An Internship Report on

Vision Enterprises at Kalamboli, Sector - 14 Navi

Mumbai (Residential Building)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the diploma

in Civil Engineering
By
ROHINI PRAVIN TATUGADE

S.H. JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC DOMBIVALI

 Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ………………………………………

Roll No. ……………………………… of Fifth Semester Diploma in
…………………………………………………………… of Institute
…………………………………………………………………………
(Code ………………) has completed Industrial Training for the
Academic Year 2024-25 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: …………… Enrolment No: ……………………

Date: …………….. Exam Seat No: …………………….

Project Guide Head of the Department Principal

 ABSTRACT

An internship is an attempt made by the institute to bridge the gap left between the theoretical
and practical world. It gives us the chance to face the actual scenario in the construction
world.
Internship helps students learn all the aspects, including those not covered in textbooks. It is
the application of the knowledge gained from books in the real world.
This report documents the work done during The Summer Internship Program at Vision
Enterprises at Kalamboli, Sector - 14 Navi Mumbai.
This report consists of the Site where almost all necessary aspects and activities related to
civil work were observed and learned such as Aluminium Form Work, Surveying, Safety &
Health, Planning & Execution
The Internship lasted 45 days from 3rd June 2024 to 13th July 2024.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to present my Industrial Training Report on “Vision Enterprises

at Kalamboli, Sector - 14 Navi Mumbai (Residential Building)” and to express my deep
regards towards those who have offered their valuable time and guidance in my hour of need.

I would like to express my sincere and whole-hearted thanks to my project guide and the
Head of the Department Mrs. vaibhavi Mhatre Madam for contributing their valuable time,
knowledge, experience and guidance in making this project successfully done.

I am also glad to express my gratitude and thanks to my college S.H. Jondhale Polytechnic
Dombivali and my respected Principal Mr. Anil Wakekar for continuous inspiration and
encouragement.

This report helped me to learn new techniques, developments taking place in Civil
Engineering and revise some previous concepts. Indeed I perceive this opportunity as a
milestone in my career development.

Last but not least, I sincerely thank my colleagues, the staff and all others who directly
or indirectly helped me and made numerous suggestions which have surely improved the
quality of my work.

Sincerely,

Name: Rohini Pravin Tatugade

Enrollment No: 2200440027

 INDEX
 ABSTRACT

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

 CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL AND PRACTICAL

INFORMATION GAINED

 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT MONITORING & DAILY

OBSERVATIONS

 CHAPTER 4 SAFETY MEASURES

 CHAPTER 5 EQUIPMENT USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS

 CHAPTER 7 PHOTO GALLERY

 CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
I have undertaken my field training of 45 days in “Vision Enterprises”. The project is
a ‘Residential building’ consisting of 4 similar G+4 buildings.

I was assigned as a field trainee at the site which had several ongoing construction
works. The buildings were RCC-framed and earthquake-resistant structures. When I started
my field training, at that time brickwork, internal & external plastering, electrification, tiling
and plumbing work were going on simultaneously in the whole building. Lintels for doors
and windows are also being constructed using reinforcement like that of beams. On 3rd June
2024, I joined for field training. On the very 1st day, I was introduced to every work that I am
going to view in detail in the latter stage. After showing the layout map and some of the
architectural designs adapted to the site, I was introduced to tiling, plumbing and
electrification work, and fitting of doors & windows on the rooms in which up to the
plastering work has already been completed. In the second half of the day, I was introduced to
the casting of lintels, their formwork, and internal plastering very briefly. Concrete mixing is
generally achieved by hand mixing i.e. Volume Batching.

In this period of field training, the site engineer Mr. Keshav Shewale gave a lot of site
information. He gave us detailed information about the planning & construction of the
building.

I have seen there several things about construction methods, and detailed working
procedures; a brief of them are as follows:
1. Placing of formwork & reinforcement for lintels and chajjas.
2. Plastering work both inside & outside of the building.
3. Tiling of floors & walls of kitchen and bathroom.
4. Electrification & plumbing.
5. Curing of different components of a building.

About the construction management, I had seen their management was very flexible,
there were the proper coordination between all the people which over there working. They
had done better material management and proper storage for materials, especially for cement.

Project details
Type of the project: 4 x G+4 Residential Buildings (Mangalmurti Skyline)
Contractor: Mr. Keshav Shewale
Architect: Mr. Suhas Jadhav
Type of contract: Civil, Electrical, Plumbing, and Firefighting
Estimated Cost: 8 Crores
Duration of Project: 36 months
Project Starting Year: March-2023
Project Completing Year: 2026
Area of site: 70000 sq. ft.
General Description
It is near to Sai Garden, Vidyanagar. Site is situated in nature’s beauty
i.e. it has fresh air and is pollution free the project has various units concerned to different
departments with separate entrances to maintain privacy. All the units are intelligently
conceived to maximize natural ventilation & sunlight.
Training Site Details: Behind Sai Garden, Vidyanagar.
Training In-charge/Site Engineer: Mr. Keshav Shewale.
Organization
This is a main part of management in which systematic arrangement of people with definite
responsibilities, working together with subordinates to execute the work.

