Design connection

Bolt connection
two types of bolts commonly used in steel structures are
1. ordinary (or black) bolts,
sustain a shear load by the shear strength of the bolt shank itself , and
2. HSFG ( high strength friction grips) bolts,
rely on a high tensile strength to grip
Grade
Ordinary bolts and HSFG
The most commonly used grades of bolts are grade 4.6, 8.8 and 10.9 bolts.
Other grades of bolts are 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, 10.9 and 12.9.
For example, grade 4.6 bolt has
a. an ultimate strength of 400N/mm2 and
b. the design yield strength as Ys=0.6×400 = 240N/mm2.
c. The design strength needs to be not greater than 0.7×Us (400) or 280
N/mm2 here.
Size
the size of common bolt grades of M12 to M36 bolts.
M indicates the dimension is in metric unit.
Nominal diameter (mm) Shrank area Tensile stress or
(mm2) thread area (mm2) At
12 113 84.3
16 201 157
20 314 245
22 380 303
24 452 358
27 572 459
30 706 561
33 855 694
36 1017 817
The tensile strength of the bolt can then be equal to the product of the tensile stress area and the
design strength.
For example, M22 grade 4.6 bolt has
the capacity equal to 400×0.6×303 = 72.7kN < 0.7×400=280 N/mm2.
Hole dimensions
The nominal diameter of holes for ordinary bolts, Dh,
Dh = d b + 1 mm for d b = 12 mm
Dh = d b + 2 mm for 16 ≤ d b ≤ 24 mm
Dh = d b + 3 mm for d b ≥ 27 mm
(Ref.) Bolt connection
Hole dimensions (HK code)
To compensate for shop fabrication tolerance and to provide some freedom for
adjustment during erection, four types of holes are permitted as shown in Table 9.4.

For oversize holes, spacing, end and edge distances should be increased. The
increment should be half of the difference between the diameters of an oversize hole and
a standard hole.

Table 9.4 - Nominal hole dimensions

Standard hole Oversize hole Short slot hole Long slot hole
Bolt size Diameter Diameter Width × Length Width × Length
d (mm) d (mm) (mm) (mm)
M12 14 16 14 × 18 16 × 30
M16 18 20 18 × 22 18 × 40
M18 20 22 20 × 24 20 × 45
M20 22 25 22 × 26 22 × 50
M22 24 27 24 × 28 24 × 55
M24 26 30 26 × 32 26 × 60
M27 and over d+3 d+8 (d + 3) × (d + 10) (d + 3) × ( 2.5d)

栓孔尺寸
考慮工廠製作誤差以及爲安裝留有適當調整空間，表 9.4 列出了 4 種允許採
用的栓孔。
indicative the hole size increasment
對於過大尺寸的孔洞，需要增大螺栓孔間距、端距及邊距。增加的尺寸應爲
大孔直徑與標準栓孔直徑之差的一半。

表 9.4 標準栓孔尺寸
螺栓尺寸 標準栓孔 過大尺寸栓孔 短槽形孔 長槽形孔
直徑 d（mm） 直徑 d（mm） 寬×長（mm） 寬×長（mm）
M12 14 16 14×18 16×30
M16 18 20 18×22 18×40
M18 20 22 20×24 20×45
M20 22 25 22×26 22×50
M22 24 27 24×28 24×55
M24 26 30 26×32 26×60
M27 及以上尺 d+3 d+8 （d+3）×（d+10） （d+3）×（2.5d）
寸
Bolt connection
Sectional area (HK code)
Gross area
The gross area ag should be computed as the products of the thickness and the gross
men (b) , measured normal to its axis.
width of the element
Net area
The net area an should be the gross area less the deductions for bolt holes. See
Figure 9.7.
Deduction for bolt holes
(a) Holes not staggered
For bolts aligned perpendicular to the direction of force, the deduction should be
the sum of sectional areas of the bolt holes.
(b) Staggered holes
Where the bolt hole are staggered, the deduction should be the greater of
(i) The deduction for non-staggered holes, see Figure 9.7 line (1).
(ii) The sum of the sectional
ea of all area
ho of all holes lying on diagonal or zig-zag line less
a justification factor of 0.25S2t/g for each gauge g that it traverses diagonally. See
Figure 9.7 lines (2) and (3).

1 2 3

S1 S2 S3 S 4

an 1 = t(b – 2D)
an 2 = t(b – 3D + 0.25S22/g1)
an 3 = t(b – 4D + 0.25S42/g1 + 0.25S42/g2 + 0.25S42/g3)
g1

Direction of Force
g2
b

g3

where D = Hole Diameter,

t = Thickness of Plate
an = Net Area

2 3

Figure 9.7 - Staggered holes

(iii) For angles with bolts on both legs, the gauge length g should be the sum
of the gauge lengths on each leg g1 and g2 measured from the heel minus the
thickness t of the angle, see Figure 9.8.

g = g1 + g2 – t

② 2
S1 an ＝t（b－3D+0.25S
2 2 /g1）
g1
t
g＝g1+g2－t

g2
heel

Figure 9.8 - Angles with hole in legs

9.3.4 連接部位的截面面積 (HK code)
[Link] 總截面面積
b
總截面面積 ag 爲垂直構件軸線的正截面面積，即寬度與厚度的乘積。

[Link] 淨截面面積

淨截面面積 an 爲總截面面積扣除栓孔面積，見圖 9.7 分佈線（1）。

[Link] 扣除的栓孔面積

（a） 並列螺栓孔

若螺栓垂直於外力作用方向呈直線排列，則扣除的栓孔面積應爲螺栓孔在
橫截面上投影面積之和。

（b） 交錯排列螺栓孔

若螺栓孔交錯排列，則扣除的栓孔面積應爲下列情況中的較大值：

(i) 某列並列螺栓孔在橫截面上的投影面積之和，見圖 9.7。分佈線（1）。

(ii)位於斜線或鋸齒形線上分佈的所有栓孔投影面積之和並針對每一斜
2
線對應的行距 g 減去調整參數 0.25S t/g，詳見圖 9.7 分佈線（2）和
（3）。
(iii) 對於兩肢帶栓孔的角鋼，行距 g 應爲 g1 與 g2 之和再減去角鋼的
肢厚 t，其中 g1，g2 是從角鋼每一肢的交角部至螺栓孔中心的距離，
如圖 9.8 所示。

1 2 3
①
S1 S2 S3 S4 an ＝t（b－2D）

an ＝t（b－3D+0.25S22/g1）
②

an ＝t（b－4D+0.25S42/g1+0.25S42/g2+0.25S42/g3）
③
g1

力作用方向
g2
b

這裏 D ＝孔的直徑
g3

t ＝板厚
an ＝淨面積

2 3
1

圖 9.7 交錯排列的螺栓孔

g＝g1+g2－t
S1
② 2
g1 an ＝t（b－3D+0.25S
2 2 /g1）

t g＝g1+g2－t

g2

圖 9.8 兩肢帶栓孔的角鋼
[Link] Effective area for tension (HK code)
The effective area ae perpendicular to the force direction should be determined from
ae = K e an ≤ ag (9.10)
where the effective net area coefficient Ke is given by
Ke = 1.2 yield for steel of grade S275
grade 4.6 = 1.1 stress for for steel of grade S355
bolts Us = 1.0 steel for steel of grade S460
(400)
= (Us/1.2)/py ≤ 1.2 for steel of other grades
an is the net cross sectional area of the leg deduced for hole openings.
ag is the gross sectional area without reduction for openings.
[Link] Effective area for shear
Bolt holes need not be allowed for in the shear area provided that:
[Link] ≥ 0.85 Av / K e (9.11)
where Av = gross shear area before hole deduction
[Link] = net shear area after deducting bolt holes
Ke = effective net area coefficient from clause [Link]
Otherwise the net shear capacity should be taken as
0.7 p y K e [Link] (9.12)

[Link] 有效受拉面積

構件垂直於外力作用方向的有效面積 ae 按下式計算

a e = K e a n ≤ag (9.10)

式中有效淨面積系數 Ke 取值如下：

Ke = 1.2 S275 鋼
= 1.1 S355 鋼
= 1.0 S460 鋼
= (Us/1.2)/py ≤ 1.2 其他強度等級鋼材
an 指構件扣除孔洞面積的淨橫截面面積；
ag 指構件的總截面面積。

[Link] 有效受剪面積

除非滿足下列條件，否則螺栓孔不計入構件的有效受剪面積。

[Link] ≥ 0.85Av / K e （9.11）

式中： Av = 未扣除螺栓孔面積的總剪切面積；
[Link] = 扣除螺栓孔面積後的淨剪切面積；
Ke = 引自 [Link] 段中的有效淨面積系數。

對其他情況，淨截面剪切承載力按下式計算，

0.7 p y K e Av .net （9.12）

FASTENER SPACING AND EDGE/END DISTANCES
p e2

e1

Direction
of stress

Dh
Hole
diameter
Rules for fastener spacing and edge/end distances
to fasteners.

1. Spacing between centres of bolts, i.e. pitch (p)

2.5d b ≤ p ≤ 14t
d b is the diameter of bolts
t the thickness of the thinner ply

2. Minimum edge distance,e1,

and end distance,e2,
Rolled, machine flame cut, sawn or planed edge/end ,
e1/e2 ≥ 1.25Dh
Sheared or hand flame cut edge/end,
e1/e2 ≥ 1.40Dh
Dh is the diameter of the bolt hole.
e1, is the distance from the centre line of the hole to the outside edge of the plate at right
angles (直角) to the direction of the stress,
e2, is the dis-tance from the centre line to the edge of the plate in the direction of stress.
3. Maximum edge distance, e1
e1 ≤ 11t ε
where
where tt is
is the
the tthickness of the thinner part
ε = (275/py)1/2.
Bolt connection yielding in shear at the row of bolt holes
Block shear along the shear face of the bolt group
the block shear capacity
cope
Pr = (1/ 3 )p y Av .eff
Ft Ft
Lt

Lv Lv

Lv

Lt Lt
Ft

Lv tensile rupture on the tension

Lt
Ft
face along the bolt

Figure 9.9 - Block shear and effective shear area

where [Link] is the effective shear area defined as,
[Link] = t [Lv + K e (Lt − k Dt )] (9.14)
t = thickness of connected part
Lv = length of shear face, see Figure 9.9 below
Lt = length of tension face
Ke = effective net area coefficient see clause [Link]
k = 0.5 for single row of bolts or 2.5 for two rows of bolts
Dt = is the hole diameter for the tension face, but for slotted holes the dimension
perpendicular to load direction should be used
where the effective net area coefficient Ke is given by
Ke = 1.2 yield for steel of grade S275
stress for
grade 4.6 = 1.1 for steel of grade S355
steel
bolts Us = 1.0 for steel of grade S460
(400) = (Us/1.2)/py ≤ 1.2 for steel of other grades
a is the net cross sectional area of the leg deduced for

9.3.5 板塊受剪
防止樑腹板端部或托架端部附近螺栓群的板塊剪切破壞，應按圖 9.9 所示，
合理佈置螺栓排列。這種破壞模態通常出現沿螺栓佈置線的受拉面上的拉裂，同
時伴隨板塊沿受剪面螺栓的某列螺栓孔總截面受剪屈服。在受拉一側，板塊剪切
承載力按下式計算：

Pr = (1 3) p y Av .eff （9.13）

式中，Av,eff 爲按下式定義的有效剪切面積：

[Link] = t[Lv + K e (Lt − kDt )] （9.14）

t = 被連接板的厚度；
Lv = 剪切面的長度，見下圖 9.9；
Lt = 受拉面的長度；
Ke = 有效淨截面系數，見 [Link] 段；
k = 0.5（單排螺栓）；2.5（雙排螺栓）；
Dt = 受拉面上栓孔直徑；對槽形孔取垂直於荷載方向的尺寸。
 STRENGTH CHECKS
Bolted connections may fail due to various mechanisms including
shear, bearing, tension and combined shear and tension.
-Shear and bearing
1. Shear capacity of the bolt, P

2. Bearing capacity of bolt, x1

3. Bearing capacity of connected part,
-Double shear Beam
shear
-Tension
-Combined shear and tension y1
Ordinary bolts A
-Shear and bearing
along surface x1–y1 P
single shear failure of bolt;
1. Shear capacity of the bolt, (a)
Ps = ps As
ps shear strength of the bolts (Table 4.19)
As effective area of bolts in shear, normally taken
as the tensile stress area, A t (Table 4.22)
Table 4.19 Shear strength of bolts (Table 30, Table 4.22 Tensile stress area, At
BS 5950) ps
Nominal size and thread Tensile stress area, At
Bolt grade Shear strength diameter (mm) (mm2)
ps (N/mm2)
12 84.3
4.6 160 16 157
8.8 375 20 245
10.9 400 22 303
General grade HSFG ≤ M24 400 24 353
to BS 4395–1 ≥ M27 350 27 459
Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395–2 400 30 561
Other grades (Ub ≤ 1000 N/mm2) 0.4Ub

Note. Ub is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt.

