Sta s cal analysis of the process is a key part of waste.

Teams of employees should always be on the

Sta s cal Quality Control (S.Q.C.) since it is crucial lookout to make the process be er, especially with
to determine what is random varia on and what is understanding b/w and among all levels. What is
non-random varia on that can be controlled. the topic of discussion? Constancy of purpose to
improve.
Most aspects of sta s cal analysis in common use
assume that sta s cal devia on follows the normal The pulp and paper world is a much different place
distribu on and it’s symmetrical and has a than it was in the past. Management must now
Sta s cal curve. compete interna onally and use present
circumstances. What is the topic of discussion?
Name of this distribu on is Student’s Distribu on; t
Constancy of purpose to improve.
= (X – µ) / (s/n-2). The test is u lized to make
deduc ons about the mean values of popula ons Quality shouldn’t be stamped on the product at the
based on the measurements of rela vely small end, but built into the en re system so that quality
number of samples. is insured, not just a ma er of chance. What is the
topic of discussion? Cease inspec on as the means
Process variables are loosely meant to be quali es
to quan ty.
of the raw materials, crucial variables in the process
itself, and quali es of the product. Chip suppliers should know what a pulp mill is
looking for in wood chips and why it’s crucial to the
The cost of quality bond throughout the
pulping process. Management must also promote
manufacturing process is a crucial considera on.
internal teamwork. What is the topic of discussion?
With too li le quality assurance, high costs will
Breaking down departments.
result because there will be a high rejec on rate at
the end. What is the topic of discussion? Cost versus To demand more produc vity isn’t as useful as
benefit of SQC. showing people how the process or tes ng
methods can be modified to achieve higher
This is the field of sta s cal quality control (S.Q.C.)
produc vity. What is the topic of discussion? Buy
or sta s cal product control (S.P.C.). These
leadership.
techniques should be second nature to any
scien st, but they have met with opposi on in A sta s cal process control chart which shows the
produc on ease where they are treated as one number of defects found in a subgroup of fixed size
more fad brought down by management. What is is C-chart.
the topic of discussion? Cost versus benefit of SQC.
P-charts calculates the percent defec ve in sample,
The S.P.C. techniques that are being introduced in are used when observa ons can be placed in two
the pulp mill would probably decrement process categories such as yes or no, good or bad, pass or
variability of the pulp going to the bleach plant from fail etc.
the pulp mill. What is the topic of discussion?
C-charts counts the number of defects in an item,
Control chart.
used only when the number of occurrences per unit
Total quality management contains more than just of measure can be counted such as number of
sta s cal process control, which isn’t a scratches, cracks etc.
management style which is only a tool. A system of
U-chart counts the number of defects per sample,
management based on the principle that each
used when it is not possible to have a sample size of
member of staff must be commi ed to maintaining
a fixed size.
very high standards of work in every aspect of the
company’s opera ons. The histogram is a graphical representa on of the
frequency distribu on of a numerical data.
Deming (1982) presents 14 points for management
in his classic work. Management’s failure to plan for Bell-shaped histogram represents a normal
the future and brings about loss of market, which distribu on. It has a symmetrical shape with a peak
brings about loss of jobs. in the middle.
The purpose of a paper company is to make high Pareto diagram is named a er Vilfredo Pareto. He
quality paper in the most efficient manner with less was an Italian economist. It is used to find out the
‘vital few’ from the ‘trivial many’. Pareto diagram test is used to determine the toughness of
tool can be used as a risk assessment technique aggregate? Aggregate impact value test.
from ac vity level to system level. It is used when
A plane on which normal stress is zero is called a
one has to priori ze problems based on rela ve
"neutral plane". This means that there is no tension
importance.
or compression acting perpendicular to the plane.
Pareto analysis is also known by 80/20 rule. It
Principal plane is the plane at which shear stress is
means by focusing on 20% work we can get 80%
zero and normal stresses are maximum. Therefore,
benefit.
on a Principal plane, only normal stress acts and
Double-peaked histogram represents two normal there will no shear stress.
distribu ons with two peaks in the middle. It
Specific modulus of a composite or specific stiffness
indicates that more than one distribu on at work.
is defined as a ratio of: Young's modulus/density.
The following are the disadvantages of using
The property of the material or a structure
histogram: Exact values cannot be read as data is
indicating the extent to which it can deform beyond
divided in different categories, it can be used only
the limit of yield deformation before failure or
with con nuous data, and two data sets are difficult
fracture is termed as: Ductility.
to compare. Rela ve frequency of occurrences can
be found out which is considered to be an Tensile test performed on Universal Testing
advantage of using histogram. Machine (UTM) actually measures Load and
Elongation.
Isolated peak, comb, and truncated are different
types of histograms.