Merits
 Delay can be avoided.
 There is unity of control and authority.
 Easy to understand and strong in discipline.

Stage/Status of work at the time of visit:

The proposed work residential building has been successfully started. The total estimated cost
of the project was Rs. 8 Crore for the 4 buildings. I visited the site on 3rd June 2024. The
structural work of 2 buildings regarding beams, columns & slabs has already been completed.
Building services works like plastering, tiling, colouring, brickwork, plumbing, electrification
was witnessed. New building materials such as AAC blocks which are good alternatives for
traditional bricks were being used. Shuttering work for only lintels & chajja were there.

About The Company

Having solid experience in the real estate market, Vision Enterprises Civil
Constructions in Vidyanagar presents a wide choice of residential, industrial, commercial,
recreational and institutional properties to its clients. Distinguished for their award-winning
projects, this real estate group is truly one of the most established and recognized ones in the
housing and construction sector. Creating unique and innovative spaces ever since 2007, the
company has been able to build a strong foundation over time. The builder has constantly
strived to exceed the expectations of its clients through quality work, transparent work ethics
and the use of cutting-edge technology. The organization is committed to providing an
enhanced living experience to the residents through constant innovation and creative delivery
of projects.

Vision Enterprises Civil Constructions has delivered a large number of projects in the
past that have received rave reviews and appreciation from numerous prestigious builders and
other organizations associated with the real estate business. The team comprises of real estate
professionals having vast experience and knowledge about properties. Each of the projects of
this company exhibits avant-garde interior designs –lavish, ostentatious and one of its kind. It
has pioneered newer technologies and modern engineering that have helped it to create
landmark residential townships as well as commercial establishments. Quality, on-time
delivery and trust stand at the core of the business of this real estate organization. By giving
wings to the dreams of millions of people, it is truly making a mark in the field.
CHAPTER 2 TECHNICAL AND PRACTICAL INFORMATION
GAINED
Labor Rates:
Sr. No. Description Rates per unit
1 Labour Contractor RS-100 ( per Sq. Ft)
(Brickwork, Plastering )
2 Tile fitting RS-40 ( per Sq. Ft)
3 Electrification RS-90 ( per Sq. Ft)
4 Plumbing RS-125 ( per Sq. Ft)
5 Painter Work RS-50 ( per Sq. Ft)
6 *Fabricator RS-25 ( per Sq. Ft)
7 Carpenter/Fitter RS-75 ( per Sq. Ft)
8 Shuttering Contractor RS-30 ( per Built Up)
9 Watchman RS-160 (per Night)
‘*’ denotes subject to special requirements

Specifications of AAC Blocks:

Type: Aerated Autoclaved Concrete Block
Length: 625 mm
Height: 250 mm
Thickness: 300 mm

Property Value Unit:

 Density: 550-650 kg/cum.
 Compressive Strength: 3.5 N/mm2
 Thermal Conductivity: 0.14 W/M deg.k
 Resistant to Fire: 2-6 hours
 Drying Shrinkage: 0.02%
 Sound Reduction: 37-42 dB

Properties of AAC Block:

 Light Weight
 Reduction in the Dead Load
 Environment Friendly
 Avoid Indoor Air Pollution
 Energy Efficient
 Thermal Insulation
 Fire Resistant
 Suitable for Fire Rated Application
 Low Maintenance
 Impervious to Insects and Pests
 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT MONITORING & DAILY
OBSERVATIONS
Being a field trainee on the site, I got a very fine opportunity to witness a lot of work
mostly related to building services. However, as the structural work was completely over
when I visited the site, I only witnessed the structural work of lintels and chajjas. So, in this, I
would like to give the details of my everyday observations on the site during my training.
I was first introduced to the municipal drawings of the project. The project comprised
of construction of 4 similar buildings. The Municipal drawings had the section, elevation of
each building, block plan, ground floor plan which they proposed for the use of parking
purposes only and plan of 3 symmetrical floors. Then the site engineer showed me the whole
site. In the 1st instance, I observed that out of 4 buildings 2 were having the 1st floor slabs and
for the other 2 buildings the structural works were completed and the building servicing
works were being carried on. He gave me an overview of various works that were being done
in different areas of the site.

