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Overview of the Urinary System Functions

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5 views9 pages

Overview of the Urinary System Functions

Uploaded by

Chameka Small
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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The Urinary System

Kidneys: Location and Structure

 Abdominal Cavity
 Retroperitoneal
 T12 - L3
 Ectopic Kidney
 Obliquely situated
 Adrenal/Suprarenal glands
 Upper & Lower poles
 Hilus – medial
Kidneys: Function

 Control composition and volume


o Filtering blood
o Removal of wastes via urine
o Urea, nitrogen, bacteria, electrolytes, heat, CO2
o Excrete H+ to regulate pH
 Regulate blood pressure
o Secretes Renin (enzyme that affects BP)
 Contributes to metabolism
o Hormones, glucose

Kidneys: Tissue Layers

 Renal capsule
o Innermost, protective membrane
 Adipose Capsule
o Middle, protective layer
 Renal Fascia
o Outermost layer anchoring it to the wall
o Connective Tissue

Kidney: Cortex

 Outer area
 Renal capsule to bases of pyramids & between pyramids
 Includes renal corpuscle and convoluted tubules
Kidney: Medulla

 Inner
 Looks striated due to collecting ducts/Loop of Henle
 Renal Pyramids
o Cone shaped structures
o Appear striated
 Renal Papillae
o Apices of the pyramids
 Renal Sinus
o Central cavity in kidney
o Filled with fat
 Minor Calyces
o - 18 small extensions
 Major Calyces
o 2 - 3 cup-like extensions
 Renal pelvis
o Funnel shaped cavity

The Nephron: Function

 Functional unit of the kidney


 Filtration
o Regulates blood composition
 Secretion
o Wastes and excessive substances
 Reabsorption
o Useful materials are returned to the blood
o Conserves (Calcium, etc.)

The Nephron: Renal Corpuscle

 Filters fluid
 Found in cortex
 Glomerulus = Cluster of capillaries
 Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule
o Double walled cup
o Afferent arteriole brings blood in
o Efferent arteriole takes blood out

The Nephron – Renal Tubules

 Pick up the filtered solution


 Proximal convoluted tubule
o Attached to glomeruli
 Loop of Henle
o Straight tubule
o Descending and Ascending tubules
 Distal convoluted tubule
o Carries urine to collecting ducts

The Nephron: Collecting Ducts

 Located in medulla
 Link distal tubules of many nephrons into a single duct
 Open at the renal papilla
 Drain into minor calyces
Parenchyma

 Functional portion of the kidney


 1 million nephrons/kidney
Kidneys: Arterial blood supply

 Renal arteries
o Off the Abdominal Aorta
o Enter the hilus
o Divide into smaller vessels
o Afferent arterioles
o Efferent arterioles
o Capillaries

Kidneys:Venous blood return

 Renal veins
 Venules
 Drain to IVC

Kidneys: Nervous supply

 Autonomic Nervous System


o Sympathetic division
 Regulates diameter of arterioles
o Thus the blood flow through the kidneys

Ureters
 Location: Between kidneys and bladder
o Retroperitoneal
o In front of psoas muscles
 Structure
o 10 – 12 inches
o UPJ – Ureter pelvic junction
o UVJ – Ureter vesicle junction
o Enter bladder posteriorly & medially
o Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
 Function
o Transport urine
o Peristalsis, pressure, gravity

Bladder

 Location: Pelvic cavity, posterior to pubis


o Anterior to rectum in male
o Prostate directly below it
o Anterior to vagina & anterior/inferior to uterus in female
 No sphincter/valve between bladder and ureters
Bladder – Structure and Function

 Hollow muscular organ


 Shape depends on amount of urine
o 500 – 600ml
 Trigone
o Small triangular area in floor between orifices
 Layers
o Mucosa with rugae
o Submucosa
o Muscularis (Detrusor muscle)
o Parietal peritoneum & adventitia
 Reservoir for urine
Urethra

