapilari bendalir tisu
Capillary Accumulation
of tissue fluid
Arteriol
Arteriole Venul
Venule
Sel tisu
Tissue cells
Tisu membengkak
akibat pengumpulan
bendalir limfa
Tissue swelling due
to accumulation of
10
lymph fluid
BAB
Biologi
2018
X Y
2018
10
BAB
Mengaplikasi
Biologi
Bahagian B
Limfa
Cecair tisu Lymph
Kapilari limfa Tissue fluid
Sel tisu
Lymphatic capillary Tissue cell
Sel darah merah
(blind-ended) Red blood cells
Arteriol Venul
Arteriole Venule
Tekanan rendah
Tekanan Low pressure
tinggi
High
pressure Cecair tisu meresap masuk
ke dalam kapilari
Plasma meresap keluar Tissue fluid enters capillary
Plasma squeezed out
2018
10
Aliran darah
Dinding arteri
berkurang
Artery wall
Decreased
BAB
blood flow
Plak
Arteri Plaque
membekal
darah ke
kaki
Arteries
supplying
Keratan rentas arteri blood to leg Arteri sempit
Artery cross-section Narrowed artery
Kuiz 10
BAB
BAB 11
Biologi
/ /
Antigen
Antigen
Bakteria Virus
Bacterium Virus
2
11
BAB
Biologi
Barisan Pertahanan 2
Badan Manusia
Human Body Defence
Epidermis kulit
Skin epidermis
Mukus Silia
Ke arah farinks Cilia
To pharynx Mucus
11
2
BAB
Biologi
Bakteria
Bacteria
Pseudopodia 3
Fagosom
Pseudopodium Phagosome
Lisosom 4
Lysosome
Jasad
residu
5 Residual
body
6
Bahan
7
buangan
Waste product
11
BAB
2
Biologi
Pin
Luka Kulit
Wound Skin
Fagosit
Phagocyte
4) Platlet bergerak
2) Histamin meningkatkan ketelapan Platlet keluar dari kapilari
kapilari, lebih banyak fagosit dan faktor Platelet untuk menutupi
pembekuan darah meresap keluar ke kawasan luka.
Platelets move out of
kawasan luka.
the capillary to seal
Histamines increase the permeability of
the wounded area.
capillaries, releasing more phagocytes and
clotting factors into the wound.
11
BAB
2
Sel B
B cell
11
3 Pembentukan klon
Formation of a clone
Sel T
T cell
BAB
Sel memori B
Memory B cells
Sel plasma
Plasma cells
Mengingat antigen asing
pada masa akan datang
Merembes antibodi Remember the
Secrete antibodies antigen for future encounters
1
Biologi
Antigen
Antigens
11
BAB
Antigen
Antigens
Biologi
4
11
BAB
Biologi
11
BAB
Biologi
2018
2019
Bahagian B
11
BAB
Kuiz 11
BAB
BAB 12
Biologi
Arah impuls
Impulse direction
4
BAB
Biologi
12
BAB
Biologi
2
12
BAB
Biologi
1 Saraf tunjang
Spinal cord
Saraf spina
Spinal nerve
Vertebra
Vertebra
12
BAB
2
Biologi
Sel reseptor
Receptor cells
12
Hujung sinaps
Synaptic end
Hujung sinaps
Synaptic ending
Bunyi
Sound
Neuron deria
Sensory neurone
Neuron geganti
Relay neurone
12
Neuron motor
Motor neurone
BAB
Biologi
Dendron Akson 2
Dendron Axon
Akson / Axon
Mitokondria / Mitochondrion
Vesikel sinaps
Synaptic vesicle
Bonggol sinaps
Synaptic knob
Membran pre-sinaps
Pre-synaptic membrane
Ruang sinaps
Synaptic cleft
Reseptor / Receptor
Membran pos-sinaps
12
Post-synaptic membrane
BAB
3
Biologi
12
BAB
Biologi
Neuron motor
5 5 Motor neurone
3 2
BAB
4 5
6
Biologi
12
BAB
Biologi
Sel endokrin
Endocrine cell
Vesikel rembesan
Secretory vesicle Molekul hormon
Hormone molecules
Salur darah
Blood vessel
Sel target
Target cell
1
12
BAB
Biologi
12
BAB
Biologi
12
BAB
Biologi
12
BAB
Biologi
12
2018
Soma (badan sel)
BAB
Dendrit
C Dendrites