Table 4.20 Bearing strength of bolts (Table 33,
Us BS 5950)
2. Bearing capacity of bolt,
Bolt grade Bearing strength
Pbb = d b t p p bb p bb pbb (N/mm 2)
s
p bb bearing strength of the bolts (Table 4.20)
4.6 460
db
8.8 1000
tp is the thickness of the thinner connecting part 10.9 1300
General grade HSFG ≤ M24 1000
to BS 4395–1 ≥ M27 900
3. Bearing capacity of connected part, Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395–2 1300
Other grades (Ub ≤ 1000 N/mm2) 0.7(Ub + Yb)
P bs = k bs d b t p p bs ≤ 0.5k bs et p p bs
and Note. Ub is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt
and Yb is the specified minimum yield strength of the bolt. Us Ys
Pbs = 1.5 l c t p U s ≤ 2.0 d t p U b
e is the end distance, measured in the same direction of load transfer 爲被連接件荷載傳遞方向的端距；
pbs is bearing strength of connected parts
(b) bearing
- for steel of grade S275, pbs = 460 MPa
failure of
- for steel of grade S355, pbs = 550 MPa
bolt
- for steel of grade S460, pbs = 670 MPa
- for steel of other grades, pbs = 0.67(Us + Ys) (9.20)
(refer to section 3 for other grades of steel)
(b)
kbs is hole coefficient taken as
- for standard holes kbs = 1.0 (c) bearing
- for over size holes kbs = 0.7 failure of
短槽孔 - for short slotted holes kbs = 0.7 Section P–P cleat. (c)
長槽孔 - for long slotted holes kbs = 0.5 爲與荷載作用同方向上的承壓孔邊緣與相鄰孔邊緣之間的距離。
lc is net distance between the bearing edge of the holes and the near edge of
adjacent hole in the same direction of load transfer.
 P bs = k bs d b t p p bs ≤ 0.5k bs et p p bs
and EX:
e is the end distance, measured in the same direction of load transfer

The shear force is constructed by external force, Fv + the torsional

moment , Ftm= Torsional moment x Ab / Zb ,
The checking resultant is given by :
Fr=sqrt(Fv+Ftm)

Torsional moment = Fv x e,
e: find the half the distance between the centroids of the bolt group
either side of the joint = > find the angle = Ftm / Fv, then
Beam : e=e0/sin ( angle)
Cover: e= 40/cos (angle)
Bolt A
Zb = ( Ab x d^2)_up +(Ab x d^2)_down / distance of furthest bolt Beam Ftm
=150

100
F vs = = = 75 kN Fvs θ FR
N 4 where
Torsional moment × A b A b area of single bolt

100
F tm = Z b modulus of the bolt group which is given by
Zb
e
θ

100
smallest smallest
Inertia of bolt group [(πdb^4/16)+ A(502 ] + [(πdb^4/16)+A(1502]) x2
Zb= =
Distance of furthest bolt 150
45
e0

Inertia of bolt group which is polar inertia 170

Cover Plate 40 90 40

40 Ftm

100 FR Fvs
380

100

100

40
θ
e
 Shear ( Ordinary & HSFG) (HK code)

[Link].4 長連接接頭
對於承壓型疊接接頭，當沿荷載傳遞方向兩端部螺栓的中心距 Lj>500mm 時
（如圖 9.10 所示）則根據 [Link].1 段中求得的所有螺栓剪切承載力應乘以一
個折減系數 βL：
⎛ 5500 − L j ⎞
β L = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ < 1.0
⎝ 5000 ⎠
Lj

圖 9.10 拼接板的搭接長度
註意：上述計算對於接頭全長受均布荷載的情況不適用。例如：板樑翼緣與腹板
的螺栓連接。
[Link].5 夾持長度
當螺栓長度 Tg（即：被相連板各層的總厚度）大於 5d 時，則螺栓剪切承載
力 Ps 應當乘以折減系數 βg ，其中：
8d
βg =
3d + Tg
[Link].6 穿過墊板的螺栓
當螺栓穿透墊板的厚度 tpa 大於螺栓標稱直徑 d 的 1/3 倍時，螺栓的剪切承
載力 Ps 應乘以折減系數 βp ，其中：

9d
βp = ≤ 10
8d + 3t pa
對兩面均有墊板的雙面受剪連接，兩側的 tpa 厚度宜相同，否則應取厚度較
大的 tpa 計算。
上述情形不適用於預緊螺栓（摩擦型）連接。
Shear ( Ordinary & HSFG) (HK code)

[Link].4 Long joints

In a lapped joint of bearing type, when the distance Lj between the centres of two end
bolts measured in the direction of load transfer is larger than 500 mm as shown in
Figure 9.10, the shear capacity Ps of all the bolts calculated from clause [Link].1 should
be reduced by multiplying a reduction factor βL as
⎛ 5500 − L j ⎞
β L = ⎜⎜ ⎟ < 1.0
⎟ (9.21)
⎝ 5000 ⎠

Lj

Figure 9.10 - Lap length of a splice

Note that this provision does not apply to a full length connection with uniform load
distribution, e.g. the bolted connection of flanges to web of a plate girder.

[Link].5 Long grip length

Where the grip length Tg (i.e. the total thickness of the connected plies) is greater than 5d,
the shear capacity Ps should be reduced by multiplying a reduction factor βg given by,
8d
βp = (9.22)
3d + Tg

[Link].6 Bolts through packing

When a bolt passes through packing with thickness tpa greater than one-third of the
nominal diameter d, its shear capacity Ps should be reduced by multiplying a reduction
factor βp obtained from:

⎛ 9d ⎞
βp = ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 10 (9.23)
⎜ 8d + 3t pa ⎟
⎝ ⎠
For double shear connections with packing on both sides of connecting member, tpa
should have the same thickness; otherwise, the thicker tpa should be used.
This provision does not apply to preloaded bolt (friction-type) connections when working
in friction, but does apply when such bolts are designed to slip into bearing.
STRENGTH CHECKS
Ordinary bolts
-Double shear 0.5F v
The shear capacity of bolts in double
double shear Fv
shear, Psd, is given by
0.5F v
Psd = 2Ps
-Tension
The tension capacity Pt of a bolt should be taken as
Pt = As pt
where
where single shear Fv
As is the tensile stress area Fv
pt is tension strength obtained
Bolt tension cap
Pnom = 0.8 At pt = Pt
But For simple was usedwh Pnom for tension
capacity. Because no further consider the prying Figure 9.19: Double shear and single shear capacity of ordinary bolt
force
Prying force 撬動力 (HK code) Table 4.23 Tensile strength of bolts (Table 34,
(a) Design against prying force is not required BS 5950) pt
provided that all the following conditions are Bolt grade Tension strength
satisfied. pt ( N/mm2)
(i) Bolt
Bolttension
tensioncapcapacity Pt is reduced to
Pnom = 0.8 At pt 4.6 240
8.8 560
in which Pnom is the nominal tension 10.9 700
capacity of the bolt. General grade HSFG ≤ M24 590
(ii) The bolt gauge G on the flange of UB, to BS 4395–1 ≥ M27 515
UC and T sections does not exceed 0.55B, in Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395–2 700
Other grades (Ub ≤ 1000 N/mm 2) 0.7Ub but ≤ Yb
which B is total width of the flange, see Figure
9.11. Note. Ub is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt
角焊縫的焊腳尺寸 2Ft and Yb is the specified minimum yield strength of the bolt.
或底半徑的一半
Toe of fillet weld
or ½ of root radius
b n

G ≤ 0.55B
B Q
Bolt under the prying force affect need
Ft + Q to consider the totla tension force
Figure 9.11 - Prying force
撬動力
(b) If the conditions described in (a) above cannot be satisfied, the prying force Q should be
calculated and taken into account and Ftot should be calculated as follows:
Ftot = Ft + Q < Pt
Ftot is the total applied tension in the bolt including the prying force, and Ft is the tension force in
the bolt.
（a）如果滿足下列條件則計算時無需考慮撬力的影響：
(i) 螺栓拉力承載力 Pt 降至 Pnom=0.8AtPt
式中 Pnom 爲螺栓標稱拉力承載力
(ii) UB、UC 和 T 形截面翼緣上的螺栓間距 G 不超過 0.55B，B 爲翼緣的總
寬，詳見圖 9.11。
（b）若上述(a)中所述的條件不能滿足，則應考慮撬動力 Q 的影響，Ftot 應按下式
Ftot = Ft + Q < Pt
Ftot 爲螺栓所受的總外加拉力，包括撬動力和螺栓所受的拉力 Ft 。
 [Link]
(Ref) Prying effect in bolted connection
For bolted connection subjected to external tension Ft, the flexible deformations at
unstiffened plate element, such as flange or connected plate, induce additional tensile
force in addition to axial force in bolt Fbt. This additional tensile force is termed the
prying force Q as shown in Figure 9.16 due to deflection of unstiffened plate component.
The prying force Q develops because unstiffened plate of member is in contact with the
connection. The contact area under compression and at the end of unstiffened plate
shown in Figure 9.16 produces an additional force in bolt.
2F t

Figure 9.16: Prying force on bolt due to flexural deformation on unstiffened plate
Unstiffened plate
Contact area
Fbt Fbt

Lb tp

Q Connection Q

bp ap
For thicker connected plate where the bending stiffness of the connecting plate is
high, the magnitude of prying force is insignificant and vice versa. The prying force for
ordinary bolt is derived in Holmes and Martin (1983) for simple bolted arrangement as
given in Equation 9.33. Considering symmetrical half of the connection, the differential
equilibrium equation is given by,
d2y
EI 2 + Qx − ( Ft + Q)( x − a p ) = 0 (Eqn 9.33)
dx
Making use of the boundary condition as zero deflection at x=0 and zero rotation at
x=ap+bp, the deflection at bolt location, δb, is given by,

1 ⎡ Qa 3p ⎛ Qa p b p2 ⎞⎤
δb = ⎢− + ap ⎜ (a p + 2b p ) − Ft ⎟⎥ (Eqn 9.34)
EI ⎢⎣ 3 ⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠⎦

in which Q is the prying force shown in Figure 9.16, EI is the flexural constant of the
connecting plate, Ft is half of the applied tension and ap and bp are the distance between
the bolt and the applied tension and the edge of plate for the prying force as shown in
Figure 9.16.

This expression is obtained from the assumption that of elastic behaviour of the
plate and bolts. And the final force in the bolt Q is given by
Ft − 2 E p I p δ b / a p b p2
Q= (Eqn 9.35)
2(a p b p ) + (a p b p )
2 2

in which ap and bp are the length of unstiffened plate as shown in Figure 9.16. Ft is the
tension applied to the connection. EpIp is flexural constant of unstiffened plate, which Ip is
equivalent to wptp3/12. wp and tp are width of unstiffened plate in longitudinal direction
and thickness of unstiffened plate, respectively. δp is the axial deformation on bolt given
in Equation 9.34.
(F − Fbs )Lb
δb = t (Eqn 9.36)
Eb Ab

in which Eb and Ab are the elastic modulus and cross section area of bolt, respectively. Lb
is grip or total length of the bolt. Ft and Fbs are total tension applied to the connection and
preloaded force on HSFG bolt. For ordinary bolt, the Fbs in Equation 9.36 should be set
to zero. Substituting δb into Equation 9.35, the prying force Q for ordinary bolt can be
obtained.
STRENGTH CHECKS
Ordinary bolts Table 4.23 Tensile strength of bolts (Table 34,
-Tension (Reply) BS 5950) pt

Tension failure may arise in simple connections Bolt grade Tension strength
as a result of excessive tension in the bolts pt ( N/mm2)

According to the simple method, the nominal 4.6 240

8.8 560
tension capacity of the bolt, Pnom, is given by 10.9 700
Bolt tension cap
General grade HSFG ≤ M24 590
Pnom = 0.8 At pt to BS 4395–1 ≥ M27 515
Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395–2 700
pt tension strength of the bolt (Table 4.23) Other grades (Ub ≤ 1000 N/mm 2) 0.7Ub but ≤ Yb
At tensile stress area of bolt (Table 4.22) Note. Ub is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt
and Yb is the specified minimum yield strength of the bolt.
The tensile capacity of a flat plate is given by
Table 4.22 Tensile stress area, At
Pt = α e py
Nominal size and thread Tensile stress area, At
where effective net area, αe, is diameter (mm) (mm2)
α e = K eα n < α g
12 84.3
where the effective net area coefficient Ke is given by
yield 16 157
Ke = 1.2 for steel of grade S275 20 245
stress for
grade 4.6 = 1.1 for steel of grade S355 22 303
steel
bolts Us = 1.0 for steel of grade S460 24 353
(400) = (Us/1.2)/py ≤ 1.2 for steel of other grades 27 459
aα is the net cross sectional area of the leg deduced for 30 561
g gross area of plate = bt (Fig. 4.54)
αn net area of plate = α g – allowance for bolt
holes (= Dht,, Fig. 4.54(b)).

t
t

Rupture

Dh b

(b)

(a)
(Fig. 4.54)
typical tension failures: (a) bolts in tension; (b) cover plate
in tension.
 STRENGTH CHECKS P
Ordinary bolts
-Combined shear and tension
ordinary bolts are subject to combined shear and tension
(a) 若考慮螺栓不受撬動力
Fs Ft
+ ≤ 1.4 Fs F
Ps Pnom + t ≤ 1.4
where Ps Pnom
Fs applied shear (b) 若考慮螺栓承受撬動力
Ft applied tension
Ps shear capacity Fs Ftot
s + ≤ 1.4
Pnom tension capacity Ps Pt
the bolt tensile capacity has been calculated using the Fig. 4.55 Bracket bolted to column.
simple method.
(FYI)
[Link].2 Bolts under bending and shear
Bolts can be under direct shear and tension induced by external moment or forces as
shown in Figure 9.23. This section shows the typical structural adequacy check for bolts
under tension and shear.

