Chapter 6 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.
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Subgroup Data with Unknown and
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Phase I Application of x and R Charts
• Eqns 6.4 and 6.5 are trial control limits
– Determined from m initial samples
• Typically 20-25 subgroups of size n between 3 and 5
– Any out-of-control points should be examined for assignable causes
• If assignable causes are found, discard points from calculations and
revise the trial control limits
• Continue examination until all points plot in control
• Adopt resulting trial control limits for use
• If no assignable cause is found, there are two options
1. Eliminate point as if an assignable cause were found and revise limits
2. Retain point and consider limits appropriate for control
– If there are many out-of-control points they should be examined for
patterns that may identify underlying process problems
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Example 6.1 The Hard Bake Process
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Revision of Control Limits
and Center Lines
• Effective use of control charts requires periodic
review and revision of control limits and center lines
• Sometimes users replace the center line on the x chart
with a target value
• When R chart is out of control, out-of-control points
are often eliminated to recompute a revised value of R
which is used to determine new limits and center line
on R chart and new limits on x chart
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Phase II Operation of Charts
• Use of control chart for monitoring future
production, once a set of reliable limits are
established, is called phase II of control chart
usage (Figure 6.4)
• A run chart showing individuals observations
in each sample, called a tolerance chart or
tier diagram (Figure 6.5), may reveal patterns
or unusual observations in the data
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Control vs. Specification Limits
• Control limits are derived
from natural process
variability, or the natural
tolerance limits of a process
• Specification limits are
determined externally, for
example by customers or
designers
• There is no mathematical or
statistical relationship
between the control limits
and the specification limits
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Rational Subgroups
• x charts monitor between-sample variability
• R charts measure within-sample variability
• Standard deviation estimate of used to construct
control limits is calculated from within-sample
variability
• It is not correct to estimate using
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6.2.4 Interpretation of Control Charts
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6.2.6 The Operating Characteristic Function
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If the shift is 1.0σ and the sample
size is n = 5, then β = 0.75.
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• Appendix
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