EE Ns ee ee eee ae co) Toput - output Managment £ dick s 7 Disk Scheduling EE Oth : aah nt Disk oe 4 esminolo es: ‘| Triersupt> ts thr mechanism which modules ” Ky TP oy ‘mer, ma intevwer tu novinal eo cPU, at be eithor ebicking @ Mouse y oto CWUOY , painting a doc, with Sreyupt | - . Suppose ep astautts painter to pont o wxtain doc, whib pride does me task, CPU “engaged i) ene wing ohh take, i Mand painter ta done wea us guar WEAK, , ih tells a ye Pe wick cae ef cru op. wastage [ tnofeuctlon nels wel svanead 1 end bas ch de let of wot OUN(* chanacen Athiam ot b ob blo > a characte stacy duvice trandurs bytis one by one whyouas o block AWICR —- EAANKEOLS Oe oor bytes as a Unit, * sequential oy, Random accuss > sepunbod dr thanghors data ina ma peed ed arclta whuuas vse of 2 wandom, olevice can instauct why duvice te aeek to OMY q thu awailable data xtowage Location. thanable device can be % sharable or dedicated » a pauses oy thads, used coneurAunt: Ly by acral a dedicated duirice” cant, ae Bynchaonous oy Asynehonous > 6 nous olwict is one that porte data + pos with pAt~ dictoble ubense time wih ah chronous dice exhibit imuguiar oer adictoble Msbonse fine. sation > device speeds a si a iad oe fej we RDLWR , RD only wk > sore curices feyorm, bow Xp and or , but of! ory ene dy ae tae patter fo es, veg wpene AHHOUNUS wu hiclden os, uoted Mae Sno my: ae |* Blocking and _Non- Qlocking T/0 > a Oapett a ah ayer call intesyace sselarfes 10 choice iw Blocking. & Non- singe Nous) fp, when an app calls @ blodkin the eweeution ef +h abp™ ww spun 1% moved from thr 05's Aun ya Ee # KERNEL FO, SUBSYSTEM Beourieas aAuatid to To Uke Kesunels oe “fp sihuduling , puylng ah ues AUeWation and Woh tna * Schedulin - To preaull a set + mine a oo «= OAL. con improve overall ee poyormanct » 2m a esses %& Ca pie acess fell ane i on siting time o tomplte, +05 aac implument aphid Oo sohan ae queue fos cath te ae eo etal od ploed on the que that “device. fo seherlullr th orden ef thr queue to athe 4 improve thu oveyae a ieeney & oud Aud ponge Jo Aequests meang fo detei- vc to txteute them,* eB Suyangs 7a b 1s a men, aa that stores data while ou trans pion Pho » dwias os bw a device 7 app, Ousgoring ig done tps 3 seasons ~ ) To cope with @ speed mismatch bj thr producer 2 eonsumen a a aata. Stream, 2) ood dup hol while pout buffer 16 wade +o disk, A Second Use ey bute is 4o adapt Yo qeviees Pak howe pet data “Haneje ee 3) To li topy semantics pene Ho, a casni , aC a mem, tat has coer a a cached vopy 1g tore of gent than ime to the onginal, * Speoling an Device Reservation + . spook ti a buy shat hott ofp. jor 2 anit such OA printer that cant aceept Srdedeawed alate enearns, The sposling sts copies the quel boo! fv 4 th ea ore at a time. _ In some 0S, Abe ue man ut pre while In oe 0S, ‘to, Gs by kegel yp Exe Handle eopeee em, 09e%nst aifhy finds ane. (or : fe Hy ® Opp | iTeas Pat * device Potivens > is o tmp. pry igush highu- Jevel womb, pragen, to ee with Huo duit, “a daver ' communicate with shy duice acu thy tomb bus oy - comm ub - bby tka ae Huy comes, hin ol py: invokes a Aouting tm the driver, thr dive isculb commands te the dwile, One te divice sends data back to thy dyiver 5 tu daive, ™t. invoke Aoudings th the ity peg: prlves Hio~ dipendurt & 08 ee Categosins a4 _To_devias © Human Readable - sp suitably for ea vsty. ” pounten, torino 5 sty "yb mouse © Me Readable - . y suitable foo communicating with eloetronie ear ep - ye disk duUves, vs, Aendovs , controulerrs @® Cornrnuns catlon - sy suitable for coremnyu ca woh yermstt devia yp moderns ig Line § dsduergThree techniques py peporming Yo : a Faogharim ed Yo YU pAOULoy ® issuls ah Hp command on behalf Bf Oo ss foam Fo module, that proerss then b wonils for thy 9" to be complied before ae x Intevuyst- duven Yo “thy paoussos dsULs a Fo cmd om behary of 0 proUrrs. TH Non blocking - prowssos continiws fo exrtucts