Maximum bolt tension, Ft, is

Ft = Pey1 /2∑y 2
= 200 × 250 × 370/2(702 + 1702 + 2702 + 3702)
= 38 kN

Figure 9.23: Connection group subjected to bending moment

Considering equilibrium against external moment, the tension force induced in the bolt is
given by,
F F F F
M = ∑ Fi yi = ∑ T yi2 = T ∑ y i as T = i
2
(Eqn 9.53)
y max y max y max yi

in which ymax and yi are respectively the maximum and the individual distance of the bolt
from centre of rotation and FT is the maximum bolt force.
F
The shear due to vertical load can be equal directly to Equation 9.50 as FS = .
No. of bolts
In addition to the separated requirements as Ps≥Fs and PT≥FT, the two force
components are required to satisfy the force interaction equation as,
FS FT
+ ≤ 1.4 (Eqn 9.54)
PS PT
STRENGTH CHECKS
HSFG bolts
HSFG bolts rather than ordinary bolts. failure of the connection would principally
arise as a result of slip between the connected parts.
Thus, all connections utilising friction grip fasteners
should be checked for slip resistance.
connections using parallel shank HSFG bolts designed to Table 4.24 Proof load of HSFG bolts, P
o
be non-slip in service, should additionally be checked for
bearing capacity of the connected parts and shear Nominal size and thread Minimum shank tension
diameter (mm) or proof load ( kN)
capacity of the bolts after slip.
12 49.4
-Slip resistance. 16 92.1
1. the slip resistance of HSFG bolts designed to be 20 144
22 177
non-slip in service P sL , 24 207
P sL = 1.1K s µ Po 27 234
30 286
36 418
2. for connections designed to be non-slip under
factored loads Table 9.7 - Slip factors for preloaded bolts µ (HK code)
Class Condition of faying surfaces Slip factor
Preparation Treatment µ
A Blasted with slot or grit Loose rust removed, no pitting 0.5
Po minimum shank tension (proof load) (Table 4.24) Spray metallized with aluminium
Spray metallized with a zinc based
µ slip factor ≤ 0.5 coating that has been demonstrated to
provide a slip factor of at least 0.5
K s is the coefficient allowing for type of hole B Blasted with shot or grit Spray metallized with zinc 0.4
µ - for standard holes Ks = 1.0 C Wire brushed Loose rust removed, tight mill scale 0.3
- for oversize holes Ks = 0.85 Flamed cleaned
- for slotted holes, loaded perpendicular to slot Ks = 0.85 D Untreated Untreated 0.2
- for slotted holes, loaded parallel to slot Ks = 0.7 Galvanized
Should slip between the connected parts occur the bolts should be designed as bearing
type.
-Bearing
The bearing capacity of connected parts after slip, Pbg, is given by
Pbg = 1.5d bt p p bs ≤ 0.5et p p bs Table 4.21 Bearing strength of connected parts (Table 32)
where
d b bolt diameter Steel grade S275 S355 S460 Other grades
t p thickness of connected part Bearing strength p bs (N/mm2) 460 550 670 0.67(Ub + Yb)
p bs bearing strength of connected parts (Table 4.21)
Note. Ub is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt and Yb is the specified
e end distance minimum yield strength of the bolt.

Table 4.19 Shear strength of bolts (Table 30,

-Shear BS 5950)
As in the case of black bolts, the shear capacity of
HSFG bolts, Ps, is given by Bolt grade Shear strength
ps (N/mm2)
Ps = ps As
ps shear strength of the bolts (Table 4.19) 4.6 160
8.8 375
As effective area of bolts in shear, normally taken as 10.9 400
the tensile stress area, At (Table 4.22) General grade HSFG ≤ M24 400
to BS 4395–1 ≥ M27 350
-Combined shear and tension. Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395–2 400
When parallel shank friction grip bolts designed to Other grades (Ub ≤ 1000 N/mm2) 0.4Ub
be non-slip in service, are subject to combined
Note. Ub is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt.
shear and tension, then the following additional
check should be carried out: Table 4.22 Tensile stress area, At
Fs F
+ tot ≤ 1 but Ftot ≤ At pt (4.76) Nominal size and thread Tensile stress area, At
PsL 1.1Po diameter (mm) (mm2)
where
12 84.3
Fs applied shear
16 157
Ftot total applied tension in the bolt, including 20 245
the calculated prying forces = pt A t in which 22 303
pt is obtained from Table 4.23 and A t is 24 353
obtained from Table 4.22 27 459
PsL slip resistance (equation 4.72) 30 561
Po minimum shank tension (Table 4.24 ).
預緊螺栓的組合力 (HK code)
同樣假設在剪力作用下被連接件之間無滑移。然而，由於拉力作用，夾持預
緊力將被減小，拉剪共同作用下的螺栓計算公式爲：

Ftot = Ft + Q < Pt
Ftot 爲螺栓所受的總外加拉力，包括撬動力和螺栓所受的拉力 Ft 。

Fs F
+ tot ≤ 1.0
PSL 0.9PO
式中 PSL 爲預緊螺栓的抗滑移承載力，PO 爲規定的最小試驗荷載，Fs 爲外加
剪力。

s t
[Link] Tension combined with preloaded bolts
It is still assumed that there is no slip between the connected parts under shear force.
However, the gripping force will be reduced by the tension force. The combined effect of
tension and shear should be
Fs F
+ tot ≤ 1.0 (9.30)
PSL 0.9P0
in which PSL is the slip resistance of a preloaded bolt, P0 is the specified minimum proof
load and Fs is the applied shear.
Example:
Example 4.21 Beam-to-column connection using web cleats (BS 5950)
Show that the double angle web cleat beam-to-column connection detail shown below is suitable
to resist the design shear force, V, of 400 kN. Assume the steel is grade S275 and the bolts are
M20, grade 8.8 in 2 mm clearance holes. Bolt A 1
CHECK FASTENER SPACING AND
50 40
EDGE/END DISTANCES 10 610 × 229 × 101 UB

356 × 368 × 177 UC grade S275

Diameter of bolt, d b = 20 mm grade S275
Diameter of bolt hole, Dh = 22 mm 50
Pitch of bolt, p = 140 mm and 60 mm 60 50
Edge distance, e1 = 40 mm 60
End distance, e2 = 60 mm and 50 mm 140 60
Thickness of angle cleat, t p = 10 mm 60 400
The following conditions need to be met: 140 60
Pitch ≥ 2.5d b = 2.5 × 20 = 50 < 140 and 60 OK 60
Pitch ≤ 14tp = 14 × 10 = 140 ≤ 140 and 60 OK 60 50
Edge distance e1 ≥ 1.4Dh = 1.4 × 22 = 30.8 < 40 OK
End distance e2 ≥ 1.4Dh = 1.4 × 22 = 30.8 < 60 and 50 OK Angle cleats 90 × 90 × 10
e1 and e2 ≤ 11tpε = 11 × 10 × 1 = 110 < 40, 50 and 60 OK grade S275

(For grade S275 steel with t p = 10 mm, py = 275 N/mm2, ε = 1.) Hence all fastener spacing and
edge/end distances to fasteners are satisfactory. -Shear and bearing
CHECK STRENGTH OF BOLTS CONNECTING 1. Shear capacity of the bolt,
CLEATS TO SUPPORTING COLUMN 2. Bearing capacity of bolt,
Shear 3. Bearing capacity of connected part,
6 No., M20 grade 8.8 bolts. -Double shear
Hence As = 245 mm (Table 4.22) and
ps = 375 N/mm2 (Table 4.19). -Tension
Shear capacity of single bolt, Ps, is -Combined shear and tension
Ps = ps A s = 375 × 245 = 91.9 × 10 = 91.9 kN
Shear capacity of bolt group is
6Ps = 6 × 91.9 = 551.4 kN > V = 400 kN
shear ok
Bearing
Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb, is given by
Pbb = d btp bb = 20 × 10 × 1000 = 200 × 103 = 200 kN
Since thickness of angle cleat (= 10 mm) < thickness of column flange (= 23.8 mm), bearing
capacity of cleat is critical. Bearing capacity of cleat, Pbs, is given by
Pbs = k bsd btp bs = 1 × 20 × l0 × 460 = 92 × 103 N = 92 kN
≤ 0.5k bsetp bs = 0.5 × 1 × 60 × 10 × 460 = 138 × 103 N = 138 kN
Bearing capacity of connection is
6 × 92 = 552 kN > V = 400 kN bearing ok
CHECK STRENGTH OF BOLT GROUP CONNECTING CLEATS TO WEB OF SUPPORTED BEAM
Shear
6 No., M20 grade 8.8 bolts; As = 245 mm2 and
Which mean the total shear
ps = 375 N/mm2.
Since boltsabove,
olts; from = 245 m
are inAsdouble shear, shear capacity of each bolt is on bolt = external shear +
2Ps = 2 × 91.9 = 183.8 kN due to the bending moment
Loads applied to the bolt group are vertical shear, V = 400 kN and moment, M = 400 × 50 × 10−3 = 20 kN m.
Outermost bolt ((A l )) subject to greatest shear force which is equal to the resultant of the load
due to the moment,
M = 20 kN m and vertical shear force, V = 400 kN.
Load on the outermost bolt due to moment, Fmb, is given by
M 20 × 103
Fmb = A= A = 47.6 kN
Z 420 A
where A is the area of bolt and Z the modulus of the bolt group given by
A(1502)]
polar interia
I Inertia of bolt group A(302 ]+ A(902 ] + x 2 63 000
Z= = = = A = 420 A mm3
y Distance of furthest bolt 150 150
Load on outermost bolt due to shear, Fvb, is given by
Fvb = V/ No. of bolts = 400/6 = 66.7 kN
Example:
Example 4.21 Beam-to-column connection using web cleats (BS 5950) (Conti)
CHECK STRENGTH OF BOLT GROUP CONNECTING CLEATS TO
WEB OF SUPPORTED BEAM Bolt A 1

