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Reaction Quotients and Equilibrium Constants

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9 views20 pages

Reaction Quotients and Equilibrium Constants

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youssefibrahimxp
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Chapter 13 Assignment problems

(7/11 10:00 PM)


15. Write the mathematical expression for the reaction quotient, Qc, for each of the following reactions:

NB; Only (aq) and (g) are ALLOWED


to be used in formula
We can’t use (s) nor (l)

23. For which of the reactions in (Exercise 15) does Kc


(calculated using concentrations) equal Kp (calculated using
pressures)?

This situation occurs in (a) and (b).


17. The initial concentrations or pressures of reactants and products are given for each of the following
systems. Calculate the reaction quotient (Qc) and determine the direction in which each system will proceed
to reach equilibrium.

𝐍𝟐 𝐗 𝐇𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝑿 𝟏 𝟑
a) Qc = = = 𝟐𝟓 … … … … . . The REST are
𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝟐 𝟎.𝟐 𝟐
𝑸 > 𝑲 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅 … . 𝒔𝒐 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕) homework
𝐍𝟐 𝐗 𝐇𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝑿 𝟏 𝟑 The SAME steps for
b) Qp = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 … … … … . .
𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 all
𝑸 < 𝑲 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅 … . 𝒔𝒐 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 (𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕) The rules are down
here!!
𝐎𝟐 𝐗 𝐒𝐎𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝑿 𝟏 𝟑
c) Qc = = = 𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑫 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕
𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
25. Convert the values of Kc to values of Kp or the values of Kp to values of Kc
NB; Only (aq) and (g)
are ALLOWED

There’s only 2 R values in chemistry;


1) In pressures and gases: R = 0.0821
2) In Energy: R = 8.314
T in Kelvin
𝑎) 𝐾𝑝 = 0.50 (0.0821 𝑋 673.15)2 −4 c) 4.08 𝑋 10−25 = 𝐾𝑐 (0.0821 𝑋298.15)10 −0
𝐾𝑝 = 0.50 (0.0821 𝑋 673.15)−2 4.08 𝑋 10−25
𝐾𝑐 =
𝐾𝑝 = 0.5 𝑋3.27 𝑋 10−4 = 1.6 𝑋 10−4 (0.0821 𝑋 298.15)10−0
𝐾𝑐 = 5.3 𝑋 10−39
b) 𝐾𝑝 = 50.2 (0.0821 𝑋 721.15)2 −2 d) 0.122 = 𝐾𝑐 0.0821 𝑋 323.15 1−0
𝐾𝑝 = 50.2
0.122
d) 𝐾𝑐 = = 4.59 𝑋 10−3
0.0821𝑋 323.15 1−0
37. Suggest four ways in which the concentration of PH3 could be increased in an
equilibrium described by the following equation:

1 mol + 6 mol = 7 mol 4 mol

1) Increase concentration of P4
2) Increase concentration of H2
3) Increase Temperature will shift forward Le chatelier's principle
4) Increase pressure or lower the volume

NB; if ∆𝑯 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒄


Increasing T, will shift the reaction forward
Decreasing T, will shift the reaction backward

NB; if ∆𝑯 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒄


Increasing T, will shift the reaction backward
Decreasing T, will shift the reaction forward
39. How will an increase in temperature affect each of the following equilibria?
How will a decrease in the volume of the reaction vessel affect each?
2 mols 2 +1 = 3 mols

NB; increasing the pressure or decreasing the


volume will shift to the less mols side
a1) The reaction is endothermic, so if we increase the T, Lowering the pressure or Increasing the
will shift forward which means the concertation of H2 volume will shift to the more mols side
and O2 will increase and H2O will decrease.
a2) will shift to the less mols side which is 2H2O NB; if ∆𝑯 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒄
b1) The reaction is exothermic, so if we increase the T, will Increasing T, will shift the reaction forward
shift backward which means the concertation of H2 and N2 Decreasing T, will shift the reaction backward
will increase and NH3 will decrease
b2) will shift to the less mols side which is 2NH3 NB; if ∆𝑯 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒄
Increasing T, will shift the reaction backward
Decreasing T, will shift the reaction forward
C & D are exactly the SAME
concepts please do it as a homework
40. Methanol (CH3OH) can be prepared from carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) at high temperature and pressure
in the presence of a suitable catalyst.
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reversible reaction

