QUADRATIC EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
Quadratic Equation - It is an equation in one variable which is raised to the second degree.
Linear Equation - x¹ + 1
Quadratic Equation - x² + 1
Standard form of Quadratic Equations:
ax² + bx + c =0
Where:
a- Quadratic term
b- Linear term
c- Constant term
Example 1: Example 2:
x² + 5= x 10x - 3= 2x²
Transpose to standard form: Transpose to standard form:
x²- x + 5 = 0 2x²-10x + 3= 0
a=1 b= -1 c= 5 a=2 b= -10 c= 3
A. Solving Quadratic Equations by Extracting Square roots
√ = Square root
Square root property – If x² = n and n>0, then x = √n or x = -√n
Number of solutions of a Quadratic Equations
- Every quadratic equation in one variable has exactly two solutions
Number of squares (Note- Memorize up to 20):
1² = 1 21² = 441
2² = 4 22² = 484
3² = 9 23² = 529
4² = 16 24² = 576
5² = 25 25² = 625
6² = 36 26² = 676
7² = 49 27² = 729
8² = 64 28² = 784
9² = 81 29² = 841
10² = 100 30² = 900
11² = 121 31² = 961
12² = 144 32² = 1024
13² = 169 33² = 1089
14² = 196 34² = 1156
15² = 225 35² = 1225
16² = 256 36² = 1296
17² = 289 37² = 1369
18² = 329 38² = 1444
19² = 361 39² = 1521
20² = 400 40² = 1600
Example 1: Normal Example 3: With Parenthesis
x² - 16 = 0 (x + 4)² = 1
Transpose to standard form: Square root (Cancel):
x² = 16 √(x + 4)² = + - √1
Square root: x+4=+-1
√x² = + - √16 Transpose to standard form:
x = + - √4 (CANCELATION) x = -4 + - 1
Answer: Answer:
x₁ = 4 x₂ = -4 x₁ = -4 + 1 = -3 x₂ = -4 – 1 = -5
Example 2: Variable with Coefficient Example 4: If it’s not a perfect square
3x² - 3 = 24 x² + 3 = 23
Transpose to standard form: Transpose to standard form:
3x² = 3 + 24 x² = 23-3
3x² =27 x² = 20
Divide: Square root:
√x² = + - √20
Find multiples of 20:
Square root: (Since 20 is not a perfect square)
√x² = + - √9 10, 2 (✗) 4,5 (✓)
X=+-3 Square root:
√x² = + - √4 ⋅ √5
Answer: (Find the square root of 4)
x₁ = 3 x₂ = -3 x = + - 2 √5
Answer:
x₁ = 2 √5 x₂ = -2 √5
B. Solving Quadratic Equations using factoring
- Using discriminant to check factorability
D = b² - 4 ac
Example 1:
x² -8x + 12= 0
a= 1 b= -8 c=12
D= (-8)² - 4 (1)(12)
D = 64 - 48
D = 16
Zero factor property
- The product AB= 0
- If A= 0 or B= 0 or both
AB are equal to zero
Example 1: Example 2: If a > 1 there will be fraction
x² + 10 = 7x 2x²+ 3x = 0
Transpose to standard form: Transpose to standard form:
x² - 7x + 10 = 0
Find multiples of the constant (10) x (2x + 3)= 0
that can be the sum of the middle term (7) Solve b and c:
-5, -2 (✓) -10,-1 (✗) 2x + 3 + 0
Fill then solve: 2x = -3
(x – 5) (x – 2) = 0
x–5=0 x–2=0
Answer: Answer:
x₁ = 5 x₂ = 2 x₁ = 0 x₂ =
Example 3: Example 4:
x² + x = 20 2x² + 3x = 2
Transpose to standard form: Transpose to standard form:
x² + x -20 2x² + 3x – 2 = 0
Find multiples of the constant (20) Find multiples of the constant (-2)
that can be the sum of the mid term (1) that can be the sum of the mid term (3)--4,
5 (✓) -5,4 (✗) -1, 2 (✓) 1, -2 (✗)
Fill then solve: Fill then solve:
(x – 4) (x + 5) = 0 (2x -1) (x + 2)
-1x
Answer:
4x
x₁ = 4 x₂ = -5 4x – 1x = 3x
(✓)
2x – 1= 1 x+2=0
2 2 2 X = -2
Answer:
x₁ = 1 x₂ = -2
2