 Small tube from bladder to exterior


 Internal urethral sphincter
o Smooth muscle
o Involuntary
 External urethral sphincter
o Skeletal muscle
o Voluntary

Male Urethra

 8 inches
 Prostatic
o Travels through prostate gland
 Membranous
o Short section passing through urogenital diaphragm
 Spongy
o Through penis
o Passageway for urine & semen

 Female Urethra
 1 1/2 inches
 Anterior to vagina
 Passageway for urine

Micturition

 Urination
 Voluntary and involuntary
 Reflex
Urine

 1 – 2 liters/day
 95% water, 5% solutes
 Urea = major metabolic by product
 Formation
o Filtration: Renal corpuscle filters
o Reabsorption
 Filtrate passes into tubule
 Most reabsorbed into the blood
o Secretion
 Materials removed from blood
 Added to the filtrate as it travels
Disorders of the Urinary System
 Urinary Tract Infection – UTI
 Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of kidney(s)
 Cystitis: Inflamed bladder
 Polycystic Disease: Tubule defect
 Renal failure
o Kidneys stop
o Uremia
o Hemodialysis
 Cystocele: Bladder hernia
 Renal calculi: Renal stones
o Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
o Hydronephrosis: swollen kidney
 Renal hypertension
o High BP due to kidneys
o Hypertensive IVU’s
 Retention
o Failure to void
o Benign Prostatic Hypertdrophy (BPH), Obstruction, drugs, surgery, nerves…...

Evaluating the Urinary System

 IVP: Intravenous Pyelogram


 IVU: Intravenous Urogram
 PCN: Percutaneous Nephrostomy
 Cystogram: Retrograde filling of bladder
 VCUG: Voiding cystourethrogram
o Fill bladder then watch void
 Lithotripsy
o Shock waves to break up stones
o Stents
 Urinalysis
o BUN: Blood urea nitrogen: 8 – 23 mg/dl
o Creatinine: 0.6 – 1.2 mg/dl

Body Fluids

 Body water and its dissolved solutes


 60% of body weight
 Composition
o 2/3 intracellular fluid
o 1/3 extracellular fluid
 CSF, synovial, plasma,………..
 Compartments
o Fluids are separated by
o Cell membranes
o Sacs
o Vessel walls
 Fluids move from compartment to compartment via
o Osmosis
o Diffusion
o Vesicular transport

Water

 Amount varies with age, fat...


 Sources
 Ingested: drinking or eating food
 Metabolic
o Regulation of fluid intake
 Water loss = water gain Homeostasis
 Dehydration
o Water loss > water gain
o Mouth gets dry
o Increased osmotic pressure
o Decreased BP & blood volume
 Decreased output
 Water gain > Water loss
 Hormones
 Edema: Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
 Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

Electrolytes

 Compounds that separate into ions when dissolved in water


 Able to conduct electricity
 Carry a charge
 Acids, bases, salts

 Function
o Control osmosis
o Maintain pH
o Carry electrical currents
o Catalyze reactions

Major Electrolytes

 Na+ = Sodium
o Impulse transmission
o Muscle contraction
o Fluid balance
 Cl- = Chloride
o Osmotic pressure
o K+ = Potassium
o Impulse conduction
o Muscle contraction
o Maintenance of pH & fluid volume
 Ca2 + = Calcium
o Structure
o Clotting
o Muscle contraction
o Heart beat
 HPO42- = Phosphate
o Bone structure
o pH
o Mg2 + = Magnesium
o Bone
o Activates enzymes

Acid-Base balance

 Normal pH: 7.35 - 7.45


 H + concentration is regulated by
o Buffer reactions
 Quick, temporary fix
o Exhalation of CO2
 Hyperventilation decreases acid in body
o Kidney excretion
 Slow mechanism
 Only way to eliminate some acids
 Acidosis
o pH < 7.35
o CNS depressed, disoriented, comatose, death
 Alkalosis
o pH > 7.45
o Overexcited CNS/PNS, Nervousness, spasms, convulsions, death

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