Shear 50 40
Resultant shear force of bolt, Fs, is 10 610 × 229 × 101 UB

356 × 368 × 177 UC grade S275

grade S275
Fs = (F + F ) = (66.7 + 47.6 )
2
vb
2 1/2
mb
2 2 1/2
= 82 kN
50
Fs (= 82 kN) < 2Ps (= 183.8 kN) shear ok 50
60
60
Bearing 140 60
Bearing capacity of bolt, P bb, is 400
60
P bb = 200 kN (from above) > Fs OK
140 60
Bearing capacity of each cleat, P bs, is (same cleat such that
60
P bs = 92 kN (from above) Pbs)
60 50
Bearing capacity of both cleats is
2 × 92 = 184 kN > Fs OK Angle cleats 90 × 90 × 10
grade S275
Bearing capacity of the web, Pbs, is
Pbs = k bs d bt w p bs = 1 × 20 × 10.6 × 460 × 10−3 = 97.52 kN > Fs OK
-Shear and bearing
Hence bolts, cleats and beam web in bearing. ok
1. Shear capacity of the bolt,
SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLEATS 2. Bearing capacity of bolt,
Shear capacity of a single angle cleat, Pv, is
3. Bearing capacity of connected part,
Pv = 0.6py A v = 0.6 × 275 × 3600 × 10−3 = 594 kN
-Double shear
where -Tension
A v = 0.9Ao (clause 4.2.3 of BS 5950) = 0.9 × thickness of cleat (tp) × length of cleat (bp)
= 0.9 × 10 × 400 = 3600 mm2. -Combined shear and tension
Since shear force V/2 (= 200 kN) < Pv (= 594 kN) the angle is
adequate in shear. ok
BENDING STRENGTH OF CLEATS
V 400
M = × 50 × 10 −3 = × 50 × 10−3 = 10 kN m
2 2
Assume moment capacity of one angle of cleat, Mc, is
Mc = py Z = 275 × 266.7 × 103 = 73.3 × 106 N mm = 73.3 kN m > M
t b2 10 × 4002
where Z = p p = = 266 667 mm3. Angle cleat is adequate in bending. ok
6 6
LOCAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE BEAM
Shear capacity of the supported beam, Pv, is
Pv = 0.6p y A v = 0.6 × 275 × 6383.3 = 1053.2 × 103 N = 1053.2 kN > V (= 400 kN)
where A v = t w D = 10.6 × 602.2 = 6383.3 mm2.
Hence supported beam at the end is adequate in shear. ok

BLOCK SHEAR CAPCITY

BLOCK SHEAR CAPACITY
Standard bolt hole of M20, Dt = 22mm
Length of shear force, Lv = 50 × 6 7 =300
350mm
Length of tension force, Lt = 50mm
Coefficient of row number of bolt, k = 0.5 signal row
Effective area coefficient, K e = 1.2 End distance, e2 = 60 mm an
Effective shear area, Av , eff = t [L v + K e (Lt − kD t )] Thickness of angle cleat, t p = 10 mm
= 10 × [350
300+ 1.2 × (50 − 0.5 × 22)] = 3468
3968mm 2
Block shear capacity, Pv = 0.6 p y Av ,eff = 0.6 × 275 × 3468
3968 = 654 .7 kN > Fv (OK)
572.22
Example 4.22 Analysis of a bracket-to-column connection (BS 5950)
Show that the bolts in the bracket-to-column connection below are suitable to resist the design
shear force of 200 kN. Assume the bolts are all M16, grade 8.8. 250 P = 200 kN

Since the bolts are subject to combined shear and tension,

610 × 305 × 179 UB

the bolts should be checked for shear,
tension and 100
combined shear + tension 100
SHEAR 100
Design shear force, P = 200 kN 70
Number of bolts, N = 8
Shear force/bolt, Fs = P/N = 200/8 = 25 kN 457 × 191 × 82 UB
Shear capacity of bolt, Ps, is
Ps = ps A s = 375 × 157 = 58.9 × 103 = 58.9 kN > Fs OK

TENSILE CAPACITY
Maximum bolt tension, Ft, is
Ft = Pey1 /2∑y 2
= 200 × 250 × 370/2(702 + 1702 + 2702 + 3702)
= 38 kN
Tension capacity, Pnom, is
Pnom = 0.8p t A t = 0.8 × 560 × 157 = 70.3 × 103 N
= 70.3 kN > Ft OK
COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION
Combined check:
Fs F
+ t ≤ 1.4
Ps Pnom
25 38
+ = 0.96 ≤ 1.4 OK
58.9 70.3
Hence the M16, grade 8.8 bolts are satisfactory.
 Example 4.23 Analysis of a beam splice connection (BS 5950) ( HSFG )
Show that the splice connection shown below is suitable to resist a design bending moment, M,
and shear force, F, of 270 kN m and 300 kN respectively. Assume the steel grade is S275 and
the bolts are general grade, M22, parallel-shank HSFG bolts. The slip factor, µ, can be taken as
0.5.
Flange cover plate
Assume that 650 180 × 15 × 650
(1) flange cover plates resist the design bending 40 80 80 80 90 80 80 80 40
90
moment, M and 457 × 191 × 89 UB
(2) web cover plates resist the design shear force, F,
and the torsional moment (= Fe), where e is half the 40
distance between the centroids of the bolt groups either 100
side of the joint. 380 (2)
100 10 mm thick
FLANGE SPLICE web cover
plates
Check bolts in flange cover plate 100

Single cover plate on each flange. Hence the bolts in 40

the flange are subject to single shear and must resist a

shear force equal to 40 90 40
Applied moment M 270 × 103 Web cover
= = = 582.4 kN 170
Overall depth of beam D 463.6 plates

Slip resistance of single bolt in single shear, PsL, is

PsL = 1.1K s µPo = 1.1 × 1.0 × 0.5 × 177 = 97.3 kN (Po = 177 kN, Table 4.24)
Hence shear strength based on slip resistance of bolts.
Slip resistance of 8 No., M22 bolts = 8PsL = 8 × 97.3 = 778.4 kN > shear force in bolts = 582.4 kN.
Therefore the 8 No., M22 HSFG bolts provided are adequate in shear. Shear ok
Since thickness of beam flange (= 17.7 mm) > thickness of cover plate (= 15 mm), bearing in cover
plate is critical. Bearing capacity, Pbg, of cover plate is
1.5d btp bs ≤ 0.5etp bs
1.5d btp bs = 1.5 × 22 × 15 × 460 = 227.7 × 103 N ( p bs = 460 N/mm2, Table 4.21)
0.5etp bs = 0.5 × 40 × 15 × 460 = 138 × 103 N Bearing ok
Shear capacity of the bolts after slip, Ps, is
Ps = ps As = 400 × 303 × 10−3 = 121.2 kN per bolt
where As = At = 303 mm2 (Table 4.22)
Check tension capacity of flange cover plate
Gross area of plate, αg, is
α g = 180 × 15 = 2700 mm2
Net area of plate, αn, is
α n = α g − area of bolt holes = 2700 − 2(15 × 24) = 1980 mm2
Force in cover plate, Ft, is
M 270 × 103
Ft = = = 564.1 kN
D + T fp 463.6 + 15
where Tfp is the thickness of flange cover plate = 15 mm
Tension capacity of cover plate, Pt, is
Pt = α e py = 2376 × 275 = 653.4 × 103 N = 653.4 kN
where α e = K eα n = 1.2 × 1980 = 2376 mm2.
Since Pt > Ft, cover plate is OK in tension.
Check compressive capacity of flange cover plate
Top cover plate in compression will also be adequate provided the compression flange has
sufficient lateral restraint.
Example 4.23 Analysis of a beam splice connection (BS 5950) ( HSFG ) (Conti)
Flange cover plate
650 180 × 15 × 650
WEB SPLICE
40 80 80 80 90 80 80 80 40
90
Check bolts in web splice
Vertical shear Fv= 300 kN 457 × 191 × 89 UB

Torsional moment = Fv eo = 300 × 45 = 13 500 kN mm

40
(where eo is half the distance between the centroids of
100
the bolt groups either side of the joint in accordance with 380 (2)
assumption (2) above) 100 10 mm thick
web cover
plates
Maximum resultant force FR occurs on outermost 100
bolts, e.g. bolt A, and is given by the following 40
expression:
FR = F vs2 + F tm
2
40 90 40
where Fvs is the force due to vertical shear and Ftm the forceWeb cover 170
due to torsional moment. plates
F v 300
F vs = = = 75 kN
N 4 where
Torsional moment × A b A b area of single bolt
F tm = Z b modulus of the bolt group which is given by
Zb
bolt (circle) of polar Inertia

Inertia of bolt group A(502 ] + A(1502]) x2 2A b(502 + 1502 )

Zb= = = = 333.33A b
Distance of furthest bolt 150 150
13 500 A b
Ftm = = 40.5 kN
333.33A b
FR = 40.52 + 752 = 85.2 kN
slip resistance of M22 HSFG bolt, PsL = 97.3 kN.
two cover plates are present, slip resistance per bolt is
2PsL = 2 × 97.3 = 194.6 kN > FR
Therefore, slip resistance of bolts in web splice is adequate. slip resistance ok
Similarly, shear capacity of bolt in double shear, Ps = 2 × 121.2 = 242.4 kN > FR slip resistance ok
Therefore, shear capacity of bolts in web splice after slip is also adequate.
Check web of beam BEAM WEB Bolt A
The forces on the edge of the holes in the web may give rise to Ftm

100
bearing failure and must therefore be checked.
Fvs θ FR
e = edge distance for web
100

40.5
tan θ = ⇒ θ = 28.37°
75 e
θ
100

45 45
e = = = 94.7
sin θ 0.475
Bearing capacity of web, Pbg, is
= 1.5d btp bs ≤ 0.5etp bs = 0.5 × 94.7 × 10.6 × 460 = 230.9 × 103 N = 203.9 kN 45

= 1.5 × 22 × 10.6 × 460 = 160.9 × 10 N = 160.9 kN > FR

3 e0 170
Bearing capacity of web of beam ok
40 90 40
Check web cover plates
The force on the edge of the holes in the web cover plates may 40 Ftm
give rise to bearing failure and must therefore be checked.
e = edge distance for web cover plates and θ = 28.37°. 100 FR Fvs

40 40
e = = = 45.5
380

cos θ 0.88 100

Bearing capacity of one plate is
= 1.5d btp bs ≤ 0.5etp bs = 0.5 × 45.5 × 10 × 460 = 104.7 × 103 N = 104.7 kN WEB COVER PLATE
= 1.5 × 22 × 10 × 460 = 151.8 × 103 N = 151.8 kN 100

Thus bearing capacity of single web plate = 104.7 kN and bearing capacity of
40
two web plates = 2 × 104.7 = 209 kN > FR. Bearing capacity of web cover plates ok θ
e
Example 4.23 Analysis of a beam splice connection (BS 5950) ( HSFG ) (Conti)
Flange cover plate
650 180 × 15 × 650
WEB SPLICE
40 80 80 80 90 80 80 80 40
90
Check web cover plates for shear and bending
457 × 191 × 89 UB
Check shear capacity. Shear force applied to one plate is
Fv /2 = 300/2 = 150 kN 40
100
Torsional moment applied to one plate 380 (2)
is= 150 × 45 = 6750 kN mm = 6.75 kN m 100 10 mm thick
web cover
100 plates
Shear capacity of one plate, Pv, is
Pv = 0.6py Av = 0.6 × 275 × 0.9 × 10(380 − 4 × 24) = 421.7 kN > 150 kN 40

where Av = 0.9An. Shear cover plate ok

40 90 40
Check moment capacity Web cover 170
plates
Since applied shear force (= 150 kN) < 0.6Pv = 253 kN, moment capacity, Mc = pyZ where Z = I/y.
I of plate = 10 × 3803/12 − 2(10 × 24)502 − 2(10 × 24)1502 = 337 × 105 mm2
24 mm
Z = I/y = 337 × 105/190 = 177 × 103 mm2
Dh
Mc = py Z = 275 × 177 × 103 = 48.7 × 106 N mm = 48.7 kN m > 6.75 kN m

150
bending web cover plate ok
Dh

50

380
Example 4.24 Analysis of a beam-to-column connection using an
end plate (BS 5950)
Calculate the design shear resistance of the connection shown below, assuming that the steel is grade S275 and the
bolts are M20, grade 8.8 in 2 mm clearance holes. 6 mm fillet
weld

CHECK FASTENER SPACING AND EDGE/END DISTANCES 610 × 229 × 101 UB 50

= 20 mm 120

356 × 368 × 177 UC

Diameter of bolt, d b
Diameter of bolt hole, D h = 22 mm Grade 8.8, M20 bolts
120
Pitch of bolt, p = 120 mm 120
50
Edge distance, e1 = 35 mm
End distance, e2 = 50 mm 35 35
Thickness of end plate, tp = 10 mm
t p = 10 mm
The following conditions need to be met:
Pitch ≥ 2.5d b = 2.5 × 20 = 50 < 120 OK
Pitch ≤ 14tp = 14 × 10 = 140 > 120 OK
Edge distance e1 ≥ 1.4Dh = 1.4 × 22 = 30.8 < 35 OK
End distance e2 ≥ 1.4Dh = 1.4 × 22 = 30.8 < 50 OK
e1 and e2 ≤ 11t pε = 11 × 10 × 1 = 110 > 35, 50 OK
For grade S275 steel with tp = 10 mm, py = 275 N/mm2 (Table 4.3), ε = 1 (equation 4.4). Hence all fastener spacing
and edge/end distances to fasteners are satisfactory.