The Site Engineer introduced me to the various tools or equipment and their uses that they
were using on the site which included:
1. Tools for Brickwork:
a) Trowel
b) Plumb Rule
c) Mason’s Square
d) Line & Pin
e) Bolster
2. Tools for Carpentry Work & Fitting of Appliances:
a) Marking Tools: Square, Marking Gauge, Bevel
b) Cutting Tools: Compass Saw, Cross Cut Saw, Firmer Chisel
c) Boring tools: Ratchet Brace, Auger, Power Drill
d) Planning Tools: Jack Plane, Rebate Plane
e) Hammers & Screw Drivers: Claw hammer, Ratchet Screw Driver
f) Miscellaneous Tools: Nail Punch, Pincer, Pliers
3. Tools for Plastering:
a) Gauging Trowel
b) Wooden Float
c) Plumb Bob
d) Set Square
e) Scratchers
4. Tools for Painting:
a) Wire Brush
b) Scrub Brush
c) Brush of Various Grades
d) Sand Paper
e) Roller Tray & Grid
f) Extension Ladder
5. Tools for Plumbing:
a) Pipe Wrench
b) Rib-Joint Plier
c) Hacksaw
d) Screw Driver
e) Measuring Tape
 6. Tools for Electrification System:
a) Plier
b) Screwdriver & Nut driver
c) Wire Stripers
d) Measuring Devices: Multimeter
e) Power Tools: Power Saw & Power Drill

I have enquired how much material they used for the daily consumption of plastering
and brick laying works as it is the most labour intensive jobs and all the material carriage is
achieved by the helpers only. So, I assumed it would require a lot of time for the carriage of
materials from the ground floor to the above floors. On the same, he answered that for both
works the total consumption of cement mix is almost ¾ brasses (not considering the same
cement mix ratio for both the works), and for brickwork the number of bricks they use daily
is almost 800-900 in numbers.
However, he further mentioned that the total consumption depends also on the number
of workers on the site but they try to maintain this as minimum usage. Thus, it can be
increased if the number of workers is more.

At the beginning of this day, I was introduced to the concept of lintels and arches. The
site engineer mentioned that both lintels and arches were structural members. However,
lintels are horizontal members which act like a beam whereas arches are curved members
which were maintained in equilibrium by reactions from supports or abutments. Lintels are
generally constructed as they are simple and easy to construct provided there are no special
requirements like that of architectural appearance, heavy imposed loads or larger span of
opening.
Now, he took me to the place where a lintel was going to be cast. First, he mentioned
to me the steps of construction:

 Installation of formwork.
 Laying and casting of the lintel.
 Removal of formwork, followed by curing.

They were going to cast a lintel over a beam. So, these are the steps that were
followed at the site:

 Installation of Formwork: This was being done by a skilled carpenter. The carpenter
installed the wooden formworks over a column on 1 side and a brick wall on the other
side, and in the middle, it was being supported by a prop. The thicknesses of the
formworks were almost 5 cm. Like that of a beam, it is covered from 3 sides i.e. 2
sides and the bottom. Space for concreting is left at the top. The width of the opening
i.e. door is 1.2 m. Thus, the depth of the lintel was held at 15 cm & the bearing ends
width or width of supports on both sides of the opening was held at 18 cm. Now, they
placed the reinforcing steel of 6 mm 2 at the top and 4 at the bottom with a calculated
cover of 10 mm. Then they placed the stirrups accordingly.

 Mixing and Pouring of Concrete: The mixing for such purposes was generally being
achieved as volume batching. Since the grade of concrete for lintel casting is M15 &
the proportion is 1:2:4. The labours took a bag of 50 kg (considered as 35 Liters) of
cement bag and added fine sand and coarse aggregates in the requisite proportion
 using the gauge boxes of (27 cm X 27 cm X 48 cm). Then finally 30 Liters of water is
added to this whole mix. Then a mason mixes the components thoroughly for about
10 minutes. Then they poured a layer of mix into the formwork above the door
opening & compacted it. After this, they pour & compact it into 4 layers. The whole
process from centring to compacting took almost 1½ hours, for just a single lintel.

In this way, they have done it for 1 more door and 3 windows. However, in the case of
windows, the bearing end width was made at 20 cm as the width of the window
opening is 2 m and the depth was made same.

At first, the site engineer introduced me to the essential components of brick masonry i.e.:
a) Bricks – Main Component
b) Mortar – Supporting Cementing Material

Now coming to the steps that were being followed at the site:

1) Mortar is spread on the top of the area to be covered by the edges of the wall. The
depth of spread of the mortar was about 10 cm.
2) The corner of the wall is constructed first. For that, one brick is laid first at the corner
and pressed with hand so that the thickness of the bed joint remains only about 1 cm.
The first closer is covered with mortar on its side and then pressed the first corner
brick, such that a 1 cm thick vertical joint is obtained. The excess mortar is being
cleaned by using the trowel.
3) The level and the alignment is checked.
4) Now, a few headers and stretchers are then laid in the first course.
5) After having laid the first course at the corner, the mortar is laid and spread over the
first course and then the end stretcher is laid first by pressing it into the mortar and
then hammering it slightly so that the thickness of the vertical joint is 1 cm.
6) Other courses are then laid at the corner. Since the corner construction at each end
works as a guide for filling in between bricks of various courses, the corner
construction should be done with great care. The plumb and alignment should be
thoroughly checked.
7) For building the in-between portion of the wall, a brickbat is attached at either end of
the cord so that it remains touting. The line or cord is then shifted up, corresponding
to the top level of the second course, and the second course is also constructed. The
corners of the wall are then raised further and the above 2 steps are repeated.

