Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON PLAN IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE

DATE FEBRUARY 12,13 & 14, 2024

Learning Competency (with Code): give evidence for and explain the formation of the light
elements in the Big Bang theory (3 hours) S11/12PS-IIIa-1

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

I. OBJECTIVE
1. Briefly discuss the cosmology of the Big Bang model.
2. Provide an overview of the proof for the Big Bang model.
3. Write reactions involving the nucleosynthesis of the first elements.

II. SUBJECT
Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Lights
MATTER
Key points, Illustration of expansion, Nucleosynthesis reactions, and Proofs of the Big Bang
Model

1. Use a chart or diagram to discuss the key stages of the Big Bang model.
a. The universe may have begun as an infinitely hot and dense initial singularity, a point with all
of space, time, matter and energy. This means that there was nowhere, when or what. There is
no space around the singularity – just nothingness.
b. All of it then began to rapidly expand in a process known as inflation. Space itself expanded
faster than the speed of light. In this still hot and dense mass of the universe, pairs of matter and
antimatter (quarks and antiquarks) were formed from energy, but these pairs cancelled each
A. Key
other back into energy (annihilation).
Concepts/Ideas
c. The universe cooled down as it expanded. An excess of matter (electrons, protons, neutrons
and other particles) somehow came to be in a highly energetic “plasma soup.” Photons (light
particles) were being scattered everywhere in this “soup”. Protons and neutrons came together
to form different types of nuclei by nucleosynthesis or nuclear fusion.
d. Much later on, electrons started to bind to ionized protons and nuclei forming neutral atoms in
a process called recombination. The bound particles no longer scattered photons so light and
energy moved freely across space. The period was hence known as the “dark ages”.
e. Gravity caused these atoms to collapse onto one another to form stars and galaxies and
eventually, other matter. This still happens until today. Space also continues to expand at an
accelerating rate, thus increasing the distance between the matters inside it.
Appreciating/valuing the cosmology of the Big Bang Theory by providing an overview of the
D. Value Focus
proof for the Big Bang Theory and expressing reactions involving the nucleosynthesis of the first
elements.
III. LEARNING
RESOURCES
A. References Ex. Teacher’s Guide, Learner’s Material, textbook (indicate page), other reference material used
B. Materials Ex. Laptop/LED TV/bond paper/manila paper
III. PROCEDURE
Teacher’s Activity Annotation
A. Preliminary
Prayer, Greetings, Checking of Attendance
Activity/ies
1. Drill (optional)

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Review the following terms that will be presented for this topic:
• Cosmology
• Big Bang theory/Big Bang model
• Singularity
• Inflation
2. Review
• Annihilation
• Recombination
• Redshift
• Relative abundance
• Cosmic microwave background
3. Unlocking of
Difficulties
(optional)
Cosmology and the Big Bang model as a cosmological theory from science.

1. Briefly define cosmology as the study of how the universe began, how it
continues to exist, and how it will end. Offer examples of cosmologies from
different religions and cultures based on their beliefs. You may ask for
examples from the class. Challenge the class: Do you think there is proof that
any of these stories or cosmologies are true?

Ask why different cultures have the need to explain where they came from
and how the world was created.
4. Motivation
2. Explain that science brings forth a cosmological theory, not from belief, but
from scientific evidence that the universe once began to expand and
continues to expand until today. This theory was eventually called the Big
Bang theory or Big Bang model. Astronomers George Lemaître and Edwin
Hubble were some of its first proponents.

Mention that George Lemaître was a Catholic priest. He did not find his
theory (or science as a whole) incompatible with his religion. Ask for possible
reasons why some people think science goes against what they believe in.
B. Developmental
Activities
Today’s lesson will help us understand the Big Bang Theory and the
Formation of Lights.

Let’s be guided by the following objectives:

1. Presentation
1. Briefly discuss the cosmology of the Big Bang model.
2. Provide an overview of the proof for the Big Bang model.
3. Write reactions involving the nucleosynthesis of the first elements.

2. Activity Conduct a group activity that attempts to model cosmic inflation.

Have learners provide the following:
• Balloons

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Balloon pump (optional)
• Small stickers (any design)
Instructions:
a. Stick small stickers randomly on the surface of the uninflated balloon.
b. Quickly inflate the balloon with a pump or your breath. Observe the
stickers.
c. Answer the following questions:
• Why do the stickers appear to be moving away from each other?
• Are the stickers moving across the balloon?
• Do the stickers themselves grow in size?

Briefly discuss how using different instruments can enable us to detect the
light of other galaxies.
This light is found to be redshifted (the light looks “stretched”). This suggests
that other galaxies are moving farther away from ours. It was later determined
that they are not moving away. Instead, space itself is expanding in all
directions causing all the galaxies to be relatively farther apart. From this
“redshift” we learn how fast the universe is expanding. Redshift is the first
piece of evidence for the Big Bang model.

Focus on nucleosynthesis and how free protons and neutrons would routinely
combine and separate from each other due to the high energies at the time.
Present the diagram that shows the most significant reactions that occurred.
Discuss the reactions by balancing proton and neutron count, given the
compositions of the nuclei:

Point out that due to the rapid cooling due to expansion, nucleosynthesis
ground to a halt about three minutes after the Big Bang occurred.

This left us with mostly H isotopes (p, D and T), He isotopes and a very tiny
bit of other elements like Li. The relativeabundance of He and H did not
change much until today.

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034 – 740-7096
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2. Significant nuclear reactions during Big Bang nucleosynthesis.