BOLT GROUP STRENGTH

Shear
8 No., M20 grade 8.8 bolts; A s = 245 N/mm2 (Table 4.22) and ps = 375 N/mm2 (Table 4.19)
Shear capacity of single bolt, Ps, is
e1
Ps = ps A s = 375 × 245 = 91.9 × 103 = 91.9 kN
e2 50
Shear capacity of bolt group is
p 120
8Ps = 8 × 91.9 = 735 kN p 120 ᐉp = 460 mm
120
50
Bearing
Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb, is given by 35 90 35
Pvp Pvp
P bb = d btp p bb = 20 × 10 × 1000 = 200 × 10 = 200 kN
3

End plate is thinner than column flange and will therefore be critical. Bearing capacity of end plate, P bs, is given by
P bs = k bs d btp p bs = 1 × 20 × 10 × 460 = 92 × 103 N = 92 kN
≤ 0.5k bse2 tp pbs = 0.5 × 1 × 50 × 10 × 460 = 115 × 103 N = 115 kN
Hence bearing capacity of connection = 8 × 92 = 736 kN.

END PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH

A v = 0.9A n = 0.9tp(bp − 4Dh ) = 0.9 × 10 × (460 − 4 × 22) = 3348 mm2
Shear capacity assuming single plane of failure, Pvp, is
Pvp = 0.6py A v = 0.6 × 275 × 3348 = 552.4 × 103 = 552.4 kN
Shear capacity assuming two failure planes is
2Pvp = 2 × 552.4 = 1104.8 kN
WELD STRENGTH
(Readers should refer to section 4.11.5 before performing this check.) Fillet weld of 6 mm provided. Hence
Leg length, s = 6 mm
Design strength, pw = 220 N/mm2 (assuming electrode strength = 42 N/mm2, Table 4.25 )
Throat size, a = 0.7s = 0.7 × 6 = 4.2 mm
Effective length of weld, bw, is
bw = 2(bp − 2s) = 2(460 − 2 × 6) = 896 mm
Hence design shear strength of weld, Vw, is
Vw = pw abw = 220 × 4.2 × 896 = 828 × 103 N = 828 kN
LOCAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAM WEB AT THE END PLATE
Pvb = 0.6py A v = 0.6 × 275(0.9 × 10.6 × 460) × 10−3 = 724 kN
Hence, strength of connection is controlled by shear strength of beam web and is equal to 724 kN.
9.6 Worked Examples
9.6.1 Beam-to-beam connection by single fin plate
A secondary beam is connected to a main beam. The secondary beam is connected
by a single fin plate which is welded to the main beam as shown. Only vertical load is
transmitted from secondary beam to main beam through a beam-to-beam connection. The
factored vertical load is 450kN. The beam-to-beam connection is designed as pinned
connection, for which only shear is transferred. And the sections of main and secondary
beams are shown in the Figure. Steel grade of both main and secondary beams is S275.
The bolts in the connection are M20 in grade 8.8 and fillet welds of connection are made
of E35 electrode. 210.1 30

50
610 305 101 UB 50 533 210 101 UB
50
50
50 602.2
50
50
50
10 50 50
10.9
17.4 10.6
14.8
227.6
Solution
The beam-to-beam connection is assumed as a pinned connection and the bending effect in the connection
is neglected.

As a good practice in detailing, the size of fin plate should be at least half of the depth of beam to provide
sufficient torsional restraint against twist and the fin plate should be placed near the top flange in order to
provide lateral restraint to the top flange.

SHEAR CAPACITY OF BOLT

Fv 450
Shear force on each bolt, Fs = = = 64.3kN
n 7
From Table 9.3, the shear area of an M20 bolt, As is 245mm 2
Shear strength of bolt, ps = 375 N mm 2 (Table 9.5)
Shear capacity of bolt, Ps = ps As = 245 × 375 = 91.9kN > Fs (OK) (9.15)

BEARING CAPACITY OF BOLT

Bearing strength of bolt, p bb = 1000 N / mm 2 (Table 9.6)
Thickness of thinner connected plate, t p = 10mm
Nominal bolt diameter, d = 20mm
Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb = dt p pdd = 20 × 10 × 1000 = 200 kN > Fs (OK) (9.16)

BLOCK SHEAR CAPACITY

Standard bolt hole of M20, Dt = 22mm (Table 9.4)
Length of shear force, Lv = 50 × 7 = 350mm
Length of tension force, Lt = 50mm
Coefficient of row number of bolt, k = 0.5 (Clause 9.3.5)
Effective area coefficient, K e = 1.2 (Clause [Link])
Effective shear area, Av , eff = t [L v + K e (Lt − kD t )] (9.14)
= 10 × [350 + 1.2 × (50 − 0.5 × 22)] = 3968mm 2

Block shear capacity, Pv = 0.6 p y Av ,eff = 0.6 × 275 × 3968 = 654.7 kN > Fv (OK) (9.13)

SHEAR CAPACITY OF WELD

A leg length of 8mm is assumed
Design strength of weld, pw = 220 N mm 2 (Table 9.2a)
Effective length of weld, be = 400 − 2 × 8 = 384mm (Clause [Link].3)
F 450
Shear force per unit width, Fs = v = = 1.17 kN mm
be 384
Fs 1.17 × 10 3
Minimum leg length required, s = = = 7.6mm
0.7 p w 0.7 × 220
∴8mm weld is used as assumed
9.6 Worked Examples 254 254 107 UC
9.6.2 Column splices connected by bolt group
A column splices connecting two columns of different sizes and shown below is 266.6

under a factored biaxial moment of Mx = 120kNm and My = 55kNm, compression of Fc = 20.5

480kN and shear of Fv = 160kN. The steel material of the complete connection
assemblage is grade S275 and the thickness of connected plate is 10mm. Preloaded t =11.9
HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 and size M22 are used for internal bolts in web and external
bolts in flange. Check the structural adequacy of the connection.
Solution 160
The shear is assumed to be taken by the internal bolt group at web of columns and moment is taken by the
bolt groups in flanges of the columns. Assumption for non-slip under factored loads stated in the Code is 40
40
used.
In the robustness design, the capacity of the splice cannot rely on the contact area between the two
stanchions for taking only compression under normal condition as the columns and the bolts are also 40
40
required to take tension in case when the lower column fails, leading to the upper column to become in
tension with the bolt group taking downward tension force. 40 40 40 40
10

t =13

Mx

18.7

314.3
305 305 118 UC

Fc
Ft
My

Fv

Mx

a) Shear force on internal b) Compression / tension on external c) Twisting moment on external

bolted connection bolted connection bolted connection

SHEAR CAPACITY OF INTERNAL BOLT

Fv 160
Shear force resisted by each bolt on internal bolted connection, Fs = = = 13.3kN
2n 2 × 6
(double shear) 40 y
40
Minimum shear strength of HSFG according to Table 9.6, P0 = 176kN
x
Slip factor, μ = 0.4 for treatment with spray metallized with zinc (Table 9.7)
Coefficient allowing for hole, k s = 1 for standard holes (Clause [Link]) 40
Shear capac 40
)
Shear capacity of preloaded bolt, PSL = 0.9k s μP0 = 0.9 × 1 × 0.4 × 176 40 40 40 40
(9.24)
= 63.4kN > Fs (OK)

SHEAR CAPACITY OF EXTERNAL BOLT

Fc 300
Shear force due to compression load, Fs1 = = = 25kN
2n 2 × 6
M 60 × 10 3
Shear force due to moment about major axis, Fs 2 = x = = 37.5kN
Dn 266.6 × 6
Vertical shear force on each bolt, Fs = Fs1 + Fs 2 = 24.2kN < PSL (OK)
9.6 Worked Examples
9.6.3 Typical extended plate beam to column connection
An extended end plate connection under both shear force and moment about major
axis is shown in Figure below. The factored shear force is 200kN and moment is 35kNm.
The configuration of beam column connection and the section of the members are also
indicated in the Figure. The beam member is welded to the end plate which is then bolted
to the column. For welded connection, 8mm fillet weld is used in flange and 4mm fillet
weld is used in web. The end plate and members are in S275 steel material and the bolts
are M20 in grade 4.6 and the electrode used for welding is E35.

102.4

20.5 30
100
30 10.8
100 500
50
50
312.6 6
305x102x33UB
200
290
290
40 40
30 6
20
6 102.4
30
30 30 30 30

254x254x107UC 200
Solution
The connection is under the action of shear and moment and the bolts and welds are under the action of
both shear and tension. The prying action and bearing due to vertical shear on connected plate should be
checked here.
CAPACITY OF FILLET WELD
Assume the point of rotation at the centroid of the connection group and the connected plate is assumed to
be stiffened.
Effective length of 102.4mm fillet weld be = 102.4 − 2 × 8 = 86.4mm (Clause [Link].3) 78.4
Effective length of 40mm fillet weld be = 40 − 2 × 8 = 24mm
∴this weld should be ignored
Effective length of 200mm fillet weld be = 200 − 2 × 4 = 192mm
For unit length of weld, 176
Area of weld, A = 192 + 86.4 × 2 = 364.8mm 2 / mm 312.6
3 2
192 ⎛ 312.6 ⎞
Second moment of inertia, I x = + 86.4 × ⎜ ⎟ × 2 = 4.811 × 10 mm mm
6 4

12 ⎝ 2 ⎠
Fv 200
Average shear force on horizontal weld, Fs = = = 0.55kN / mm line of
A 364.8 rotation
M D 2 35 × 103 × 312.6 2
Maximum tension on horizontal weld, Ft = x = = 1.14kN / mm
Ix 4.811 × 10 6
Simplified method
Design strength of weld, pw = 220 N mm 2 (Table 9.2a)

Resultant force on horizontal weld, FR = Fs2 + Ft 2 = 0.552 + 1.142 = 1.27 kN mm

FR 1.27 × 10 3
Minimum required leg length, s = = = 8.2mm (Not OK)
0.7 pw 0.7 × 220
∴8mm weld at flange and 4mm weld at web are not ok
Directional Method
PL = pw a = 220 × 8 × 0.7 = 1.23 kN mm > Fs (OK)
1.14
θ = tan −1 − 45° = 19.2°
0.55
1.5 1.5
K = 1.25 = 1.25 = 1.112
1 + cos 2 θ 1 + cos 2 19°
PT = KPL = 1.112 × 1.23 = 1.37 kN mm > FT (OK)
∴8mm weld at flange and 4mm weld at web are ok

(Note: It should be noted that the simplified method is more conservative than the directional method.)

SHEAR CAPACITY OF BOLT

Fv 200
Shear force on each bolt, Fs = = = 12.5kN
n 16

From Table 9.3, As = 157mm 2

Shear strength of bolt, p s = 160 N / mm 2 (Table 9.5)
Shear capacity of bolt, Ps = p s As = 160 × 157 = 25.1kN > Fs (OK) (9.15)

BEARING CAPACITY OF BOLT

Thickness of thinner connected part, t p = 20 mm
Nominal diameter of bolt, d = 16 mm
Bearing strength of bolt, p bb = 460 N / mm 2 (Table 9.6)
Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb = dt p pbb = 16 × 20 × 460 = 147.2kN > Fs (OK) (9.16)

BEARING CAPACITY OF CONNECTED PLATE

Hole coefficient, k bs = 1 for standard hole (Clause [Link].3)
Bearing strength, p bs = 460 N / mm 2 for grade S275
Pbs = k bs dt p pbs = 1 × 16 × 20 × 460 = 147.2kN (9.17)
Pbs = 0.5k bs et p pbs = 0.5 × 1 × 30 × 20 × 460 = 138kN (9.18)
∴ Pbs = 138kN > Fs (OK)

TENSION CAPACITY OF BOLT 30 30 80 30 30

∑ y = (290
2
i
2
)
+ 340 2 + 440 2 × 4 =1.573 × 10 6 mm 2 30

100 376.3
Maximum tension force on bolt,
50 276.3
Mx 35 × 10 6 × 440
Ft = = = 9.8kN
∑yi2
1.573 × 10 6 226.3

290

line of
rotation

30

200

Tensile strength of bolt, p t = 240 N / mm 2 (Table 9.8)

Tensile capacity of bolt, Pt = pt As = 240 × 157 = 37.7 kN > Ft (OK) (9.25)

PRYING FORCE ON BOLT

Width of connected plate, B = 200mm
Distance between centerline of bolts, G = 200 − 2 × 60 = 80mm < 0.55 B = 110mm
Tension capacity of bolt, Pnom = 0.8 At pt = 0.8 × 157 × 240 = 30.1kN > Ft (OK) (9.26)
∴design against prying force is not required (Clause [Link])

INTERACTION BETWEEN TENSION AND SHEAR OF BOLT

Fs F 12.5 9.8
+ t = + = 0.82 ≤ 1.4 (OK) (9.28)
Ps Pnom 25.1 30.1
Design connection
Weld connection
Welding is a process of fusing two pieces of steel materials together through the use of heat.

