1.1.

Introduction
This project of construction of G+4 floors apartment building is located in North Province,
Musanze District, Muhoza Sector. The Reinforced concrete design is very important step in
a building construction activities. The Reinforced concrete design design is done to make
safer the structure. The major structural members in reinforced concrete structures comprise
slabs, beams, columns, footings, and stairs case. They are reinforced against bending or
shear forces.
.
[Link] reinforced concrete design assumes the following conditions:
✓ Partial safety factors for loads
The load actually used in the design is called the design load; it’s the product of the load and
the relevant factor γf
DL= γf *characteristic load
γf for a characteristic dead load is 1.4 and
for imposed load γf is 1.6
Design load(n)=1.4 Gk +1.6Qk
✓ Partial safety factors for material strength, according to(BS8110) part1.
γm is 1.15 for steel and 1.5 for concrete

1.3. Design data to be used according to British standard

General loading conditions
BS6399-1:1996: Part1 Loading for building,
BS648:1964, Weights of building materials

➢ Roof –Imposed =1.5kN/m2

➢ Floor –Imposed and partitions =3kN/m2
➢ Stairs –Imposed =3kN/m2
➢ finishes to floors and stairs =2kN/m2
➢ Granite Tiling =2.75g/cm3 or 26.9775KN/m3ou 0.53955KN/m2
➢ Iron galvanized sheets =0.12KN/m2
➢ Truss =0.3KN/m2
➢ Purlins and system bracing =0.1KN/m2
➢ Ceiling =0.1KN/m2
 ➢ Concrete compressive strength:30N/mm2, tensile strength of reinforcement: 460
N/mm2 for both main reinforcement and stirrups, Cover for slab:25mm, for beams and
columns:30mm, for footing:50mm, and safe bearing capacity of soil :200kN/m2
➢ Self-weight of Reinforced concrete = 24kN/ m3
➢ Self-weight of masonry (bricks) = 18kN/ m3
➢ Self-weight of plaster = 20kN/ m3

2. Summary sheet
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN/SLAB AND BEAMS LAYOUT
Notes:
✓ Columns: 200x200mm (Internal and external edge and corner columns)
✓ Floor beams: 400x200mm
✓ Roof beams: 200x200mm
✓ Storey height=3.5m

3. Slab Design
𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐧
D minimum = 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∗ 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫

3.2𝑚 𝑥 10^3𝑚𝑚
dmin = = 102.56𝑚𝑚
26 𝑥 1.2
Let’s assume that diameter of reinforcement steel is 10 mm
Effective depth = 120mm
H= effective depth x Ө/2+ cover
h = 120mm + 10/2 +25mm
h = 150mm
Design load = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Self-weight of slab = 0.15m x 25KN/m3 = 3.75 KN/m2 + 2KN/m2 +0.53955KN/m2= 6.35KN/m2
Live load equal to 3 KN/m2
Ultimate design load = (6.35 x 1.4) + (3 x 1.6) = 8.89 +4.8=13.69KN/m2
Design load (n) to 1 meter of slab =13.69KN/m2 x 1m =13.69KN/m
DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SPANNING SLAB
Msxn =βsx*n* Lx2
Msyn = βsy*n* Lx2
Bending moments coefficients, βsx and βsy for restrained slabs (based on table 3.14, BS8110)
Table 1: Moments in slab in mid-span and near the supports

Coefficient Coefficient Bending

βsx and βsy βsx and βsy Bending moments at
Panel Ly Lx Lx2 at the at the Mid- moments at the Mid-
Ly/Lx
support Span the support Span
βsx βsy βsx βsy Msx- Msy- Msx+ Msy+