It was being ensured that the height difference between 2 adjoining walls is not more than
1m. The bond that is being made in all the corners is the stretcher bond. Some small squared
spaces of size 10 m X 10 m were left below the beam of the upper storey slab for ventilation
purposes, which was to be completed during the plastering purpose.

Firstly the site engineer introduced me to the various door and window sizes that they
were installing in various rooms of a particular flat. They were as follows:
a) External Doors: 1 m X 2.1 m (Width X Height)
b) Internal Doors: 0.9 m X 2 m
c) Doors for bathrooms and WCs: 0.9 m X 2 m
d) Sliding Doors for balconies: 1.5 m X 2 m (2 sets)
e) Sliding Windows for all the required places except kitchen and bathrooms: 0.5 m X
1.1 m (containing 2 sets of panels of size 0.25 m X 1.1 m each)
 f) Casement Windows: 0.5 m X 0.7 m (containing 2 shutters of 0.25 m X 0.7m, Partly
Glazed)
g) Ventilators: 0.3 m X 0.55 m glazed

Then he mentioned the factors for the selection of size, shape, location and number of doors
and windows in a room which were as follows:

a) Size of the room

b) Location of the room
c) Utility of the room
d) Direction of the wall
e) Direction of wind
f) Climatic conditions
g) Requirements of exterior views
h) Architectural treatment to the exterior of the building

Since the wooden frames for doors were already fitted, they just need to fit the doors at the
required places by combining the panel with the frame using the butt hinge. The doors were
already provided with the lever handle lock for the main external door and for the internal
doors handles were provided along with the aldrop bolt. The same procedure is being
performed for the fitting of casement windows for the kitchen, which was already provided
with the barrel bolt.

Now considering the fitting of sliding doors and windows and ventilators for the bathroom,
for which there was no need for the wooden frames. So, they performed the following steps:

a) The prepared opening was cleared and the exact positions of the frames were marked
down.
b) Holes were cut in the brick masonry of diameter 1 cm and 4 to 5 cm in depth, to
accommodate the lugs which were further grouted with cement mortar.
c) The frame along with opening panels is placed and its position is adjusted in the
correct alignment by striking it in the correct position. After adjusting the frame in the
correct alignment and position, the lugs are screwed tight to the frame.
On that every day complete fitting of doors and windows for 6 flats was being achieved.

At the beginning of this day, I was initially introduced to the objectives of plastering and
the requirements of a good plaster. After that, I was introduced to the various mixes for
plaster such as:
a) Below DPC: 1 cement 4 sand
b) Above DPC: 1 cement 9 sand
c) Internal Plaster: 1 cement 9 sand

Now, I was introduced to the no. of coats of plastering:

a) First Coat: Rendering Coat (12 mm)

b) Second Coat: Floating Coat (8 mm)
c) Third Coat: Finishing Coat (3 mm)

Now, the actual field process begins:

 a) Preparation of Background: At first all the masonry joints were raked to a depth of
8 mm. Then the surface was washed and kept damp to produce optimum suction.
b) After a gap of 2 hours, the first coat is applied on a particular wall. To maintain the
uniform thickness of plaster, screeds are formed of plaster on the wall surface by
fixing dots of 15 cm X 15 cm in size. It was mentioned that further coating needs to
be applied after at least 2 days. A rough Cast Finish is being achieved in this
plastering.

Now, the frame for doors and a kitchen window was getting placed in the following steps:

a) The prepared opening in which the frame is to be fixed was cleared and the exact
position of the frame was marked by drawing chalk lines along the verticals and head
and sill of the respective frame.
b) The distances of fixing holes are measured on the frame, and these positions were
marked on the chalk lines drawn in the joints of the opening.
c) Holes were cut in the masonry of size 5 cm X 5 cm and 8 cm in depth to
accommodate lugs.
d) The frame was placed in the opening and its position was adjusted in correct
alignment by striking it in the correct position. After adjusting the frame in correct
alignment, the lugs were screwed tight to the frame.
e) The lugs were grouted into the holes with cement mortar.

During the whole day, there is only the application of a single coat of plaster of 2 rooms in a
single flat and only fitting of frames of all rooms in a single flat.