Clarify the diagram:

• These are not the only reactions that occurred but these were the most
significant.
• Given the (a, b) format in the diagram, it is a that reacts with the particle
while it is b that is produced or removed. γ is the symbol for gamma radiation.
• You may use an accounting approach to count. Place the number of each
particle on each side and balance like a money sheet:
e.g. 3He + D 4He + p+

D and T are isotopes of hydrogen namely deuterium and tritium, respectively.

9. Discuss how the relative abundance of light elements in the universe is the
second piece of vidence to prove that the Big Bang occurred. Through
measurements, we find that around 24% of the universe’s ordinary matter is
currently comprised of helium, about 74% hydrogen, and 2% of other
elements. These figures only make sense if nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang
model actually occurred since no chemical process significantly changes
these percentages.

10. Discuss a third part of evidence for the Big Bang model: cosmic
microwave background, or the energy (thermal radiation) that was left as a
result of recombination. Atoms became neutral due to the binding of nuclei
and electrons. The remaining radiation then began to scatter. This is seen by
scientists as a faint microwave glow not emitted by any object in space.

3. Analysis
Share with learners a video by Youtube animator Kurzgesagt.
[Link]/watch?v=wNDGgL73ihY.

Inform learners that it can serve as a simple summary of the lesson that they

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034 – 740-7096
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
may refer to as a more detailed discussion of the BBT and other cosmological
theories are discussed later on.

Nucleosynthesis game
12. Emphasize nucleosynthesis by playing the following game/activity:
The objective is to go through as many nucleosynthesis reactions as
possible.
Rules for each learner:
1. You must always have a particle card. If after a reaction you do not have
one after a reaction, you will randomly get a neutron card (n) or proton card
(p+) before the next turn starts.
2. You must find a reaction partner after each turn based on the allowed
reactions on your card.
One reaction = 1 point.
3. If you are holding a neutron card (n) or proton card (p+), you may either
choose to keep your card or you may swap with a partner (see Reaction List).
4. If you are unable to find a partner to react with, you must wait until the next
turn.
5. If there are two products to the reaction (ignoring γ), you must agree who
gets which particle card. If there is only one product, you must agree who
gets the product card and who is left with nothing. He or she will randomly get
a neutron card (n) or proton card (p+) before the next turn starts.
6. Honesty system: keep track of your points!

I know you have learned a lot from this day’s discussion, so anyone who can
state and answer the following questions?
4. Abstraction/
1. Briefly discuss the cosmology of the Big Bang model.
Generalization
2. Provide an overview of the proof for the Big Bang model.
3. Write reactions involving the nucleosynthesis of the first elements.
Based on our discussion;
- What are your thoughts on the importance of the Big Bang Theory
5. Application
and the nucleosynthesis of the first elements in the field of
evolution?
6. Evaluation Additional Exercises, Performance task to compare Steady State Theory to
Big Bang model (20 minutes)
A. Additional Exercises (sample questions for Written Evaluation):
1. Arrange the stages of the Big Bang Theory: recombination, inflation, Big
Bang singularity, nucleosynthesis.

2. Given the composition of each nucleus, complete the nucleosynthesis

reactions below:
D = 1 p+, 1 n T = 1 p+, 2 n 3He = 2 p+, 1 n 4He = 2 p+, 2 n 7Be = 4 p+, 3 n
7Li = 3 p+, 4 n
a. p+ + n + γ b. 3He + D + p+ c. 7Li + 2 4He d. + D T + p+ e. ___ +
7Be + γ

3. Which of these is true about the Big Bang model?

a. The singularity is an established, well-defined part of the model.

Rizal St., Brgy. 3, Hinigaran, Negros Occidental

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Cosmic expansion stopped at some point in time.
c. Part of its proof is the amounts of H and He we have in the universe today.
d. The Big Bang was a big explosion that threw matter into many different
directions.

4. Using one to two sentences each, explain the three pieces of evidence
presented for the Big Bang Theory:
a. Redshift b. Relative abundance c. Cosmic microwave background

B. Performance Task
If time and schedule permits, have groups of learners research the Steady
State Theory, which is the alternate scientific cosmological theory proposed
at the time. In their output, they must:
a. Present the features of the Steady State Theory
b. Compare and contrast Steady State Theory to the Big Bang
c. Discuss the evidence that led to the Steady State Theory being discarded

Learners may present their research in the form of a poster, PowerPoint

presentation, an essay, video, or infographic. A sample rubric may be given
as follows:

7. Assignment/ Reading of a related text: The Cosmic Connection (Outside of class)

Enrichment/
Remediation 13. For an assignment and as preparation for the next lesson, have learners
read Carl Sagan’s The Cosmic Connection (Annex B) and answer the
following guide questions:

Understand and remember:

1. Find the meanings of the underlined words in the passage.

Rizal St., Brgy. 3, Hinigaran, Negros Occidental

034 – 740-7096
[Link]@[Link] / 343863hin@[Link] / hinigaranshs@[Link]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
DIVISION OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
HINIGARAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Astrology and astronomy both deal with the stars and planets. List at
least three differences between them. Apply and analyze:

3. Why did human beings invent astrology? How do we know astrology is

not a real study?
4. How does science say we are connected with the universe?

Prepared by:

MARIEL LEIRA G. POLICIANOS

BON LISTER P. FACTORIN
KYLE DENEV V. VILLAFLOR
( Physical Science 11 Subject Teachers)

Checked/Validated by:

ANABELLA F. PASCUA, PhD

Principal II- SHS

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034 – 740-7096
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