GOOD DAY
EVERYONE!
CLASSROOM REMINDERS
Listen
Avoid Noise Participate Enjoy
ICE BREAKER
4 PICS 1
WORD
_L___I_G
_E____I_G
__W___
____I__
__N___I__
VIDEO ANALYSIS
BASIC CONSTRUCTION
PROCESSES AND
PROCEDURES
Prepared by:
Shiena S. San Jose
Sharlyn Glovo
Ruth Mortega
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1) Identify specialized hand tools and equipment necessary
for construction operation, including their purpose, function,
and proper use.
2) Ability to choose the appropriate tools and equipment
for specific construction operations
3) Observe safety measures when performing basic
construction operations
CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES
AND PROCEDURES
Basic construction processes
and
procedures refer to the
standard
steps and methods that are
followed in the construction
industry to ensure that buildings
and other structures are built
safely, efficiently, and to a high
level of quality.
1. PROJECT PLANNING
Careful project planning can
prevent mistakes and save
time, money, materials and
effort.
1. PROJECT
PLANNING
a) Drawing and designing the
project (show the project's
pictorial drawing);
b) Identify the bill of materials;
c) List the procedures to follow;
d) List the tools and machines
needed.
2. LAYING OUT MEASUREMENTS
Drawing the layout lines on
the lumber or plywood with
the specified measurement
or dimension of the project's
parts to be sawn or cut with
a saw.
REMINDERS:
A. Ensure that the layout lines
are 3-5 millimeters away from
the cutting lines, considering
the thickness of the saw teeth
and
waste parts for plane shaving.
3. SAWING/CUTTING
cutting wood to the right
and desired size and
shape using various
hand tools and
machines.
REMINDERS:
A. Use appropriate type of
handsaw when cutting wood
pieces, either along or across the
grain. A rip saw is for cutting
along the wood fiber while
crosscut saw is for cutting across
or perpendicular or at an angle to
the fiber of the wood.
REMINDERS:
B. Mark a cutting line using pencil
or chalk line fo serve as your
guide for straight cutting,
especially on
plywood. Make sure your head is
above the cutting line, and give
an "allowance" between the saw
blade and the cutting line to
ensure a straight cut.
REMINDERS:
C. To start sawing, guide the
blade using your thumb to
make a mark on the wood that
would
initially make away for the
blade to continously cut.
REMINDERS:
D. If the cutting is almost
done, saw slowly and support
the removing piece by holding
to avoid cracking and
splitting.
REMINDERS:
E. The angle of the saw when
sawing depends on the kind of
wood being cut. The recommended
saw angle is 15-30 degrees for
soft and thin wood, while 30-45
degrees is recommended for
hard and thick wood.
4. PLANING
the shaving or smoothing
of wood surfaces with the
use of a hand plane or an
electric planer.
REMINDERS:
A. Consider the direction of plane
shaving and fiber carefully to get
the surface smooth after planing.
The wood fiber and planing
direction should not be opposite
on the edge face of the wood.
REMINDERS:
B. When planing along the
fiber direction, a plane
should run straightly parallel
to the
fiber direction and never
curve.
REMINDERS:
D. The plane should be
sharp at all times to get
a good smoothed result.
5. NAILING/ASSEMBLING
Constructing the parts of
the project based on the
planned design using of
fasteners (nails, screws,
dowels, bolts, and nuts)
REMINDERS:
A. Handle and grasp the
hammer firmly, may it be at
the end of the handle for a
forceful swing or near the
metal end for more
controlled driving.
REMINDERS:
B. Start nailing lightly,
eventually adding more
driving force to drive the
nail down.
REMINDERS:
C. When nailing direction
crosses with the fiber
direction at the right angle,
the nail
should be longer than the
board or wooden piece nailed.
REMINDERS:
D. Applying some
adhesive (wood glue) to
the joint surface adds
strength to the product.
REMINDERS:
E. With some materials,
especially hardwood and
moldings, bore starting holes
with drill bits before nailing
to avod cracking the
hardwood and moldings.
REMINDERS:
F. When pulling out nails,
may it be deformed or bent, it
is
necessary to insert a piece of
a wooden block under the
hammer's head to protect the
wood from scratches or
damages.
REMINDERS:
G. When disassembling of
the product is intended
later, or a strong joint is
needed to obtain, using
wood screws is
recommended..
6. FINISHING
the process of enhancing the
appearance and durability of
woodens projects, protecting the
surface from damages, water,
and getting beautiful finish of
wood
grain through the application of
suitable finishing materials and
proper techniques.