The Site Engineer introduced me to the lift shaft which has a height of almost 16 m
and a cross-section of 1.6 m X 1.5 m. Now, the formwork from the external side has already
been removed. But from the internal side, it was covered with the formwork. On enquiry, the
site engineer mentioned to me that from the internal side, the concrete was not hard enough
when they removed the external side formwork due to dampness. However, it was nowhere
possible to set up a scaffold to remove the formwork. So, they built up a vertical trolley with
a platform tied with rope in the 4 corners of the trolley, which was gradually lowered in the
shaft from the roof of the building. The other end of the rope was attached to the pulley
which was supported further in a masonry structure. Then, it was lowered in the shaft as per
the requirement of application using the pulley. The removal of formwork from the lift-shaft
required a complete day and most of the masons, labours as well as helpers were engaged for
the same. Thus, stopping the other activities regarding plastering, brickwork etc. However,
the carpentry and plumbing work was going on.
In addition to safety features, they were blocking all the entrances of the lift shafts
from different floors using the waste wooden planks that had already been utilized in the
formwork purpose.

At first, the site engineer introduced me to the stripping time for various concrete
structures. They are as follows:
a) Walls, Columns and Vertical Sides of beams: 24 to 48 hours
b) Slab soffits: 3 days
c) Beam soffits: 7 days
d) Removal of props to slabs: 14 days
e) Removal of props to beams & arches: 21 days
 Now, to get a rough idea the masons were striking the concrete of lintels which were cast
earlier with a light hammer. Much of them were giving a metallic sound which means the
concrete has hardened sufficiently and the formwork can be safely removed. The concrete
lintels which were not giving the usual sound were left to harden properly. First, they
removed the props which were put under the lintels to support the lintels were removed. So,
they were removing the formwork gradually to prevent sudden imposition of loads on the
structure. After the complete removal of the formwork from over the lintels, they placed the
gunny bag over the lintels for clearing and also to prevent shrinkage of concrete.

On that very day, there was a start of sudden rainfall. So, the site engineer was more
concerned about the swelling of concrete on the external walls which it can expand and can
cause deformation of the wall or may start cracking especially the architectural structure that
has been made. So, he planned for the external plastering of the walls, so as to mitigate some
of the effects. Therefore at first, they planned for the setting up of the scaffold. So, they were
building the single scaffolding or bricklayer’s scaffolding using bamboo.

For this purpose they took almost 13 bamboos of uniform height of almost 8 m. Then,
they used 5 bamboos longitudinally or used as standards and 8 bamboos transversely or used
as ledgers at every 0.7 m, and tie them using ropes so as to form a grid like structures. Now,
for lateral support of this scaffolding as well as movement putlogs were placed mostly in the
windows or any holes present in the walls along with the planks as platforms. Guard boards
were added gradually so as for the safety of workmen. A distance of 0.8 m was also
maintained from the building wall to the nearer edge of the platform so as for the efficient
working.

Now, for the external plastering mortar is prepared consisting of 1 part of cement and 9
parts of sand with adequate amount of water. Then, the plastering starts first over the
architectural feature. After an hour, there comes the need for increasing the height of the
scaffolding. For this they installed the required number of bamboos from the upper direction
along with the putlogs accompanied with the platforms. The height increase procedure has
been repeated almost 3 times to cover the whole architectural feature.

This plastering took almost 2 whole days and almost 6 brass of mortar mix for the
external plastering has been utilized, covering the entire architectural feature as well some of
the external wall plastering. Considering the safety of the workmen, 2 safety ropes were tied
with a column and which was attached to a safety belt via quick draws in the workmen's side.

The important instrument that I witnessed in the 12th day is the wall chaser. Wall Chaser
is more precisely a specialized power tool used to cut narrow grooves in walls for the purpose
of laying concealed wires as well as pipes. The tool is powered by an electric motor that
drives a pair of abrasive discs.

At first, channels were made using the wall chaser with a depth of almost 40 mm and
width of 44 mm at different places considering the diameter of the water main pipe of 35 mm
and conduits for electric wiring of diameter of 20 mm. Also, cuts were made at required
places for various switchboards as well as distribution boxes. For the sewage purpose, proper
cuts were made at the slab considering the thickness of the slab as well as the diameter of the
pipe. For plumbing purposes, cuts are made to install the regulators at the required places. For
the electric switchboard boxes, somewhat extra depths are made to install the metallic switch
boxes in the cut.

Now, instead of conduits to lay electric wires, PVC channelling is used. Now the cables
were made to run through the pipes and on the next part large headnails were used to fix the
pipes in the chase. For plumbing purposes, the pipes are simply placed leaving the opening
for the required purpose at the proper places.

Once the cables and pipes were laid, a coat of adhesive was applied to the conduits all
over their cross-sectional surface. Now, fillers are put which get adhered to the adhesive thus
making it set in its proper place. For safety, all the separate wires at a particular opening that
are being used were stacked in a single place using tapes.

On both days, the same cycle is repeated and the plumbing works as well as the
electrification works for 2 flats were completed. However, there was no setting up of electric
switches, switch boxes as well as other water and sanitary appliances had been achieved.