Truncated histogram looks like a normal

distribu on who’s some part has been removed. It
leads to the truncated histogram having an
asymmetrical shape.

Edged peak histogram looks like a normal

distribu on with a large peak at one end. It
In Rockwell hardness testing method, the hardness
indicates errors in data recording. The histogram is
of a material is measured by - Depth of penetration
a graphical representa on of the frequency
of indenter.
distribu on of a numerical data.
The ability of a material to permanently deform
Cause and effect diagram is also known as both
without breaking is called as: Plasticity.
Ishikawa diagram and Fishbone diagram.
The maximum stress at which even a billion
A scatter diagram represents the relationship
reversals of stress CANNOT cause failure of the
between cause and effects. Cause is independent
material is called as: endurance limit.
variable and Effects is the dependent variable.
Sca er diagram is graphical component of The fundamental property of material able to resist
regression analysis. abrasion is called as Hardness.
Control chart is one of the most widely used tools in The area under the stress-strain curve for material
sta s cal process control. is usually used to estimate the energy required to
cause a failure.
A histogram gives sta c picture of process
variability. Control chart shows the dynamic A tensile test is performed on a round bar. After
performance of the process. fracture it has been found that the diameter
remains approximately same at fracture. The
Chains for materi al handling equipment are
material under test was cast iron.
generally made of carbon steel.
A thin mild steel wire is loaded by adding loads in
Solubility test is used to determine impurities
equal increments till it breaks. The extensions
present in bitumen in the form of inert material
noted with increasing loads will behave as under: of the process to control the vital variables,
increase uniformly first and then increase rapidly implement sta s cal process control on the vital
variables.

D. Select the cri cal-to-quality characteris cs and

define the required performance standards.

E. Define upper and lower performance limits;

iden fy sources of varia on; screen poten al
causes of varia on to iden fy the vital variables
needing control. The correct answer is D, B, E, A, C.

Which of the following statement(s) are true in the

context of quality standards? (A) KAIZEN approach
deals with con nuous improvement (B) BIS
represents India in ISO (C) TQM cannot applied to
crude oil refining (D) Six sigma allows 3.4 defects per
one million cases (E) Sta s cal quality control
applica ons are limited to manufacturing
Which of the following are the contributions of industries. The correct answer is (A), (B), (D) only.
genichi taguchi? Orthogonal Arrays and Linear
Graphs and Loss Function. TQM is best explained with the help of Deming
triangle.
Crosby's Four Absolutes of Quality Management
are fundamental principles in the field of quality The most prominent award on Total Quality
management which include (A) The definition of Management, The Deming Prize was given the first
quality is conformance to requirements (B) The me to M. Masuyama in 1951.
system of quality is prevention (C) The performance
Sequence the following in order to eliminate waste
standard is Zero Defects (D) The measurement of
and inefficiencies in the lean manufacturing. A.
quality is the price of nonconformance.
Seiso (Shine) B. Shitsuke (Sustain) C. Seiri (Sort) D.
"TQM is a philosophy for managing an organization Seiketsu (Standardize) E. Seiton (Set in Order). The
in a way which enables it to meet stakeholder needs correct answer is C, E, A, D, B.
and expectations efficiently and effectively,
Which of the following are considered as the
without compromising ethical values" is the
'principal standards' in the ISO series developed by
definition of TQM given by The Chartered Quality
the Interna onal Organiza on for Standardiza on?
Ins tute.
A. ISO 9001 B. ISO 9002 C. ISO 9003.
Leading Change is a book wri en by John Ko er.
R-chart will look for the control for the dispersion.
In PERT, the ac vi es are shown as a network of
Process varia on in six-sigma is defined in terms of
precedence rela onships using ac vity-on-arrow
6M's i.e., 6 elements contribute to varia on in a
network construc on.
process. They are: Method Man Machines Materials
Arrange the following steps of six sigma process in a Measurement Mother nature.
sequence,
P-chart (Propor on or Frac on Defec ve Chart): It
A. Discover varia on rela onship for the vital is used to monitor and control the frac on
variables and establish opera ng tolerances on produced in a process that is defec ve or non-
each of the vital variables. conforming. It follows a binomial distribu on.