A
Akson
Axon
D
B
Biologi
Bahagian A
Kelenjar pituitari
Pituitary gland
Tiroid
Thyroid
Ginjal Y
Kidney
Mengaplikasi
12
BAB
Kuiz 12
BAB
Biologi
13
BAB
Biologi
35°C 37.5°C
Menggigil Demam Fever
Severe shivering
36 38 40 42
35 37 39 41 °C
36.5-37°C 41°C
Suhu badan normal Pengsan, kekeliruan
Normal body Fainting, confusion
13
temperature
BAB
Biologi
13
BAB
Biologi
3 3
13
BAB
2
2
1
1
4 4
Biologi
13
BAB
Biologi
13
BAB
Biologi
13
BAB
Biologi
Impuls saraf
Nerve impulses
Pemvasodilatan
Tekanan darah meningkat Vasodilation
Blood pressure increases
( 120/80 mmHg)
13
BAB
Impuls saraf
Nerve impulses
Biologi
Nefron / Nephron
Ginjal
Kidney
Korteks
Cortex
Arteri renal Medula
Renal artery Medulla
Kapsul Bowman
Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule
13
Glomerulus
Tubul berlingkar proksimal
Arteriol eferen Proximal convoluted tubule
Efferent arteriole
Tubul berlingkar distal
Arteriol aferen
BAB
Arteri renal
Renal artery Duktus pengumpul
Collecting duct
Vena renal
Renal vein
Liku Henle
Kapilari darah Loop of Henle
Blood capillary
Biologi
Arteriol aferen
Afferent arteriole Kapsul Bowman
Bowman’s capsule
13
Glucose
Asid amino Salts
Amino acid
Duktus pengumpul
Kapsul Bowman Kapilari Collecting duct
Bowman’s capsule Capillary
Liku Henle
Loop of Henle
13
BAB
Biologi
13
BAB
Biologi
Pam
Pump
13
BAB
Bendalir
dialisis baru Bendalir dialisis
Fresh dialysing telah diguna
fluid Used dialysis fluid
Biologi
13.1
13
BAB
Biologi
13
Batu karang
di ureter
Stone in ureter
Batu karang
di pundi
Stone in
bladder
Biologi
200
X
Gula dalam darah (mg/dL)
180
160
Blood sugar (mg/dL)
140
Y
120 2018
100
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Masa (min)
Time (min)
Mekanisme X
X mechanism
X 13
BAB
Biologi
Mengaplikasi
2018 2019
W Y
Bahagian A
13
2018
Kelenjar adrenal
Adrenal glands
BAB
Kelenjar X
Hormon Z Gland X
Hormone Z
Hormon Y
Hormone Y
Ginjal
Kidney
Biologi
13
BAB
Kuiz 13
BAB
Biologi
14
BAB
Biologi
14
BAB
Biologi
14
BAB
Biologi
7
8
9
10
11
12
3
Sentrum
Centrum
4
Koksiks
Coccyx
14
BAB
Biologi
14
BAB
Biologi
14
BAB
Biologi
Otot biseps
Biceps
Otot biseps
Otot triseps Tendon Otot triseps Biceps
Triceps Triceps
Tendon
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
14
Kuadriseps femoris
Biseps femoris Quadriceps femoris
BAB
Biceps femoris
Biologi
14
BAB
Biologi
14
BAB
Biologi
14
BAB
Biologi
Ikan ditolak
ke hadapan
Fish pushed
forwards
Ke atas Ke bawah
Upstroke Downstroke
Tekanan udara
14
Tulang normal
Normal bone
Tulang osteoporosis
Bone with osteoporosis
14
BAB
Biologi
2018
2018
2018
Bahagian B
14
Mengaplikasi
BAB
Kuiz 14
BAB
BAB 15
Biologi
15
BAB
Biologi
15
BAB
Biologi
5
15
BAB
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Biologi
GnRH Hipotalamus
Hypothalamus
Anterior Posterior
pituitari pituitari
Anterior Posterior
pituitary GnRH pituitary
FSH
LH Testis
Sel sertoli Testes
Sertoli cells
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Rembesan hormon
Hormone secretion
Testoteron
Testosterone
2n 2n 2n 2n
Spermatogonia
Spermatogonia
2n 2n 2n 2n Oogonia 2n 2n 2n 2n
Oogonia
Spermatozoa Ovum
Spermatozoa n n n n Ovum
Biologi
Oogonium