This day was marked by the construction of the external walls of some of the flats as well
as some architectural designs of the building. At first, for the external walls, they started the
mixing of mortar for the brickwork. Then the same procedure was adopted as that of internal
brick masonry. For the external walls, a single Flemish bond was built. It took almost 6 hours
to complete only 3 external walls.

The architectural feature was simply a vertical line of 2-bricks thick lying parallel to the
main entrance of the building up to the top of the building. For that first scaffolds were built
like that of the 10th day & after that platforms were placed along with the putlogs. The
mortar mixes were prepared on the floors of the unfinished flats and were supplied to the
workmen through the windows along with the required number of bricks. The mortar mix
was kept the same as that of internal wall brick masonry for the architectural feature. For the
construction of a vertical line with bricks, it took more than 4 hours to reach half the height of
the building.

At the beginning of the day, the Site Engineer introduced me to the different types of
work that can be done to decorate or protect the walls after the plastering work is over. So,
they are of the following types:
a) Painting
b) Distempering
c) White Washing
d) Colour Washing
e) Miscellaneous finishes

In the site, the owner of the project is interested in simply preparing the wall surface for any
of the above processes. So that the client can get the options for painting, distempering or
whitewashing. They planned to make their choice after the successful booking of the
respective flat.

Thus, I observed only the preparation of the wall surface for any of the above processes of
already plastered flat which consists of the following steps:
 a) At first, the plastered walls were cleaned with a piece of cloth to remove the dirt or
other impurities.
b) Then the walls were rubbed as well as scraped to remove any form of irregularities
present.
c) Wherever minute cracks were present, a mortar mixture was introduced to fill the
cracks.
d) The efflorescence patches were carefully cleaned out.
e) Then a layer of wall putty was applied over the walls to fill up all the holes as well as
the uneven surfaces.
f) After 2 hours, a second layer was applied to smooth the walls so that any form of
paint or distemper could be easily applied as per the requirement.

Within the whole day, only a single flat was able to be completed by the workforce. Since
the most complicated part of the application was the ceiling as well as the corners of the
room.

First, the Site Engineer introduced me to the concept of the parapet wall that it as a barrier
which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace or balcony. He also mentioned
the types of parapet walls:
a) Plain Parapet Walls
b) Perforated Parapet Walls
c) Embattled Parapet Walls
d) Panelled Parapet Walls

Then he mentioned to me the importance of parapet wall design:

a) Parapets may be purely aesthetic
b) Fall Protection for men
c) Fire Protection

Like that of normal internal partition walls, mortar mixes were prepared and 1 brick thick
wall was made as per the same procedure as that of internal brick wall masonry up to a height
of 80 cm. Within the whole day, 12 running meters of parapet wall were constructed.

Another team of workforce was constructing the external walls of the flats.

At the beginning of the day, the Site Engineer introduced me to the various materials used
for the floor finishes such as Mud, Bricks, Flag Stones, Concrete, Terrazzo, Mosaic, Tiles,
Marble, Granolithic Finish, Asphalt, Rubber, Linoleum, Cork, Glass, & Plastic. But
nowadays tiled flooring is more preferred because it can be laid much quickly as compared to
other flooring processes. So, the entire procedure for laying the tiled is mentioned in the
following ways:
a) At first the floor was cleaned to remove all the dust and debris to ensure that the tiled
surface was levelled.
b) A dry run is done i.e. tiles and spacers were laid out to determine where to start the
process and also the width of the grout lines.
c) A very thin-set mortar is used for the tile installation. There is not a definite ratio for
the mix they have adapted for the installation; they just provided enough water to
keep the mixture creamy. Then the mixture is spread as per the size of the tile using a
notched trowel.
d) Odd tiles were cut to the required shapes and sizes.
 e) It was mentioned further that when the tiles would get dried completely, grouts would
be provided between the gaps to give it a finish.

The same procedure is applied for the tiling of the walls. Only a single whole flat was
completed in the whole not considering its wall tiling for the kitchen and the bathroom.

At first, the Site Engineer introduced me to the colour codes for the wiring, which we
need to place inside the pipes for the purpose of concealing wiring:

a) Live: Red
b) Neutral: Black
c) Earth: Green

First, the MCB and the distribution boxes were installed, in which there are 4 units i.e. 2
were for the switchboards in the rooms of ratings 800W while 2 were for control of
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Geysers etc. Then the wires of respective colours and
required lengths were introduced into the PVC pipes after considering the connections for
switchboards, socket outlets for the required capacities, ceiling roses, lamp or fluorescent
tube holders etc. with a minimum size of wiring as 1.5 sq. mm as per General Specifications
of Electrical Work (Internal) by Central Public Works Department (2013) for conceal piping.
Metal conduits were also placed at the points of the switch boxes for earthing. The PVC pipes
carrying wires were placed into the channels which were carved into the walls.

The height of the different sockets as well as the switchboards were completely
maintained as per the standard guidelines given by the CPWD. On that day only the wires of
required length from the main distribution box through the various switchboards to the
respective points were completed for a particular flat.

