Multivariate Calculus Problem Set 6
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riwa.desaiMultivariate Calculus Problem Set 6
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Powered by AIThe Taylor approximation up to the second degree for g(x, y) = √(1 + x + 4y) at a = (-1, 1) is derived by finding the partial derivatives at this point. First, compute g_x and g_y, the first partial derivatives, and g_xx, g_yy, and g_xy, the second partial derivatives at the point. The approximation is T(g) = g(-1,1) + g_x(-1,1)(x+1) + g_y(-1,1)(y-1) + 0.5g_xx(-1,1)(x+1)^2 + 0.5g_yy(-1,1)(y-1)^2 + g_xy(-1,1)(x+1)(y-1).
To find the point on 3x^2 - 2xy + 3y^2 = 4 closest to the origin using Lagrange multipliers, consider f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2 (the distance squared from the origin) subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 3x^2 - 2xy + 3y^2 - 4 = 0. The gradients are ∇f = (2x, 2y) and ∇g = (6x - 2y, 6y - 2x). Setting ∇f = λ∇g gives the system of equations 2x = λ(6x - 2y), 2y = λ(6y - 2x), and 3x^2 - 2xy + 3y^2 = 4. Solving this system determines the point that is closest to the origin .
To find the extrema of f(x, y, z) = y^2 - 10z on the sphere x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 36, use the method of Lagrange multipliers. Introduce λ such that ∇f = λ∇g where g = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 - 36. The system of equations includes partial derivatives equated to λ times respective partials: 0 = λ2x, 2y = λ2y, -10 = λ2z, and the constraint. Solve these equations to find critical points: solving might yield points (0, ±6√2, 0), (0, 0, ±6), yielding max f = 36 and min f = -60 depending on z's contribution .
To illustrate |f(x, y)| ≤ √(x^2 + y^2) for f(x, y) = sin x cos y, consider that |sin x| ≤ 1 and |cos y| ≤ 1, therefore |sin x cos y| ≤ 1. Comparatively, the expression √(x^2 + y^2) represents the distance from the origin in R² and always exceeds 1 unless x = y = 0. Thus, the inequality holds for all (x, y) ∈ R² where this distance exceeds maximum values of sin and cos, hence proving the inequality .
To apply the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality for finding points on the curve 3x^2 - 2xy + 3y^2 = 4 closest to the origin, use the inequality that for non-negative numbers the arithmetic mean is greater than or equal to the geometric mean. Here, relate terms in the quadratic form (which equal a constant) with expressions for distances and set conditions accordingly to minimize the squared distance x^2 + y^2. Analyzing these leads to points where equality might suggest potential optimizations, following calculations and maintaining constraints .
Given the volume constraint of 96 m^3 and the higher cost of the lid, the optimization involves minimizing the cost function C(x, y, z) = c_lid(xy) + c_sides(2xz + 2yz), where c_lid = 2c_sides. The higher lid cost incentivizes minimizing xy. Solve using Lagrange multipliers or directly deriving conditions from partial derivatives. Typically, this alters dimensions to reduce lid area while maintaining volume, affecting proportions in x, y relationship .
To determine the nature of the critical point at (0,0) for f(x, y) = x^3 - 3xy^2, first find the first partial derivatives fx = 3x^2 - 3y^2 and fy = -6xy. Setting these to zero provides the critical point (0,0). For classification, compute the second derivatives: fxx = 6x, fyy = 0, and fxy = -6y. The Hessian determinant at (0,0) is D = fxxfyy - (fxy)^2 = 0 - 0 = 0, indicating the test is inconclusive; hence, further analysis or methods are needed to classify the point .
To find the critical points of h(x, y) = (x + y)e^{-xy}, set the gradients h_x and h_y to zero. These gradients involve the product and chain rule due to the term e^{-xy}. Solve h_x(x, y) = (1-y)e^{-xy} + (x + y)(-y)e^{-xy} = 0 and h_y(x, y) = (1-x)e^{-xy} + (x + y)(-x)e^{-xy} = 0 simultaneously. After finding the critical points, use the second derivative test or Hessian matrix to classify them (e.g., by checking determinant signs for minima, maxima, or saddle points).
If ∇f(x) = a for all x, the derivative of f is constant, indicating a linear function in R^n. Thus f(x) = ⟨a, x⟩ + c, where ⟨a, x⟩ represents the dot product, which acts as a linear transformation on x, and c is some constant. Differentiation confirms that ∇(⟨a, x⟩ + c) = a, consistent with the given gradient condition .
There might not exist such a k < 1 because |f(x, y)| = |sin x cos y| ≤ 1, whereas √(x^2 + y^2) is generally ≥ 1 outside the origin. If k < 1, it would imply |sin x cos y|, which reaches 1 under maximum conditions, should always be less than a cap strictly smaller than 1 imposed by k. Given f can approach 1 in magnitude, for large radial distances, k√(x^2 + y^2) exceeds bounded values of f and k-level cannot uniformly bind f .