P1 3.2 3.2 10.24 1 0.039 0.037 0.030 0.028 5.467 5.187 4.206 3.925

P2 3.2 3.2 10.24 1 0.047 0.045 0.036 0.034 6.589 6.308 5.047 4.766

P3 3.3 3.2 10.24 1.1 0.049 0.037 0.036 0.028 6.869 5.187 5.047 3.925

P4 3.3 3.2 10.24 1.1 0.037 0.032 0.028 0.024 5.187 4.486 3.925 3.364

P5 3.3 1.7 2.89 2 0.063 0.032 0.048 0.024 2.493 1.266 1.899 0.950

P6 3.2 1.7 2.89 2 0.067 0.037 0.050 0.028 2.651 1.464 1.978 1.108

P7 3.3 2.5 6.25 1.4 0.074 0.045 0.051 0.031 6.332 3.850 4.364 2.652

P8 3.2 3.2 10.24 1 0.039 0.037 0.030 0.028 5.467 5.187 4.206 3.925

P9 3.2 1.7 2.89 2 0.063 0.032 0.048 0.024 2.493 1.266 1.899 0.950

P10 3.2 3.2 10.24 1 0.031 0.032 0.024 0.024 4.346 4.486 3.364 3.364

P11 3.2 2.5 6.25 1.3 0.062 0.037 0.047 0.028 5.305 3.166 4.021 2.396
 P12 3.2 3.2 10.24 1 0.039 0.037 0.030 0.028 5.467 5.187 4.206 3.925

P13 3.2 1.7 2.89 2 0.069 0.037 0.050 0.028 2.730 1.464 1.978 1.108

P14 3.2 3.2 10.24 1 0.039 0.037 0.029 0.028 5.467 5.187 4.065 3.925

P15 3.2 2.5 6.25 1.3 0.069 0.045 0.051 0.034 5.904 3.850 4.364 2.909

P16 3.2 1.66 2.7556 2 0.098 0 0.074 0.044 3.697 - 2.792 1.660

From the table above, it is obviously seen that the most loaded panels are panel P2(Two adjacent
edge discontinuous) and panel P3(One long edge discontinuous) with the following moments:
Maximum Moment at the support: P3: Msx- =6.87KNm, P2: Msy-=6.31KNm
Maximum Moment at mid-span: P2: Msx+=5.05KNm, P3: Msy+=4.77KNm
Formula to calculate moment at support and at middle
The moments at mid span and at the support of the two ways slabs, where the moments are found
by using these formulas based BS8110):
𝐌𝐬𝐗− = 𝛃𝐬𝐗− × 𝐧 × 𝐋𝐱 𝟐 negative moment in the direction of Lx at the support
𝐌𝐬𝐲− = 𝛃𝐬𝐲− × 𝐧 × 𝐋𝐱 𝟐 negative moment in the direction of Ly at the support
𝐌𝐬𝐗+ = 𝛃𝐬𝐗+ × 𝐧 × 𝐋𝐱 𝟐 positive moment in the direction of Lx at the mid span
𝐌𝐬𝐲+ = 𝛃𝐬𝐲+ × 𝐧 × 𝐋𝐱 𝟐 positive moment in the direction of Ly at the mid span
[Link]. AT CONTINEOUS EDGE
Maximum Moment at the support (negative moment)
P3: Msx- =6.87KNm
P2: Msy-=6.31KNm

❖ Main steel
Msx- =6.87KNm
M 6.87 × 106
K= = = 0.016 < 0.156(ok)
fcu bd2 30 × 1000 × 1202
Since k< 0.156, means no compression reinforcement required
K
Hence find lever arm using the following formula: Z = d[0.5 + (√0.25 − 0.9] = 0.98d>0.95d,

so, Z used is Z=0.95d

Z=0.95*120=>114
So, the critical Z is 114mm
Msx− 6.87×106
The area of steel reinforcements, As = 0.87×fy×z = 0.87×460×113 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝐦𝐦𝟐

As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*1000*150=195mm2
For AS min>As, AS min is used to provide main steel reinforcement
Those reinforcements were provided T10@200mm for As provided=393mm2 according to table
4. [Link] –sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing(mm2) (from Bs part
one)
❖ Secondary steel

Msy-=6.31KNm

θ 10
d’= h-θ-2 − C=150-10- 2 − 25=110mm
 M 6.31 × 106
K= = = 0.017 < 0.156 OK
fcu bd2 30 × 1000 × 1102
Since k<0.156 means that no compression reinforcements required
K
Hence find lever arm using the following formula: Z = d[0.5 + (√0.25 − 0.9] = 0.98d>0.95d,

so, Z=0.95d used

Z = 110 ∗ 0.95 => 104.5
So, the critical Z is 104.5mm
Msy− 6.31×106
As = 0.87×fy×z = 0.87×460×104.5 = 150.88𝐦𝐦2