(b) What will happen to the concentrations of H2, CO, and CH3OH at equilibrium if more H2 is added?
[H2] increases, [CO] decreases, [CH3OH] increases
(c) What will happen to the concentrations of H2, CO, and CH3OH at equilibrium if CO is removed?
[H2] increases, [CO] decreases, [CH3OH] decreases
(d) What will happen to the concentrations of H2, CO, and CH3OH at equilibrium if CH3OH is added?
[H2] increases, [CO] increases, [CH3OH] increases
(e) What will happen to the concentrations of H2, CO, and CH3OH at equilibrium if the temperature of the
system is increased? (decreased)
[H2] increases, [CO] increases, [CH3OH] decreases
(f) What will happen to the concentrations of H2, CO, and CH3OH at equilibrium if more catalyst is added?
no changes.
53. Hydrogen is prepared commercially by the reaction of methane and water vapor at elevated temperatures.

What is the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reaction if a mixture at equilibrium contains gases with the
following concentrations: CH4, 0.126M; H2O, 0.242M; CO, 0.126M; H2 1.15M, at a temperature of 760 °C?

𝑯𝟐 𝟑 (𝑪𝑶) 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝟑 (𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟔)


𝑲𝒄 = = = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖
𝑪𝑯𝟒 (𝑯𝟐𝑶) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟔 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟐)

55. At 1 atm and 25 °C, NO2 with an initial concentration of 1.00M is 0.0033% decomposed into NO and O2. Calculate
the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reaction.

𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝑰𝑪𝑬 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅

𝟐
𝑵𝑶 𝟐 (𝑶𝟐) 𝟑. 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 (𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )
𝑲𝒄 = = = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟕 𝟐
57. When heated, iodine vapor dissociates according to this equation:

At 1274 K, a sample exhibits a partial pressure of I2 of 0.1122 atm and a partial pressure due to I atoms of 0.1378 atm.
Determine the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the decomposition at 1274 K.

𝑰 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝟐
𝑲𝒑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟐
(𝑰𝟐) (𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐)

59. At a temperature of 60 °C, the vapor pressure of water is 0.196 atm. What is the value of the equilibrium constant Kp
for the vaporization equilibrium at 60 °C?

(𝑯𝟐𝑶)
𝑲𝒑 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟔
𝟏
65. Calculate the number of moles of HI that are at equilibrium with 1.25 mol of H2 and 1.25 mol of I2 in a 5.00−L flask
at 448 °C.

𝑯𝑰 𝟐 𝑯𝑰 𝟐
𝑲𝒄 = = = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐
𝑯𝟐 (𝑰𝟐) 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
𝑿( ) 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒔 = 𝑳 𝑿 𝑴
𝟓 𝟓
𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒔 = 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟔
[𝑯𝑰] 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐 𝑿 𝑿
𝟓 𝟓
𝑯𝑰 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟐
BUT this is the molar concentration, we need to find the mols??
69. Carbon reacts with water vapor at elevated temperatures.

Assuming a reaction mixture initially contains only reactants, what is the concentration of
CO in an equilibrium mixture with [H2O] = 0.500M at 1000 °C?

𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝑰𝑪𝑬 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅 𝑪𝑶 (𝑯𝟐) 𝒙 (𝒙) 𝒙 𝟐


= 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑿 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑲𝒄 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝑯𝟐𝑶 (𝟎. 𝟓)
(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟑
𝟐
𝒙
= 𝟎. 𝟐
(𝟎. 𝟓)

(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟑 (𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟑
75. Assume that the change in concentration of COCl2 is small enough to be neglected in the following problem.
(a) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of all species in an equilibrium mixture that results from the
decomposition of COCl2 with an initial concentration of 0.3166 M.
(b) Confirm that the change is small enough to be neglected.
76. Assume that the change in pressure of H2S is small enough to be neglected in the following problem.
(a) Calculate the equilibrium pressures of all species in an equilibrium mixture that results from the
decomposition of H2S with an initial pressure of 0.824 atm.
(b) Confirm that the change is small enough to be neglected.
78. What are the concentrations of PCl5, PCl3, and Cl2 in an equilibrium mixture produced by the decomposition of a
sample of pure PCl5 with initial [PCl5] = 2.00M?

𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝑰𝑪𝑬 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅

[PCl5] = (2 – x) = 1.80M
[Cl2] = x = 0.195M
[PCl3] = x = 0.195M.

𝑪𝒍𝟐 (𝑷𝑪𝒍𝟑) 𝒙 (𝒙)


𝑲𝒄 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟏
𝑷𝑪𝒍𝟓 (𝟐 − 𝒙)

𝒙 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟏
(𝟐 − 𝒙)
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟐, 𝒙, 𝟏

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙; 𝒆𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒚 𝒂𝒍𝒈𝒆𝒃𝒓𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒚 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏


,X,1 then enter
2nd + 0 , you will get catalog, all the way down to SOLVE, write
X = 0.195
80. Butane exists as two isomers, n−butane and isobutane.

Kp= 2.5 at 25 °C
What is the pressure of isobutane in a container of the two isomers at equilibrium with a total pressure of 1.22 atm?

So let’s say that the Pisobutane is = to X, so >> 1.22 = Pn-butane + X


So Pn-butane = 1.22 – X
Chapter 13 Review problems
(7/X 00:00 PM)
1) The oxidation of sulfur dioxide produces sulfur trioxide.
2 SO3(g) → 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)
Calculate the value of Kc , given that Kp = 3.6 X 10-3 at 999 K. (R = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)

T in Kelvin

𝟑. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝑲𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝑿 𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟑 −𝟐

𝟑. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑲𝒄 = 𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝑿 𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝑲𝒄 = 𝟒. 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
2) At a given temperature, 0.0524 mol NO2(g) is placed in a 1.00 L flask. After reaching
equilibrium, the concentration of NO2(g) is 3.9 × 10-3 M. What is Kc for the reaction below?

2 NO2(g) → N2O4(g)

Initial

Change

Equilibrium
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙
Then X = 0.02425 M

(𝑵𝟐𝑶𝟒) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟓) 𝟑


𝑲𝒄 = = = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐 𝟑. 𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟐
3) At 800 K, the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the following reaction is 3.2 X 10-7
2 H2S(g) → 2 H2(g) + S2(g)

A reaction vessel at 800 K initially contains 3.50 atm of H2S. If the reaction is allowed to
equilibrate, what is the equilibrium pressure of H2?

Initial

Change

Equilibrium

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 𝒃𝒚 𝑨𝑳𝑮𝑬𝑩𝑹𝑨


Then X = 0.01 atm

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝑿


So 2 (0.01) = 0.02 atm = 2 X 10-2 atm
4) Given the following equilibria,

PbBr2(s) → Pb2+(aq) + 2 Br-(aq) K1 = 6.6 X 10-6


Pb(OH)2(s) → Pb2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) K2 = 1.4 X 10-15
determine the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the following reaction.
PbBr2(s) + 2 OH-(aq) → Pb(OH)2(s) + 2 Br-(aq)

𝑩𝒓− 𝟐 (𝑷𝒃𝟐+ )
𝑾𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕; 𝑲𝟏 = 𝑺𝑶 … 𝟔. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 = 𝑩𝒓− 𝟐 (𝑷𝒃𝟐+ )
𝟏
𝑶𝑯− 𝟐 (𝑷𝒃𝟐+ )
𝑾𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕; 𝑲𝟐 = 𝟏
𝑺𝑶 … 𝟏. 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 = 𝑶𝑯− 𝟐 (𝑷𝒃𝟐+ )