most welded connections are relatively less ductile than ordinary clearance bolts and
they introduce high residual stress leading to cracking in is the welding process is not carefully monitored.
Pre-head to avoid
焊縫種類
Types of welds 根據設計目的，焊縫可歸類如下：
For the purposes of design, welds may be classified as: （a） 角焊縫
(a) Fillet welds － 連續焊縫
- continuous welds. － 斷續焊縫
- intermittent welds. － 對圓孔或長圓孔的塞焊縫
- plug welds on circular and elongated holes. － 槽焊縫
（b） 對接焊縫
- slot welds. － 全熔透對接焊縫
(b) Butt welds － 部份熔透對接焊縫
- full penetration butt welds. － 角焊縫加強的對接焊縫
- partial penetration butt welds. （c） 坡口對接焊縫
- butt welds reinforced with fillet welds.
(c) Flare groove welds

Double fillet weld Single fillet weld Fillet weld for lap joint Double V butt weld Single V butt weld Single bevel butt weld

Figure 9.5: Different types of fillet welds Figure 9.6: Different types of butt welds

- a butt weld, if a > 0.7s;

- a fillet weld, if a ≤ 0.7s;
in which a is the effective throat size and s is the s2
length of the smaller fusion face, s1
a
-當a>0.7s 時，焊縫爲對接焊縫； Tee-butt joint with a pair
-當a≤ 0.7s 時，焊縫爲角焊縫， of partial penetration butt
此處a 指焊縫有效最小厚度，s 指較短熔合面的長度 welds with external fillets
有附加角焊縫的
雙面部份熔透焊縫的
T形對接連接
Kind of welding method please refer to Taiwan information (Clearly Explain Refer to Taiwan info )
Metal arc welding is carried out by fusion of metal accomplished by the heat of an electric arc
gas welding a filler material or bare electrode (焊條) is used to supply material which is
melted by high heat of gas like oxygen-acetylene flame
shielding gas (保護氣體) is used to shield the molten weld zone from the atmosphere
來自大氣的熔融焊接區
metal inert-gas process(MIG) 金屬惰性氣體: a bare wire electrode is used, mean that electrode no
coating ( 銲支没有包覆)
tungsten insert-gas process (TIG) 鎢惰性氣體: tungsten electrode is used.

(Taiwan info)
(Taiwan info)
(Taiwan info)
(Taiwan info)
(Taiwan info)
(Taiwan info)
Electrodes In the HK CODE, both the BSEN and the Chinese standards for electrodes are listed
銲條 for fillet welds.
a. Electrode classification of 35, 42 and 50 for BSEN standards and
b. E43, E50 and E55 for Chinese GB standards are used

表 9.2a BS-EN 標準的角焊縫強度設計值 pw

焊條分類 對其他類型的焊條和（或）鋼材等級
鋼材
35 42 50 pw= 0.5Ue 且 pw≤0.55Us
等級 2 2 2
N/mm N/mm N/mm 其中：
a a
S 275 220 (220) (220) Ue：相關産品標準所規定的焊條的
b a
S 355 (220) 250 (250) 最小抗拉強度；
S 460 (220)
b
(250)
b
280 Us：母材最小抗拉強度。
a) 焊條匹配過度。
b) 焊條匹配不足。部份熔透對接焊不適用

表 9.2b GB 國標規定的角焊縫強度設計值 pw
鋼材等 焊條 強度設計 對其他類型的焊條和（或）鋼材等級
級 種類 值 pw = 0.38Ue Ue ≥Us
Q235 E43 160 其中：
Q345 E50 200 Ue：相關産品標準所規定的焊條的最小
Q390, 抗拉強度
E55 220
Q420 Us：母材最小抗拉強度
註：焊條的極限強度不得低於母材的抗拉強度。

Table 9.2a - Design strength of fillet welds pw for BS-EN Standards

Steel Electrode classification For other types of electrode and/or steel grades:
grade 35 42 50 pw = 0.5Ue but pw ≤ 0.55 Us
N/mm² N/mm² N/mm² where
S 275 220 (220)a (220)a Ue is the minimum tensile strength of the
S 355 (220)b 250 (250)a electrode specified in the relevant product
S 460 b
(220) (250) b
280 standard;
Us is the specified minimum tensile strength of
the parent metal.
a) Over-matching electrodes.
b) Under-matching electrodes.

Table 9.2b - Design strength of fillet welds pw for GB or other Standards

Steel grade Electrode Design For other types of electrode and/or steel grades:
classification strength pw = 0.38Ue Ue ≥ US
N/mm2 where
Ue is the minimum tensile strength of the
Q235 E43 160 electrode specified in the relevant product
Q345 E50 200 standard;
Q390,Q420 E55 220 Us is the specified minimum tensile strength of
the parent metal.
Note :- The ultimate strength of electrodes shall be greater than or equal to the tensile
strength of the parent metal.
Welding symbols
Common arrangements for welding
Weld type Single Double
Square

Bevel

Vee
Groove

Note :
The side of the joint to which the arrow points is the arrow or near side and the opposite side of the
joint is the other or far side.
All welds are continuous except otherwise stated. Arrow only points to the member only grooved.
Dimensions of weld sizes, length and spacing are in millimeters

Typical examples of symbols

Effective breadth of an unstiffened Tee-joint
a. For I or H section, be should be obtained from Figure 9.1 as
b e = t c + 2r c + 5TC Tc tc

⎛T 2 ⎞⎛ p ⎞ tc 0.5be
but be ≤ t c + 2rc + 5⎜ c ⎟⎜ yc ⎟
⎜ tp ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎠⎝ p yp ⎠ be Tc
⎝
a
pyc is the design strength of the member 0.5be
pyp is the design strength of the plate
rrc
is root radius of rolled section or toe
c of fillet on welded section tp tp
Tc is the thickness of connected flange
tc is the stem of connected structural
member
tp is the thickness of the connected plate
Figure 9.1 - Effective breadth of an unstiffened Tee-joint

b. For box sections, be should be obtained from

be = 2t c + 5Tc
⎛ Tc 2 ⎞⎛ p yc ⎞
but be ≤ 2t c + 5⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ t p ⎟⎜ p yp ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

If be is less than 0.7 times the full breadth, the joint should be stiffened.

Using be as the weld length, the capacity of the weld Px should be

obtained from:
Px = pw a be
公式中 pw 指焊縫的強度設計值，a 指焊喉尺寸（焊縫最小高度）。
in which "pw" is the design strength of weld and "a" is the throat
thickness.
Failure surface

Throat section

a) Failure surface at throat section

Lap joints 疊接接頭
The minimum lap Should not a single fillet weld
最小疊接長度

100s

100s
Leff = β LW L j
⎛ a ⎞
β LW = 1.2 − 0.002⎜⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0
L ⎟
⎝ j⎠
a： 角焊縫焊角尺寸
Lj： 焊縫實際尺寸
Leff：計算長度

Lap joints
The minimum lap should be 5t or 25 mm whichever is the greater, where t is the thickness
of the thinner part joined.
For lap joints longer than 100s, a reduction factor βLW should be taken to allow for the
effects of non-uniform distribution of stress along its length.
Leff = β LW L j (9.8)
where
⎛ ⎞
a
βLW = 1.2 − 0.002 ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟ ≤ 1.0
(9.9)
⎜ Lj
⎝ ⎠
a = fillet weld leg size
Lj = actual length of weld
Leff = effective length

A single fillet weld should not be used for lap joints unless the parts are restrained to
prevent opening of the joint and eccentric moments.

Definitions of sizes of fillet weld and butt weld

S2
a S2 a a
a
S1 S1 S1 S1
S1 S1
Obtuse Acute

Partial penetration weld Full penetration weld

a S2 S2 b) Butt welds
a
S1 S1
Convex Concave S2 S2
a
a

a S1
a S2 S1 S1
S1 S1
Equal leg Unequal leg c) Deep fillet welds

a) Fillet welds
Figure 9.8: Definitions of sizes of fillet weld and butt weld
(a) Fillet welds Types of welds
For the purposes of design, welds may
- continuous welds. be classified as:
Strength of welds (Fillet welds ) (a) Fillet welds
- continuous welds.
- Cross sectional geometry - intermittent welds.
- plug welds on circular and elongated
holes.
weld surface - slot welds.
(b) Butt welds
- full penetration butt welds.
a s a s a s - partial penetration butt welds.
- butt welds reinforced with fillet welds.
(c) Flare groove welds

s s s
fusion faces root of weld
S

S
a
S S S S S
a a S a a a

S S S S OBTUSE ACUTE
ANGLE 鈍角 ANGLE 銳角
EQUAL LEG UN-EQUAL LEG CONVEX CONCAVE
凸面 凹面 ≤120° ≥60°
FILLET FILLET
等邊角焊縫 不等邊角焊縫

angle between the fusion faces of fillet welds should

be between 60° and 120°.

- Weld size
(a) Leg length s 焊腳尺寸 s
The minimum leg length of a fillet weld should not
be less than that specified in Table 9.1

For a T-joint
the minimum leg length is not required to be greater than the thickness of the thinner part.

Table 9.1 - Minimum leg length of a fillet weld 角焊縫的最小焊腳長度

較厚焊件的厚度 Minimum leg length (for unequal leg weld, the 最小焊腳尺寸
Thickness of the thicker part （對不等邊角焊縫，
smaller leg length should be considered)
(mm) ，應爲較小焊腳尺寸）
(mm)
≤6 up to and including 6 3
7 to 13 5
14 to 19 6
>19 over 19 8

對沿鋼板邊緣的焊縫：For a weld along the edge of a plate

（i） 如果鋼板厚度<6mm，則最大焊腳尺寸爲板厚度。
（ii） 如果鋼板厚度≥6mm，則最大焊腳尺寸等於板厚減去 2mm。 2
2
(b) Throat size a 焊喉尺寸 a
（i） ，焊喉尺寸 a 定義爲相連鋼板交叉點到焊縫斜表面的垂 直距離。
（ii） 焊縫表面允許微小的凸起或凹下，
（iii） 當兩側施焊時，每側的焊喉尺寸均不應大於連接兩側較薄的焊件的厚度。
For a weld along the edge of a plate:
(i) If the thickness of plate is less than 6 mm, the maximum leg length should be the thickness of the plate.
(ii) If the thickness of the plate is equal to or greater than 6 mm, the maximum leg length should be the thickness of the plate
minus 2 mm.

(b) Throat size a

(i) As shown in Figure 9.2, the throat size a is defined as the perpendicular length from the point of intersection of the
connected plates to the inclined weld surface.
(ii) Slight concavity or convexity of weld profile is allowed but the throat size should be determined according to Figure 9.2.
(iii) If the welds are on both sides, the throat size on each side should not be greater than thickness of the thinner part with
both sides welded.
(a) Fillet welds
- continuous welds. s
-Effective weld length

角焊縫的有效長度應爲其全長減去 2s ( 不算入繞角焊接長度 ) ≤ 40mm

If 有效長度小於 4s 或 40mm 時，不考慮焊縫承擔荷載。
-對於扁鋼受拉構件，如果只用縱向焊縫進行端部連接時，每條角焊 e
縫的長度不應小於扁鋼的寬度。 W

Be≥We
Effective length
The effective length of a fillet weld should be its full length of weld less 2s with its end return excluded, but should
not be less than 40 mm. A fillet weld with an effective length less than 4s or 40mm should not be used to carry load.

For a flat-bar tension member, if only longitudinal fillet welds are used for end connections, the length of each fillet
weld should not be less than the width of the flat bar.