On that very day, the pipes carrying the wires that were placed in the channels made in
the walls were filled using the mix that was adapted in the time of the internal plastering.
Then, the required electrical accessories were placed as per the schedule.
Then next I observed the concealed piping to which the Site Engineer introduced me the
generalized size that is being adapted for the residential plumbing is 1 inch of pipe for that of
the main supply line to each building and the service piping for each flat is ½ inch. He also
added further for 24-hour water supply they were going to construct a water tank on the
terrace of each of the buildings which would supply water using the pumps installed on the
ground floor of the building to maintain the required pressure for the uplift. Now for the
sewage water, they were again installing the PVC pipes but of greater diameter i.e. 75 mm
pipes for that of the individual supply from each particular flat which was supplied by the
sewage pipes of the sink of 40 mm, basin of 32 mm, shower tray of 30 mm and water closet
of 40 mm. The sewage pipes for the whole building were of 100 mm. The sewage pipes were
connected to the walls using hooks. After the installation of the water pipes in the channels,
the channels were filled with the mortar mix.

At the beginning of the day, the Site Engineer introduced me to the various necessary
water supply as well as sanitary appliances that need to be compulsorily installed in each flat:
a) Water Closet
b) Wash Basin
c) Sink
d) Shower
 e) Urinal (if necessary)

For washbasins, pillar taps were utilized and for the water closet as well as the sink bib
tabs were placed of standard available size. In the bathroom also a set of mixed taps was
provided if anyone had to use the warm water from the geyser. For the wash basin full
pedestal basins were used, for the kitchen half pedestal basins were used and for the
bathroom counter basins were utilized. The water closet that is provided is of Orissa pattern
Squatting Pan. There was no provision for the flushing cistern as it is mentioned that it solely
depends on whether the occupants if they require it or not.

So, during the whole day, only fixtures of various water supply and sanitary appliances were
completed for a particular flat.

First, the Site Engineer introduced me to the importance of Chajjas over the windows:

a) Protects from Sunlight.

b) Protects from Rainwater.
c) Aesthetic Appearance of the Windows.
d) Recess Place for the Air Conditioners.

Then he introduced me to the casting of the chajja at the site. The casting of chajja was
almost the same as that of casting a slab. However, the difference lies in that the chajjas were
not able to carry loads as that of the slabs. So, the reinforcement provided was comparatively
less as well the grade of cement used is M15 for casting the chajja at the site.

The steps were the same as that of casting an RCC structure such as building the
formwork, placing the formwork, pouring the concrete and finally supporting it with the
props. 5 chajjas were cast for a particular flat at different locations of the flat i.e., bathroom
ventilation, and windows.

This was the last day of my industrial training at the site. So, the site Engineer simply showed
me the various electronic appliances or smart devices that they have adapted on the site.
These were:
a) Automatic Lawn Watering System – For Watering the lawn present near the main gate
of the residential complex.
b) Solar Powered Street Lights with Day-Light Sensor – Street Lights present inside the
complex
c) Fire Alarms – 2 Alarms were placed on each floor of every building
d) CCTV Camera – For security
 CHAPTER 4 SAFETY MEASURES

A safety induction program was conducted during our internship, in which the
labourers have explained the use of different gears with all different types of equipment they
should be using while doing different kinds of work such as casting, welding shuttering and
de-shuttering of different panels while construction of certain different parts of The most
required safety gears at the site were the safety helmet, safety glasses, gloves protection vest
and for different particular work such as panel erection or wall erection fall protection and for
welding as well as concrete working gloves and construction vest was required Safety work
around the site
 Human life is irreplaceable and is susceptible to minor infections. Nowadays it has
become common to hear accidents in the construction industry. The more the accidents
become redundant the responsibility of the contractors and the attention to give to the safety
of the workers is progressing to be paramount. Therefore, it cannot be denied to work on
increasing the safety condition of the site. The most effective way of avoiding risks is the
preventive strategy. As health professionals used to say ―prevention is better than cure‖, it is
more than reasonable to abide by such a motto. Less concerned safety rules, regulations and
training are among the problems on the site.

The safety of all working staff and visitors should be observed with the highest care.
Infliction of injury shall be minimized. For this prior readiness is very important. The safety
management will be carried out with a special superintendent to be assigned on-site. The
superintendent will be assisted with a dresser to be employed for the site. The safety of the
workers and visitors will be managed in the following strategies:

 Preventive Strategy: Success would only be possible if there are workers, who can
give their potential output without fear of any unforeseen risks. While they are
striving to achieve the targeted result, they may not be focused on their safety matters.
This has to be taken care of by others, devoted to the same purpose.