B. Validate measurement system, methods and For op mum level of quality, appraisal cost should
procedures, establish the current processes' be minimum.
capability.

C. Validate the measurement system's ability to

produce repeatable data; determine the capability
 Pareto Chart is used to Express the bar chart for
mathema cal analysis.

5S is the tool for organizing the workplace in a clean,

efficient and safe manner to enhance produc vity
and enable standardized working. It stands for Sort,
Set, Shine, Standardiza on and Sustain.

The purpose of a boring opera on in rela on to a

drilling opera on is to enlarge the drilled hole.

Improvement in safe working, reduc on in

customer complaints, and a decrease in inspec on
For the purpose of sampling inspec on, the efforts are some of the reasons for implemen ng a
maximum percent defec ve that can be considered quality system that conforms to ISO standards.
sa sfactory as a process average is Acceptable Quality costs also reduce.
Quality Level (AQL).
The latest version of the interna onal standard ISO
9001 is the 2015 version which is known as ISO
9001:2015. The first edi on of ISO 9001 was
released in 1987.

The only standard in the ISO 9000 family to which

organiza ons can cer fy is the ISO 9001.

The ISO 19011: 2018 provides guidelines for

audi ng management systems.

The ISO 9000:2015 is the standard in the ISO 9000

family that provides the fundamentals and
vocabulary for quality management systems.

The ISO 9004:2018 provides guidance to achieve

sustained success and the con nuous improvement
of an organiza on.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a subset of IoT.

Factories and logistic systems that will operate and
organise themselves without human interaction is
a Smart Factory.

Germany introduced the industry 4.0 concept.

2nd Industrial Revolu on used electric energy to

create mass produc on for the first me.

Henry Ford invented the Assembly line.

General Motors was the first to u lize a robo cs

system in its produc on line.

The First Industrial Revolu on was brought in by

Steam Power.

In the Digital Age (3rd Industrial Revolution) what

two major inventions changed production and
paved the way to Automation - Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC) and Robots.
The Internet of Things (IoT), access to real- me (c) Record events into a log file
data, and the introduc on of cyber-physical systems
(d) Trigger the invoicing process in the ERP system.
mark the big changes for this era Industry 4.0.
Which role do internet technologies and the “IoT”
Industry 4.0 starts 2013. In 2011 was the term
play in the context of industry 4.0? They form the
Industry 4.0 first introduced.
base to connect everyday items.
Tipping points represent necessary radical changes
Which of the mentioned resources is not managed
required in the near future.
by a company’s ERP system?
In 2014 did Prime minister Narendra Modi launch
(a) Wages of workers
Make in India to promote India's manufacturing
industry. (b) Stock of material
The Manufacturing Execution System (MES) is
supports produc on repor ng, scheduling, (c) Credit balance of the company
dispatching, product & workforce tracking,
(d) Passport data of the CEO
performance analysis, quality management,
resource alloca on, etc. Electricity sparked the Second Industrial
Revolution.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisi on (SCADA) is
a computer system collec ng & analysing real- me Mechanization is using machines to do work instead
data and it monitor, control & op mize industrial of humans.
plants.

Which of the following is not a driver of Industry

4.0? New materials allow lighter products.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is generally

considered to be a key enabler of the Third
Industrial Revolu on.

How do Manufacturing Execution Systems work

together with ERP systems? They take over the
detailed planning and prepare detailed work orders
for every necessary machine.

Which one of the below is not a function of a SCADA

system?

(a) Monitor, gather and process data.

(b) Interact with machines and devices