As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*1000*150=195mm2
For AS min>As, AS min is used to provide main steel reinforcement
Those reinforcements were provided T10@200mm for As provided=393mm2 according to table
4. [Link] –sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing(mm2) (from Bs part
one)
[Link]. AT MID-SPAN
Maximum Moment at mid-span (positive moment)
P2: Msx+=5.05KNm,

P3: Msy+=4.77KNm

Main steel

Msx+=5.05KNm
Z = 120 ∗ 0.95 =114mm
Msxp 5.05×106
As = 0.87×fy×z = 0.87×460×114 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝐦𝐦2

As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*1000*150=195mm2
For AS min>As, AS min is used to provide main steel reinforcement
Those reinforcements were provided T10@200mm for As provided=393mm2 according to table
4. [Link] –sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing(mm2) (from Bs part
one)
Secondary steel

Msyp=4.77KNm and Z = 0.95*110=104.5mm

 Msy− 4.77×106
As = 0.87×fy×z = 0.87×460×104.5 = 114.06mm2

As min=0.13%bh=0.13%*1000*150=195mm2
For AS min>As, AS min is used to provide main steel reinforcement
Those reinforcements were provided T10@200mm for As provided=393mm2 according to table
4. [Link] –sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing(mm2) (from Bs part
one)

Deflection check

span 3200
Actual = =26.67
d 120
477−Fs 5 Arearequired
Mf=0.55 + M ≤ 2.0 where Fs = 8 fy Areaprovided
120(0.9+ 2 )
bd

5 195
Fs = 8 ∗ 460 393 = 142.65N/mm2,
477−142.65
Mf=0.55 + 5.05∗106
=2.77>2, hence take Mf=2(BS 8110 part 1, clause 3.4.7. table 3.10.
120(0.9+ )
1000∗120²

modification factor for tension reinforcements)

Permissible span
= basic ratio ∗ M. F
effective depth
=26*2=52; thus 52>26.67 therefore the slab is safe against deflection
4. DESIGN OF BEAM

Influence area for critical beams and columns.

CORRECTED SIZE OF BEAM

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
d min = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
3.3 𝑥 1000𝑚𝑚
d min = = 127mm
26

Let’s take 150mm of depth of beam

Height of beam with slab height = d + h +Ө/2 +link+ cover
32
=150mm + 150mm + + 8mm + 25mm = 349mm
2

Let’s take 400mm

H=400mm – 150mm = 250mm
 400𝑚𝑚
Web = = 200mm
2

Continuous beam D

Cross section of beam

Self-weight of beam = 0.2m x 0.25m x 25KN/m3 = 1.25KN/m
❖ Span = 1.66m with A1=0.69m2
Self-weight of slab = 0.15m x 25KN/m3 = 3.75 KN/m2 + 2KN/m2+ 0.53955KN/m2=
6.35KN/m2
Load due to slab on beam = 6.35KN/m2 x 0.69 m2÷ 1.66m = 2.64KN/m
Live load = 3 KN/m2 x 0.69m2 ÷ 1.66= 1.25KN/m
Wall = 3.5 x 0.24 x 18KN/m3=15.12KN/m
Total dead load = 2.64KN/m + 1.25KN/m + 15.12KN/m
Total dead load (Gk) = 19.01KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 3KN/m2 x 0.69 m2÷1.66m=1.25KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (1.4 x 19.01KN/m) + (1.25KN/m x 1.6)
Design load = 28.614KN/m
❖ Span = 3.2m with A2=4.56m2
Load due to slab on beam=6.35KN/m2 x 4.56m2÷3.2m=9.05KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 3KN/m2 x 4.56 m2÷3.2m=4.275KN/m
Total dead load = 1.25KN/m +9.05KN/m + 15.12KN/m
Total dead load = 25.42KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (25.42KN/m x 1.4) + (1.6 x 4.27KN/m) =42.428KN/m
❖ Span=3.3m with A3=4.80m2
Load due to slab = 6.35KN/m2 x 4.80m2 ÷ 3.3=9.24KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 3KN/m2 x 4.80m2÷3.3m =4.4KN/m
Total dead load=1.25+9.24+15.12=25.61KN/m
Design load = (25.61 x 1.4) +(4.4 x 1.6) = 42.894KN/m
Span=0.8m with A6=0.32m2
Load due to slab = 6.35KN/m2 x 0.32m2 ÷ 0.8=2.54KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 3KN/m2 x 0.32m2÷0.8m =1.2KN/m
Total dead load=1.25+2.54+15.12=18.91KN/m
Design load = (18.91 x 1.4) +(1.2 x 1.6) = 28.394KN/m
-70.0
-60.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.00
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
-25.0
-30.0
-35.0
-40.0