3 STEPS IN WOOD FINISHING
A. SANDING
gets rid of marks made by
tools
(saw or chisel) and
smoothens
wood surface ready for
finishing.
the tools must be in its final
dimension, or the finished
product
must be completely done before
sanding.
3 STEPS IN WOOD FINISHING
B. PATCHING
fills the wood's dented or
defects with patching
compound mixed with
sanding sealer with the
use of
wood putty to achieve
even
surfaces.
3 STEPS IN WOOD
FINISHING
C. COATING
applies the top coat finish
on the surface with the use
of paint brush or
compressed air and spray
application.
REMINDERS:
A. Be sure that the surface
to be finished is free from
dirt, oil, and wax.
REMINDERS:
B. For initial sanding, use
180-280 grit size
sandpaper. For final
sanding, use 320-400 grit
size sandpaper.
REMINDERS:
C. Always use a
sanding block when
sanding plane surfaces.
REMINDERS:
D. Use sandpaper
curved in your fingers
when sanding curved
surfaces.
REMINDERS:
E. Do not sand
across the wood
grain.
REMINDERS:
F. When the job is extra meticulous,
use the grain raising technique. After
the final sanding with extra fine
sandpaper (320-400 grit size).
dampen the surface thoroughly with
water. Let it dry completely. This will
raise wood fibers, and when the
surface s given its final sanding with
the same extra fine sandpaper, the
result will be perfectly smooth.
7. CONCRETE
PROPORTIONING/MIXING
a good concrete mixture
can be produced manually,
provided that the fine and
coarse aggregates are
clean and well-graded.
7. CONCRETE PROPORTIONING/MIXING
A good concrete hand-mixed
proportion is:
• ½ kilogram of water
• 1 kilogram of cement
• 2 kilograms of sand
• 2 ½ to 3 kilograms of gravel
8. CONCRETE DEPOSITING AND POURING
The Building Code requires that when
concrete is being transported from the
mixer to its final destination, measures
should be taken to prevent the loss or
separation of materials. The equipment
used for transportation should be able to
deliver the concrete to the intended
location without causing the ingredients
to separate and without any significant
delays that would cause the concrete to
lose its plasticity between each batch.
8. CONCRETE DEPOSITING AND POURING
Requirements before pouring the
concrete include:
• Adequate preparation of steel
reinforcement,
• Preparation of the various
embedments thereat
• Strong forms, equipment, and the
materials for the concrete deposit.
REMINDERS:
A. Remove debris, mud, dirt
and other foreign materials
for it will affect the concrete
streghts ad durability when
cured;
REMINDERS:
B. Pouring should be done
in its final place as early as
possible to avoid particles
segregation or separation if
re-deposited;
REMINDERS:
C. While concreting is in
progress, it shoul be poured
contiously until the section
or panel has been placed
and completed;
REMINDERS:
D. All concrete should be
appropriately, carefully,
completely mixed during
placement and shoul be
appropriately poured around
the reinforcements, attached
fixtures and into the form
corners;
REMINDERS:
E. A set of mortar mixtures of the
same proportion must be deposited
first into the forms to a 25 mm depth
when there would be difficulties in
depositing concrete in congested
areas with reinforced steel bars. After
the depth is achieved, the concrete
mixture of the same proportion
would then be followed.
9. CONCRETE CURING/DRYING
The Building Code requires that after pouring
concrete, it must be kept above 10°C
temperature and moist for at least seven days,
except for high early strength concrete which
only needs to be kept for three days. To speed
up the process, methods such as using high
pressure steam or adding heat and moisture
can be used to accelerate strength gain and
reduce curing time.
REMINDERS:
A. The concrete drying
and hardening are
dependent on the
cement-water mixture's
chemical reaction.
REMINDERS:
B. Concrete will remain until
such time that moisture
slowly reduces under
favorable circumstance in
temperature.
REMINDERS:
C. After concrete mixture, concrete
setting or depositing will initially
start for about two to three hours.
During this time, mixed concrete
must be
well-protected from too much
exposure to the hot sun or high
temperature and strong winds to
prevent cracking caused by fast
moisture evaporation.
REMINDERS:
D. Deposited concrete must be
moistened at all times within the
curing period since 70% of its streghts
is achieved by the end of the first
week after pouring. The remaining
30%
might be lost if the concrete is
dried prematurely.
PERFORMANCE TASK
Direction: Complete the matrix
below by identifying the types of
construction operation and
applying the tools used in basic
construction operation.
ASSIGNMENT
"Lights, Camera, Action!" •
Divide students into 4 groups.
• Students will be given one
construction operation.
•Have each group act out
their assigned process.
Perfomance will be on
next metting
THANK YOU,
GOODBYE!