(2n)
1 Oosit
2 primer Jasad kutub
(2n) pertama
6 3
First polar
Oosit sekunder body
(n) (n)
Jasad kutub
9 kedua
Oosit sekunder Pengovulan Second polar
Secondary Oocyte Ovulation body
(n)
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
15
BAB
Biologi
15
BAB
Biologi
15
BAB
Biologi
Hipotalamus
Hypothalamus
GnRH 1
Lobus anterior
2 kelenjar pituitari
Anterior pituitary gland
Merencat FSH 11
Inhibits FSH 7 LH Merencat LH
6 Inhibits LH
Ovulasi
Rembesan Ovulation
9
FSH 3
Secretion
Korpus luteum
of FSH
4 Pertumbuhan merembes progesteron
folikel Corpus luteum secretes
Growth 8 progesterone
of follicle
Rembesan
estrogen Ovari
Secretion Ovary
of oestrogen
5 Estrogen Progesteron
Oestrogen Progesterone
10
15
BAB
Kawalan suapbalik
12 negatif
Negative feedback
control
Biologi
15
BAB
Biologi
2 FSH LH
FSH
14
3 FSH dan LH merangsang 7 Aras LH yang tinggi
perkembangan folikel merangsang ovulasi
FSH and LH stimulate High LH stimulates
follicle to grow ovulation
Aras estrogen 14
10 Progesteron dan estrogen menggalakkan
rendah penebalan endometrium
Oestrogen level 5 Progesterone and oestrogen promoted
very low thickening of endometrium
Korpus luteum
Corpus luteum
30 hari
Aras hormon 30 days 120 hari
Hormone levels 120 days Terma penuh
Full term
Estrogen
Oestrogen
hCG
Progesteron
Progesterone
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Mengandung Bulan kehamilan Kelahiran
Conception Months of pregnancy Delivery
15
BAB
Biologi
2 Laluan sperma
Path of sperm
Telur
Eggs
6
15
BAB
5
Biologi
Relative hormone concentration
Estrogen
Kepekatan hormon relatif
Oestrogens
Progesteron
Progesterone
15
Gonadotropin
korion manusia
Human chorionic
gonadotropin
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26 32 36 40
BAB
Kehamilan (minggu)
Pregnancy (weeks)
Biologi
Plasenta
Placenta
Plasenta bahagian
ibu
Maternal portion
of placenta
Tali pusat
Umbilical cord Plasenta bahagian
fetus
Foetal portion
of placenta
Fetus
Foetus
15
BAB
Biologi
15
Kantung ketuban
Plasenta yang berasingan
yang sama Separate amniotic
Same placenta sacs
BAB
Kantung ketuban
yang berasingan Plasenta
Separate amniotic yang berasingan
sacs Different
placenta
Biologi
15
BAB
Biologi
15
BAB
Biologi
Dewasa
Adult
Telur
Egg
Telur Larva
Egg Larva
Pupa
Pupa
Peringkat nimfa
Dewasa Nymph stage
Adult
15
BAB
Biologi
Fasa
permulaan
Lag phase
Mati
Death
B
Fasa pertumbuhan
perlahan E
Slow growth phase
Fasa penuaan dan kematian
Ketinggian
D
A Fasa matang
C
Stationary phase
Fasa pertumbuhan
Lahir pesat
Birth Rapid growth phase
0 3 13 18 65
Umur (tahun)
Age (year)
15
BAB
Biologi
Dewasa
Adult
Body length (mm)
Panjang (mm)
V
Ekdisis 5
Ecdysis 5
IV
Ekdisis 4
Ecdysis 4
III
Ekdisis 3
Ecdysis 3
Telur II
Egg Ekdisis 2
Ecdysis 2
I
Ekdisis 1
Ecdysis 1
Masa (hari)
Time (days)
15
X
BAB
Biologi
2018
Y 2017
Mengaplikasi
Bahagian B
15
BAB
Kuiz 15
Biologi
1 1
2
2
3
2
30 L
4 25
20
15
3
10
5
M
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10.0
2
Kepekatan larutan garam (%)
Concentration of salt solution
5
1
6
2
7
2
8 1
10
2
10
4
11
12 1
13
14
15
konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu tugasan.
15