𝟔. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑩𝒓− 𝟐
𝑺𝑰𝑴𝑷𝑳𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉; =
𝟏. 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 𝑶𝑯− 𝟐

𝑩𝒓− 𝟐
𝑺𝑰𝑴𝑷𝑳𝒀 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉; 𝟒. 𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟗 =
𝑶𝑯− 𝟐

𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒔𝒌𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑲𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝑩𝒓− 𝟐
𝑲𝒄 = 𝑺𝒐 𝒊𝒕′ 𝒔 𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒂 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝟒. 𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝑶𝑯− 𝟐

Common questions

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Le Chatelier's principle predicts that increasing pressure will shift the equilibrium towards the side with fewer moles of gas. This is because reducing the volume under increased pressure effectively decreases space available for gas particles. Hence, the system shifts to favor the side of the equilibrium with fewer gas molecules to counteract the pressure change .

To determine the equilibrium concentrations, set up an ICE table with the initial concentrations. Assume x moles of PCl5 dissociate at equilibrium, leading to x moles of PCl3 and Cl2 each. Solve the equilibrium expression in terms of x using Kc, substituting into Kc = ([PCl3][Cl2])/[PCl5] = x^2/(initial - x). Solve for x and substitute back to calculate equilibrium concentrations .

Kc equals Kp when the number of moles of gaseous reactants equals the number of moles of gaseous products. This is because the relationship between Kc and Kp depends on the change in moles of gas, which is adjusted through the ideal gas law equation involving R and temperature. When Δn equals zero, the volume terms cancel out, making Kc equal to Kp .

An increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium to favor the reactants in an exothermic reaction. In exothermic reactions, the forward process releases heat, so adding heat (increasing temperature) shifts the equilibrium in the reverse direction as per Le Chatelier’s principle, thus favoring the reactants .

Kc for the reaction can be calculated using the formula: Kc = ([N2O4]/[NO2]^2). Given the initial concentration of NO2 and its equilibrium concentration, you can find the change in concentration of NO2, which is used to find the concentration of N2O4 formed. This is then plugged into the equilibrium expression to solve for Kc .

Kp values depend on conditions such as temperature and pressure since equilibrium constants are sensitive to temperature changes. Adjusting for these factors ensures accurate predictions of equilibrium positions under different conditions by accommodating shifts in reaction dynamics and volume changes with pressure, which affects the partial pressures of the gases involved .

When more CO is removed from the equilibrium mixture involving methanol production, the principle of Le Chatelier implies that the equilibrium will shift to the left, towards reactants. This shift results in an increase in CO concentration and a decrease in methanol concentration, while hydrogen concentration may also adjust to reach equilibrium .

For reactions involving gases, Kp is defined using the partial pressures of products and reactants. An accurate calculation of Kp requires the pressures to ensure equilibrium expression reflects the relative concentrations through pressure terms. This is critical because it property handles the equilibrium based on the system's specific state, such as those involved in iodine vapor decomposition, where reactant and product pressures significantly determine reaction dynamics .

Neglecting the change in concentration or pressure in an ICE table can simplify calculations when the change is much smaller than initial concentrations or pressures. This approximation assumes that the shift in equilibrium is negligible and does not significantly affect the final equilibrium position. However, if the approximation is unjustified, it can lead to inaccuracies in determining the equilibrium concentrations, requiring a more rigorous computation to confirm the validity of the assumption .

Adding a catalyst to the methanol production reaction from carbon monoxide and hydrogen does not affect the equilibrium concentrations of H2, CO, or CH3OH. Catalysts only increase the rate at which equilibrium is reached without shifting the position of equilibrium itself .

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