-End returns 繞角焊

Return,
2s Return, s
2s

Tension
Member

Seat Bracket

Return, 2s Return, 2s

s End Connection
Connection Angle
Plate
s

Beam End Connection

Figure 9.3 - End return of welds
(在計算焊縫的有效長度時，不應計入繞角長度和終止點距端點或邊緣的長度。)
角焊縫不應該終止於構件端點或外邊緣，應該繞著端點或外邊緣連續焊接不小於 2s 的長度。
if 如果繞角焊不可行，則焊接應終止於距構件端點或外邊緣不小於 s 處。
when if take large moment, need to review the feasibility for end returns

End returns
Fillet welds should not be terminated at the extreme ends or edges of members. They should either be
returned continuously around the ends or edges for a length of not less than 2s or, if a return is
impracticable, terminated not less than s from the ends or edges. The return and termination should not
be included for calculation of the effective length of the weld.
In the case of fillet welds on the tension side or the tension end of a connection when subjected to
significant moment from brackets, beam seats, framing angles, simple end plates, etc., the connection
should be detailed with considerations of the practicality of making end returns as illustrated in Figure 9.3.
Strength of fillet welds 表 9.2a BS-EN 標準的角焊縫強度設計值 pw

The strength of a fillet weld w

p 鋼材
焊條分類 對其他類型的焊條和（或）鋼材等級
using electrodes pert 等級
35 42 50 pw= 0.5Ue 且 pw≤0.55Us
2 2 2
N/mm N/mm N/mm 其中：
a a
When two different grades of S 275 220 (220) (220) Ue：相關産品標準所規定的焊條的
b a
parent materials are joined by S 355 (220) 250 (250) 最小抗拉強度；
fillet welds, the lower grade S 460 (220)
b
(250)
b
280 Us：母材最小抗拉強度。
should be considered in the
a) 焊條匹配過度。
design.
b) 焊條匹配不足。部份熔透對接焊不適用

表 9.2b GB 國標規定的角焊縫強度設計值 pw
Single sided fillet or partial
penetration butt welds should not 鋼材等 焊條 強度設計 對其他類型的焊條和（或）鋼材等級
be used to transmit a bending 級 種類 值 pw = 0.38Ue Ue ≥Us
moment about the longitudinal Q235 E43 160 其中：
axis of the weld. Q345 E50 200 Ue：相關産品標準所規定的焊條的最小
Q390, 抗拉強度
E55 220
Q420 Us：母材最小抗拉強度
註：焊條的極限強度不得低於母材的抗拉強度。

角焊縫強度

當採用化學成分和機械特性不低於母材且符合符錄 A1.4 的標準的焊條時，

可根據表 9.2a 和 9.2b 選用角焊縫的強度值 pw 。當用角焊縫連接兩種不同強度
等級的鋼材時，在設計中應考慮強度等級較低的鋼材對應的指標。

單側角焊縫或部份熔透對接焊縫不能用以承受繞焊縫縱軸方向的彎矩。

Table 9.2a - Design strength of fillet welds pw for BS-EN Standards

Steel Electrode classification For other types of electrode and/or steel grades:
grade 35 42 50 pw = 0.5Ue but pw ≤ 0.55 Us
N/mm² N/mm² N/mm² where
S 275 220 (220)a (220)a Ue is the minimum tensile strength of the
S 355 (220)b 250 (250)a electrode specified in the relevant product
S 460 b
(220) (250) b
280 standard;
Us is the specified minimum tensile strength of
the parent metal.
a) Over-matching electrodes.
b) Under-matching electrodes.

Table 9.2b - Design strength of fillet welds pw for GB or other Standards

Steel grade Electrode Design For other types of electrode and/or steel grades:
classification strength pw = 0.38Ue Ue ≥ US
N/mm2 where
Ue is the minimum tensile strength of the
Q235 E43 160 electrode specified in the relevant product
Q345 E50 200 standard;
Q390,Q420 E55 220 Us is the specified minimum tensile strength of
the parent metal.
Note :- The ultimate strength of electrodes shall be greater than or equal to the tensile
strength of the parent metal.
(a) Fillet welds e weld as shown
- continuous welds.
capacity of fillet weld FT = FTx2 + FTy2
(i) Simplified method 簡化方法
應力可用根據各個方向力向量總和除以最小焊縫面積來計算，如：縱 S2
向、橫向力和彎矩，以保證應力不超過焊縫強度設計值 pw 。
FL
F Ty FTTL
FR = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2
Failure surface S1
A=a x L
FR
F Tx
≤ pw
L
welding
A
pert σ w La
capacity
or σ w La
external load at F Tx
PL ≥ FR weld F
τ w La
Stresses should be calculated τ w La a
from the vector sum of forces Throat section
FL
F Ty
from all directions divided by
the weld throat area i.e. a) Failure surface at throat section b) Resultant stresses on throat section
longitudinal and transverse Figure 9.9: Resultant stresses acting on the fillet weld of throat section
forces and moment to ensure
Figure 26.5 Typical fillet weld
that it does not exceed the configurations for: (a) T-joints,
design strength of weld pw. (b) lap joints, (c) corner joints.
Arrows indicate direction of
bending which might open up
(ii) Directional method 方向計算法 the root

In consideration of more accurate behaviour,

the force per unit length be
a longitudinal shear FL parallel to axis of the weld
a resultant transverse force FT perpendicular to this axis. FL
The corresponding capacities per unit length should be
PL = pw a (longitudinal direction)
PT = K PL (transverse direction) FL

The coefficient K should be obtained from:

a) Welds subject to longitudinal shear
1.5
K = 1.25 焊縫受縱向剪切
1+ cos 2 θ
2FT
in which θ is the angle between the force FT and the throat of weld

The stress resultants should satisfy the following relationship: FT FT

2 2
PL ≥ FL ⎛ FL ⎞ ⎛F ⎞
& ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ T ⎟⎟ ≤ 1 FT
PT ≥ FL ⎝ PL ⎠ ⎝ PT ⎠ FT

in which PL and PT are the respective permissible capacities per unit b) Welds subject to transverse force
length of weld in the longitudinal and the transverse directions. 焊縫最小截面
）焊縫受橫向力作用
（b） 方向計算法
爲更加精確起見，焊縫單位長度的力應分解成平行於焊縫軸線的縱向 FT
a
剪切力 FL 和垂直於焊縫軸線的橫向力 FT ，單位長度對應承載力計算 Throat of θ
如下： the weld

PL = p W a （縱向）
PT = KPL （橫向）
系數 K 按下式計算： c) Resultant transverse force on weld
1.5 ）焊縫橫向力的合力
K = 1.25 Figure 9.4 - Fillet welds –
1 + cos 2 θ
式中 θ 指 FT 與最小焊縫面之間的夾角，詳見圖 9.4。 directional method
應力合力應該滿足下列關係：
2 2
PL ≥ FL ⎛F ⎞ ⎛F ⎞
& ⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ T ⎟⎟ ≤ 1
PT ≥ FL ⎝ PL ⎠ ⎝ PT ⎠
式中，PL 和 PT 分別指焊縫單位長度上沿縱向與橫向的容許荷載力。
(a) Fillet welds
- intermittent welds. 間斷角焊縫
Types of welds
For the purposes of design, welds may be
classified as:
(a) Fillet welds
- continuous welds.
- intermittent welds.
- plug welds on circular and elongated holes.
- slot welds.
(b) Butt welds
- full penetration butt welds.
- partial penetration butt welds.
- butt welds reinforced with fillet welds.
(c) Flare groove welds

間斷角焊縫可用來傳遞沿接頭或結合面作用的力
（a） 構件任何一側的焊縫有效長度之間縱向間距不得超過下列值中的最小值
(i) 300mm；
(ii) 較薄的受壓構件厚度的 16 倍；
(iii) 較薄的受拉構件厚度的 24 倍。
（b） 在鋼板兩末端，每側的板端均需施焊一長度爲 3/4 倍較窄板 度的連續角焊縫；
（c） 交錯間斷角焊縫之間的淨未連接間隙是指相對兩側焊縫端部之間的距離；
（d） 間斷角焊縫不能用在腐蝕環境條件下，也不能承受疲勞荷載。

clear unconnected gap

spacing:
We

can not exceed min{300mm, 16 x thickness of compression

member, 24 x thickness of tension member}

both end of end side:

need to weld 3/4 of the width of narrower plate = a continuous fillet weld

e
W

both end of end side:

need to weld 3/4 of the width of narrower plate = a continuous fillet weld
Intermittent fillet welds should not be used in corrosive conditions or to resist fatigue loads.

HKCode (original text)

Intermittent fillet welds
Intermittent fillet welds may be used to transmit forces across a joint or faying surface.
(a) The longitudinal spacing along any one edge of the element between effective lengths of weld
should not exceed the least of
(i) 300 mm;
(ii) 16 times the thickness of the thinner part of compression elements; and
(iii) 24 times the thickness of the thinner part of tension elements.
(b) A continuous fillet weld with a length of 3/4 of the width of narrower plate should be provided on
each side of plate at both ends.
(c) In staggered intermittent fillet welds, the clear unconnected gap should be measured between the
ends of welds on opposing sides.
(d) Intermittent fillet welds should not be used in corrosive conditions or to resist fatigue loads.
(a) Fillet welds
- plug welds. Types of welds
For the purposes of design, welds may be
classified as:
(a) Fillet welds
- continuous welds.
- intermittent welds.
- plug welds on circular and elongated holes.
- slot welds.
(b) Butt welds
- full penetration butt welds.
- partial penetration butt welds.
- butt welds reinforced with fillet welds.
(c) Flare groove welds

（a） 塞焊指填充圓形孔或加長圓孔的焊縫。塞焊縫不能用於承受拉力。塞焊
可用於下列情況

 傳遞疊接接頭的剪力；
 阻止壓曲或防止疊接部份的分離；
 組合構件中組成的內部連接。

（b） 圓孔的直徑或者加長圓孔的寬度應比孔所在的構件的厚度至少大 8mm。

（c） 塞焊縫的有效剪切面積可取孔洞在結合面所在平面上的標稱面積

（d） 對厚度不超過 16mm 的構件，其塞焊縫的厚度應等於構件厚度。厚度超

過 16mm 的構件，塞焊縫的厚度至少爲構件厚度的一半，但不得小於 16mm。

（e） 塞焊縫最小中心距離取爲其直徑的 4 倍且不大於因防止構件局部壓曲所

需的距離。

HKCode (original text)

Plug welds
(a) Plug welds are welds that fill up circular or elongated holes. Plug welds should not be used to resist tension. They may
be used in the following situations:
• to transmit shear on lap joints;
• to prevent buckling or separation of lapped parts; or
• to interconnect the components of built-up members.
(b) The diameter of a circular hole, or width of an elongated hole, should be at least 8 mm larger than the thickness of the
element containing the hole.
(c) The effective shear area of a plug weld can be taken as the nominal area of the hole on the plane of the faying surface.
(d) The thickness of a plug weld in an element up to 16 mm thickness should be equal to the thickness of the element. In
material over 16 mm thick, thickness of a plug weld should be at least half of the thickness of the element but not less than
16 mm.
(e) The minimum centre to centre spacing of plug welds should be 4 times their diameter but not greater than the distance
necessary to prevent local buckling.
(a) Fillet welds
- slot welds. Types of welds
For the purposes of design, welds may be
classified as:
(a) Fillet welds
- continuous welds.
- intermittent welds.
- plug welds on circular and elongated holes.
- slot welds.
(b) Butt welds
- full penetration butt welds.
- partial penetration butt welds.
- butt welds reinforced with fillet welds.
(c) Flare groove welds

槽焊
（a） 槽焊縫是狹長槽形孔中的角焊縫。槽焊縫可用來傳遞剪力或防止被連接
構件壓曲以及構件疊接部份的分離。

（b） 槽焊縫應滿足 [Link].8 段中規定的塞焊縫的相應要求。

（c） 槽的長度不能超過焊縫厚度的 10 倍。

（d） 槽的寬度不應小於開槽構件厚度值加上 8mm。

（e） 槽的端部應做成半圓形，對那些延伸至構件邊緣的槽例外。

HKCode (original text)

Slot welds
(a) Slot welds are fillet welds in a slot. Slot welds may be used to transmit shear or to prevent
buckling or separation of lapped parts. It should not be used to resist tension.
(b) Slot welds should satisfy the requirements of plug welds in clause [Link].8.
(c) The length of the slot should not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld.
(d) The width of the slot should not be less than thickness of the element containing it plus 8 mm.
(e) The ends of the slot should be semi-circular, except for those ends which extend to the edge of
the element concerned.
(b) Butt welds 熔透焊縫
Types of welds
It normally requires 100% test and as the welding involves more For the purposes of design, welds may be
number of welding passes classified as:
(a) Fillet welds
- full penetration butt welds. - continuous welds.
- intermittent welds.
The design strength of a full penetration weld, or a butt - plug welds on circular and elongated holes.
- slot welds.
weld, can be taken as " equal to " the parent metal (b) Butt welds
(mechanical ) and - full penetration butt welds.
- partial penetration butt welds.
request complete penetration and fusion of weld - butt welds reinforced with fillet welds.
全熔透焊縫或對接焊縫的焊縫強度設計值可認爲 (c) Flare groove welds
等於母材的強度設計值

(i) sealing run of weld metal on the back of the joint 在節點的背面清根補焊
(ii) use of temporary or permanent backing material 臨時的或永久的墊板材料加以輔助
against
if a > 40mm or
in constrained locations or => residual
stresses to
congested locations. aviod effected
a a
S1 S1 S1 S1

Partial penetration weld Full penetration weld

b) Butt welds
- partial penetration butt welds
Throat size of partial penetration welds 2 t