 Orientation: All working and visiting people must be oriented about safety and the
care they have to take once they are within the territory of construction. Falls from
scaffoldings, suspended slabs, roofs, ladders, lift holes, stairs, pits and the like are the
potential risks that the workers should be aware of. Orientation must include how to
work with machines and equipment, the possible accidents they may inflict and what
rules and procedures they have to follow when working with them.

 Signage: Important signs that could remind people who are moving within the
working location should be situated in a place where everybody can see or look.
 Firm Temporary Works: All temporary works like scaffoldings and ladders should
be made strong so that they can withstand the possible load to come upon them.

 Temporary guards: Temporary guard rails should be made in places where there are
open spaces where a person might fall.

 Lighting: Appropriate lighting must be delivered, if there need to work at night times.

 Helmets: Wearing of helmets must be mandatory for some staff, supervisors and
visitors as mentioned in the contract document. Such should be made readily available
on-site, with the appropriate colouring.

 Accident Administration: After involving the above-stated methods of prevention of

accidents, there could arise different disastrous calamities within the project, which
necessitate the application of the most serious and acute acting administration.

 First Aid: A dresser, who has a relevant professional background will be assigned on-
site for any possible first aid.

 Secondary Treatment: Some accidents may require secondary treatment as a result

of the infliction of serious injury.
 CHAPTER 5 EQUIPMENT USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Mixer

This is a power mechanically operated machine which is used to mix the concrete. It
consists of a hollow cylindrical part with inner side wings, in which cement, sand aggregates
and water are mixed properly.

Fig. Concrete Mixer

Transportation

The process of carrying the concrete mix from the place of its mixing to the final
position of deposition is termed as transportation of concrete. There are various methods of
transportation as mentioned below-
Transport of concrete by pans. Transport of concrete by wheelbarrows. Transport of concrete
by tipping Lorries. Transport of concrete by pumps.
Transport of concrete by belt conveyors.
At this site, concrete was transported by pans.

Fig. Pan
Compactors

When the concrete has been placed, it shows a very loose structure. Hence, it must be
compacted to remove air bubbles and voids to make it dense and solid concrete to obtain a
high strength.

There are two types of methods of compaction:

I. Manual Compaction
II. Mechanical Compaction

There are four types of mechanical vibrators:

I. Immersion or needle vibratory
II. Extended or shutter vibrator
III. Surface vibrator
IV. Vibrating table

At our construction site needle type of vibrator was used for compaction of concrete.

Fig. Personal Protection Equipment Used At Site

Fig. Tools Used At Construction Site

 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS
The internship is a bridge between theoretical knowledge and practical or reality work
in the field of construction or civil engineering work. We all who take the internship class go
to companies that already working either as a consultant or a contractor. The responsibilities
of the hosting company are to teach students and shape them in the six months as real site
workers. My hosting company was a consultant and construction team and they helped me
take the internship session in their company in acquiring different knowledge in different
positions. They collaborate with the contractors to teach us in that section and they believe
that the civil engineering work is more important for us than the consulting office.

This program played an important role in breaking the conventional thought that field works
can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have experience in
building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with
problems that arise in building construction. Some of the benefits that I gained due to the
internship program are:

 Practical skills
 Upgrading of theoretical knowledge and able to use it for practical work.
 Developing communication skills.
 Developing skills of teamwork.
 Improving personal ethics and knowing work ethics.
CHAPTER 7 PHOTO GALLERY

Fig. The Structural Work Finished Building

Fig. The Unfinished Building

Fig. Piling of Wasted Formwork

Fig. Removing the Formwork

Fig. Mixing of Concrete

Fig. Lift Shaft

Fig. Safety Features for the Lift Shaft

Fig. Header Bond

Fig. Sewage Pipe Connections

Fig. Sewage Systems

Fig. Electrical Conduit Boxes

Fig. Plumbing Pipes

Fig. Construction of Architectural Feature

Fig. Stocking of Cement Bags

 Fig. Floor Tiles

Fig. Applying Wall Putty

 CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES

 B.N. Dutta, “Estimating And Costing In Civil Engineering Theory And Practice
Including Specifications And Valuations”, Twenty-Sixth Revised Edition, 2007.
 Dr. B.C. Punmia, Er. Ashok Kumar Jain, Dr. Arun K. Jain, “R.C.C. Designs
(Reinforced Concrete Structures)”, Tenth Edition, 2006.
 Dr. K.R. Arora, ―Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering‖, Seventh Edition,
2015.
 IS: 456-2000, ―Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of practice
(Fourth Revision)”, July 2000.
 M. Chakraborti, “Estimating, Costing, Specification & Valuation In Civil
Engineering”, Fourteenth Edition, 2007.
 P.N. Khanna, ―Indian Practical Civil Engineers’ Handbook”, Engineers‘ Publishers,
New Delhi, 2008.
 S. Ramamrutham, R. Narayan, “Theory of Structures”, New Ninth Revised and
Enlarged Edition, 2014.
 Shashi Bhushan Suman, “Design of Concrete Structures”, Third Edition, 2015.