-5.00
.500 .500

1.00 1.00

SHEAR: X-X
1.50 1.50

MOMENTS: X-X
2.00 2.00

2.50 2.50

3.00 3.00

3.50 3.50

4.00 4.00

4.50 4.50

5.00 5.00

5.50 5.50

6.00 6.00

6.50 6.50

7.00 7.00

7.50 7.50

8.00 8.00

8.50 8.50

9.00 9.00

9.50 9.50

10.0 10.0

10.5 10.5

11.0 11.0

11.5 11.5

12.0 12.0

12.5 12.5

13.0 13.0

13.5 13.5

14.0 14.0

14.5 14.5

15.0 15.0
V max = -70.78kN @ 8.16m
M max = -39.42kNm @ 1.66m
The maximum positive moment on the mid span is 20.07𝑲𝑵𝒎 @ 6.51m and it occur when the beam is
minimized loaded, So the tensile reinforcement to resist this moment should be at the bottom, On the
other hand the maximum moment on the supports is 39.42KNm @ 1.66m as it is located when the beam
is loaded at the maximum so the reinforcement should be placed at the top. And the maximum shear
force is obtained as 70.78 KN @ 8.16m.
DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENTS

Cross section of beam

Web = 200mm
Bf = 200 + LZ/ 5
Lz = shortest span x 0.7
Lz = 1700 x 0.7
Bf = 438 mm
BEAM 4

❖ Span 2.5m with A7=3.13m2

Load due to slab on beam=6.35KN/m2 x 3.13m2÷2.5m=7.95KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 3KN/m2 x 3.13m2÷2.5m=3.76KN/m
Total dead load = 1.25KN/m +7.95KN/m + 15.12KN/m
Total dead load = 24.32KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (24.32KN/m x 1.4) + (1.6 x 3.767KN/m) =40.064KN/m
❖ Span 3.2m with A8=5.12m2
Load due to slab on beam=6.35KN/m2 x 5.12m2÷3.2m=10.16KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 3KN/m2 x 5.12m2÷3.2m=4.8KN/m
Total dead load = 1.25KN/m +10.16KN/m + 15.12KN/m
Total dead load = 26.53KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (26.53KN/m x 1.4) + (1.6 x 4.8KN/m) =44.822KN/m

❖ Span 1.7m with A8=1.45m2

Load due to slab on beam=6.35KN/m2 x 1.45m2÷1.7m=5.42KN/m
Live load (Qk) = 3KN/m2 x 1.45m2÷1.7m=2.56KN/m
Total dead load = 1.25KN/m +5.42KN/m + 15.12KN/m
Total dead load = 21.79KN/m
Design = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
Design load = (21.79KN/m x 1.4) + (1.6 x 2.56KN/m) =34.602KN/m
 MOMENTS: X-X M max = -38.11kNm @ 2.50m
-40.0
-35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
.500

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.0

10.5
-5.00

5.00
10.0
15.0
20.0

SHEAR: X-X V max = 72.14kN @ 2.50m

70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
.500

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.0

10.5
10.0

-10.0
-20.0
-30.0
-40.0
-50.0
-60.0
-70.0

The maximum positive moment on the mid span is 20.42𝑲𝑵𝒎 @ 9m and it occur when the beam is
minimized loaded, So the tensile reinforcement to resist this moment should be at the bottom, On the
other hand the maximum moment on the supports is 38.11KNm @ 2.5m as it is located when the beam
is loaded at the maximum so the reinforcement should be placed at the top. And the maximum shear
force is obtained as 72.14 KN @ 2.5m.