(1)should be the minimum

depth of penetration from
s2
that side of the weld.
(2) The minimum throat size s1

of a longitudinal partial a

penetration weld should be 2 t

where t is the thickness of a) Butt joint with single- b) Butt joint with double- c) Corner joint with d) Tee-butt joint with a pair
sided partial penetration sided partial penetration single-sided partial of partial penetration butt
the thinner part joined. butt weld butt weld penetration butt weld welds with external fillets
(1)每側焊縫的最小尺寸均爲 （a）單面部份熔透 （b）雙面部份熔 （d）有附加角焊縫的
（c） 單面部份熔
焊縫所在一側的最小熔入深 焊縫的對接連接 Figure 9.5 - Partial penetration butt welds
透焊縫的對接連 雙面部份熔透焊縫的
透焊縫的角接連接
度。 接 T 形對接連接
(2)縱向部份熔透焊的焊縫之最小焊縫尺寸爲 2 t
此處 t 指被連接構件中較薄 Figure 9.5 - Partial penetration butt welds
構件的厚度。
Other bolted
fillet fillet or welded

partial partial butt

butt

neither axial force nor

moment
不能承受軸力和彎矩
a) UNACCEPTABLE b) ACCEPTABLE

Figure 9.6 - Single and double sides of penetration welds

(Taiwan info)
Stress analysis of weld group
Weld group under torsion and shear
-Shear due to direct shear
Assume the throat thickness is unity. Y
R
f" =-
2a+2b
force
X

lal i
Y
-Shear due to torsion shear
Consider the four-sided weld
group shown in Figure Figure 26.14 Weld groups in shear
26.14(a).
or
1x x1
x x

y
1x 1x

y
h3 + 3nh2 + 3ha2 + n3
I00 =
6
Distance Y to extreme fibre (Figure 26.14):

h3 + 3nh2 + 3ha2 + n3
ZOO =
3 J m

the force vector per unit length from the moment, is:
Rx, Rxexr
fm =- = -
ZOO ZOO
The resultant force vector per unit length, fr, may be determined, as shown in Figure
26.14(c), either graphically or trigonometrically:
Figure 9.11a Torsion and Vertical Shear
fr =J[(foo coscw+f~)z+(fO"sin~)z

FR
The required leg length is then equal to s = in which s is the leg
0. 7 p w

length and pw is the design strength of weld. The factor 0.7 is used for common ratio
to to
of leg length th the throat length and it should be varied for special weld geometry.
stress analysis of weld group
Weld group under torsion and shear

3ha2
stress analysis of weld group
Weld group under bending moment and shear

Figure 9.11b Bending and Vertical shear

F
Shear on weld due to vertical load is FS = L = 2 x (B+d)
L
M d
Tension on weld due to bending FT = M=F x e
IX 2

The resultant stress on weld with unit leg length = FR = FS2 + FT2

Fs is the induced shear stress,

FT is the induced tension stress,
en
Mthe twomoment
is the welds equal to the dep
at connection,
T
pth
d isofthe
thedistance and
I-beam betweenis the
I the two
se welds equal to the depth of the I-beam
onnection, d is the distance between the two welds equal to 3 Bx1
3
econd moment of area about the horizontal x-axis. 1 x d D 2
IX is the second moment of area about the horizontal x-axis. = 2 x +2 x + B x 1x ( )
12 12 2

The leg length of weld can be obtained similarly as for torsion and shear case as
FR
s= .
0.7 p w
 9.4 Worked Examples

9.4.1 Simple welded connection

The connection is formed by joining two plates together by butt weld as shown. The
parent metal is in grade S460. They are used to transfer tension only, which are 200kN
and 1520kN for case (a) and case (b), respectively. The sizes of butt weld are also given
in the Figure. The electrode of weld is both E50. Length of connections for both cases in
longitudinal direction is 300mm.

Ft

40

30
a=

Ft 16 Ft 0.5F t 0.5F t
25 20 35

100
a) Partial penetration weld b) Full penetration weld

Solution
a) Partial penetration weld
TENSION CAPACITY
Design strength of parent metal, p y = 440 N mm 2 for 16mm < T ≤ 40mm (Table 3.2)
Throat size, a = 16mm (Clause [Link].2)
16
Eccentricity, e = 10 − = 4.67mm
3
F F ⋅ e 200 × 10 3 200 × 10 3 × 4.67
Stress, σ = t + t = + = 114.5 N mm 2 < p y (OK)
A Z 300 × 16 300 × 16 2 6

50.21 16
25 39.79

b) Full penetration weld

TENSION CAPACITY
Design strength of parent metal, p y = 440 N mm 2 for 16mm < T ≤ 40mm (Table 3.2)
Effective area of vertical plate element, Ae = 300 × 40 = 12000mm 2
Tension capacity of vertical plate element, Pt = p y Ae = 440 × 12000 = 5280 kN > Ft (OK) (8.66)

30
a=
3 31

35

When the effective length be of weld is less than 40mm, the weld length is so small that it
cannot be assumed to take any load. Also, the section properties of welded connection
should be based on the effective section obtained from the effective length section.
9.4.2 Bracket connection in typical portal frame
The crane beam in the simple portal frame is supported by bracket connection
welded to the steel column. Two gusset plates are welded to the flanges of the steel
column to form the bracket connection as shown in the figure. The 20mm thick gusset
plate is made of grade S275 steel material. The welded connection is used as this rigid
moment connection. The electrode of weld is E35 for the welded connection. Design the
size of fillet weld in the bracket connection to enable to take factored shear force of
500kN from crane beam.
y e
264.5 P
220 100 100

250
254 254 167 UB
x 450
x

end
return
420 x
254 254 167 UB

Solution n y y
The bracket connection is supported to take point load P and the eccentric moment Pe. The three side fillet
welds are used to withstand the in-plane shear due to both point load and eccentric moment. The structural
adequacy of the most outer side weld should be checked.
DESIGN LOAD
Vertical shear, P = 500 kN
For unit leg length,
Area of weld, A = 450 + 220 × 2 = 890 mm2 mm
θ
P 500 r FM 225
Direct shear, Fs = = = 0.56 kN mm
A 890
450 × 220 + 220 × 110 × 2 FS
Distance to centroid, x = = 165.6mm
890
r = 165.6 2 + 225 2 = 279.4mm
Eccentricity of load, e = 165.6 + 100 = 265.6mm 165.6
Second moment of inertia about x-x axis,
450 3
Ix = + 220 × 225 2 × 2 = 2.987 × 10 7 mm 4 mm
12
Second moment of inertia about y-y axis,
⎡ 220 3 2⎤
(Table 9.2a)
+ 220 × (165.6 − 110 ) ⎥ × 2 + 450 × (220 − 165.6 ) = 4.467 × 10 6 mm 4 mm
2
Iy = ⎢
⎣ 12 ⎦
Polar moment of inertia about z-z axis,
I z = I x + I y = 2.987 × 107 + 4.467 × 106 = 3.434 × 107 mm 4 mm
500 × 265.6 × 279.4
Shear due to torsion, FT = = 1.08 kN mm
3.434 × 107

CAPACITY OF WELD
⎛ 225 ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 53.6°
⎝ 165.6 ⎠
Resultant load, FR = FS2 + FT2 + 2 FS FT cos θ
= 0.56 2 + 1.08 2 + 2 × 0.56 × 1.08 × cos 53.6 = 1.48 kN mm

Design strength of weld, pw = 220 N mm 2

1.48 × 10 3
Minimum Leg length required, s = = 9.6mm
0.7 × 220
∴ use 10mm weld
9.6 Worked Examples
9.6.3 Typical extended plate beam to column connection
An extended end plate connection under both shear force and moment about major
axis is shown in Figure below. The factored shear force is 200kN and moment is 35kNm.
The configuration of beam column connection and the section of the members are also
indicated in the Figure. The beam member is welded to the end plate which is then bolted
to the column. For welded connection, 8mm fillet weld is used in flange and 4mm fillet
weld is used in web. The end plate and members are in S275 steel material and the bolts
are M20 in grade 4.6 and the electrode used for welding is E35.

102.4

20.5 30
100
30 10.8
100 500
50
50
312.6 6
305x102x33UB
200
290
290
40 40
30 6
20
6 102.4
30
30 30 30 30

254x254x107UC 200
Solution
The connection is under the action of shear and moment and the bolts and welds are under the action of
both shear and tension. The prying action and bearing due to vertical shear on connected plate should be
checked here.
CAPACITY OF FILLET WELD
Assume the point of rotation at the centroid of the connection group and the connected plate is assumed to
be stiffened.
Effective length of 102.4mm fillet weld be = 102.4 − 2 × 8 = 86.4mm (Clause [Link].3) 78.4
Effective length of 40mm fillet weld be = 40 − 2 × 8 = 24mm
∴this weld should be ignored
Effective length of 200mm fillet weld be = 200 − 2 × 4 = 192mm
For unit length of weld, 176
Area of weld, A = 192 + 86.4 × 2 = 364.8mm 2 / mm 312.6
3 2
192 ⎛ 312.6 ⎞
Second moment of inertia, I x = + 86.4 × ⎜ ⎟ × 2 = 4.811 × 10 mm mm
6 4

12 ⎝ 2 ⎠
Fv 200
Average shear force on horizontal weld, Fs = = = 0.55kN / mm line of
A 364.8 rotation
M D 2 35 × 103 × 312.6 2
Maximum tension on horizontal weld, Ft = x = = 1.14kN / mm
Ix 4.811 × 10 6
Simplified method
Design strength of weld, pw = 220 N mm 2 (Table 9.2a)

Resultant force on horizontal weld, FR = Fs2 + Ft 2 = 0.552 + 1.142 = 1.27 kN mm

FR 1.27 × 10 3
Minimum required leg length, s = = = 8.2mm (Not OK)
0.7 pw 0.7 × 220
∴8mm weld at flange and 4mm weld at web are not ok
Directional Method
PL = pw a = 220 × 8 × 0.7 = 1.23 kN mm > Fs (OK)
1.14
θ = tan −1 − 45° = 19.2°
0.55
1.5 1.5
K = 1.25 = 1.25 = 1.112
1 + cos 2 θ 1 + cos 2 19°
PT = KPL = 1.112 × 1.23 = 1.37 kN mm > FT (OK)
∴8mm weld at flange and 4mm weld at web are ok

(Note: It should be noted that the simplified method is more conservative than the directional method.)

SHEAR CAPACITY OF BOLT

Fv 200
Shear force on each bolt, Fs = = = 12.5kN
n 16

From Table 9.3, As = 157mm 2

Shear strength of bolt, p s = 160 N / mm 2 (Table 9.5)
Shear capacity of bolt, Ps = p s As = 160 × 157 = 25.1kN > Fs (OK) (9.15)

BEARING CAPACITY OF BOLT

Thickness of thinner connected part, t p = 20 mm
Nominal diameter of bolt, d = 16 mm
Bearing strength of bolt, p bb = 460 N / mm 2 (Table 9.6)
Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb = dt p pbb = 16 × 20 × 460 = 147.2kN > Fs (OK) (9.16)

BEARING CAPACITY OF CONNECTED PLATE

Hole coefficient, k bs = 1 for standard hole (Clause [Link].3)
Bearing strength, p bs = 460 N / mm 2 for grade S275
Pbs = k bs dt p pbs = 1 × 16 × 20 × 460 = 147.2kN (9.17)
Pbs = 0.5k bs et p pbs = 0.5 × 1 × 30 × 20 × 460 = 138kN (9.18)
∴ Pbs = 138kN > Fs (OK)

TENSION CAPACITY OF BOLT 30 30 80 30 30

∑ y = (290
2
i
2
)
+ 340 2 + 440 2 × 4 =1.573 × 10 6 mm 2 30

100 376.3
Maximum tension force on bolt,
50 276.3
Mx 35 × 10 6 × 440
Ft = = = 9.8kN
∑yi2
1.573 × 10 6 226.3

290

line of
rotation

30

200

Tensile strength of bolt, p t = 240 N / mm 2 (Table 9.8)

Tensile capacity of bolt, Pt = pt As = 240 × 157 = 37.7 kN > Ft (OK) (9.25)

PRYING FORCE ON BOLT

Width of connected plate, B = 200mm
Distance between centerline of bolts, G = 200 − 2 × 60 = 80mm < 0.55 B = 110mm
Tension capacity of bolt, Pnom = 0.8 At pt = 0.8 × 157 × 240 = 30.1kN > Ft (OK) (9.26)
∴design against prying force is not required (Clause [Link])

INTERACTION BETWEEN TENSION AND SHEAR OF BOLT

Fs F 12.5 9.8
+ t = + = 0.82 ≤ 1.4 (OK) (9.28)
Ps Pnom 25.1 30.1