beh - chon prom shy prouss thot Bsurd To und 4 blading = ent ingiaue, Hy rrourses executes 4s pam ty Cos) whch Pha pune ss ) blocked Atote & schedule, anotr pArouss, ye DIAL Meum Arceess (DMA) a DMA medule conteols tty xchange cs data Hew mm ard an Yo module. : No Infomupls | ese. snteuagts o¥ To to mem. In - dt Crono Omagh» PRpenmred | NOT pee” y piseck Tfo- te SMO mem, tron, 7 ioIn aa eS a) No bupyyoung —OS Usey process Device 4 b) sing ouyyeng ~ Oo usey_process a c. oevice © Double ouyeeg a prowss can “hanstr data to oy from one buffue while are 0S emphits or” ills. th oF buyyer, miso Wow ab buff Suopping. = | Fo, » (5 Move | Pe ade a) Chaculas Gugfesing cath dividual bute 4s one urict tn 0 Groular buyfol, used when fo apy muak keep up wre ioeSECONDARY STORAGE AND DISK ScHEOULING See, pred cleviets Cou those duviws whose men: . Non volatiles abo Ka Auxilian tiovage sto RAMS Wwe expensive compared * Le spud = & magnetic dik , magnetic, TSP » semoval thumb drives tt. wu An Magnetic Disk Sauer: i. 3 WN 7 ert = o track 8 eUtOy Saas —rh RIW te head. plaster F Stuer of clés toehTrack ao thy darme distance fom trdey fom a BY Gnd, A Rtad- walt head ¥ used to read data orm a SedOR. + thy magnetic disk, thy du 4s Ceauned as 2 posts — Randory atts tien, mang an 2 i The — speed of Prange, Ratt and Seek time ss time taken th locati a specified jrack, whir be wattspfed, Rotational Latency > time taken by thr dudived 4edor to Aobake ese! to Hy posttion fon whrs 7 an. acess thi Rw heads. rans _fime > ene taken bo txansr ty data. pick Acuss tine > Rotational , seek 4 TARDE} \ + time fame pisk Rusporse time > Og. tiene spent by earh August sali fos the Ho &. Purpose dick, weed al gust fre hy queue a TO uurk 0 disk ibe mguists & duce dh schedule when this Aeques wy be paowséed , Goals! + Fatinuyg ye High TRaouphput * mini™ weapns head Heme.EX Givens no Of ‘platers= 6, no. tarks= Q56, nb, stor, = SID cata stered on each Uttoy= 542 kB. iaaerii Total Awartg = Ox 2 = AG caer (kh= Ox 2" 956 (2 sides) tote) Fraeks y total dettors= OH 2* Q56 % SID THOLK, ) 4 ce a pick IZ swyaer * track + Sedoy Sectors 9 Pl = we Data v poia 2 B*¥ VX 2sG # S12 Mw SI2ZK le oe mnie, ; disk Aze No, Of bus vega. to aloe | > © > fo bie] | beDisk _Seheduli ng Atgonitthma @ UW) Fleet Comme Fivct Sewe (PCRS) snacks (9 - 199) Reamest wh A disk contains 200 ; “queue eontaing txaek mo. 62, 140, 43, 140924, 497 190 cuban pest RIw head = 50» caveats total no: ab raack movement by Rw Head, 140 190 ° 4 0 4 ta ued Pe i : ® ; ( ( ‘ ‘ ! om) | ' é | | ! ; { 4 \ / { © j 4 | fp 4 82-50 +32 140 - 43 = 184 typ -24 = 116 1zo- 62 = 6B Iyo- Y3= OF 4-6 = B so-ss= 94 at» [6], (140-50) + (190-43) + (140-43) + Ciyo~ aarig) 4 C190 -16) 3 [642 gw ody): NO EHOINOLLON ied 2% Poor performancs. x not epi dent == — (2) Shortest sek Time First (SSTF) | ee A disk, consains doo taacks (0- 197) Requedt” que epntarng — EAADK No BR, 10, 43, 1H, ay, 16,)90°) ewnint position ef Rjw head = 50. % Rw cokes dans to move from one wack to another,’ tun botal «terme taken P ° 24 4s 50 2 140 190 go 14 rt j \ 2 ~ | Tt tT | \ { ’ 14 O% ; { { \ 1@ \ Sel | 8 4 @ | | j\ 2s { } ‘ | { { fotal time = (50-16) + (igo-16) = (208) ,, aga" oe optimal Ruut =» Sek UMe ryeduesal yi SHO aLLON, + yome Acq ™t wait for Lo duration 4 overhead 4 Out wwemy step , qnd which one : tre INO8) SCAN nithm. eS) SK 82, 140, 48, 440, 24, 16, 190, cworent Rio head = din® towards the Langer value. Dg 2H 3 50 82 No yo? Scania oO mes i i 4 ee! 5 s ( ( _ 9 : ) 1 | a 2 g ' 1 1 < ; ; i ( © ! : ; : ( er ual : ) { © | @ +4 fy { ‘ 1 4 eee GH, | HI «4 tiagtse) + (199-16) = : oa af y4 exteucty aody once te du, qu tant a Tod = Cs unt, gous fincthed te - ofners, (4) ¢-StAN Ath : ra ia t 50 $2 Yo Re got i + 1 * aa ® \ f ( ore! ‘ [ a) ( 5 {_ __— \ ¢ [ace \ Se \ { VT it _ ; / bai keri | © ! ! ! \ ~S ‘ \ ( (1 lense) +! 99-94! (49-0) 9 ‘waz |rimproued — v ertston G SUN algo, x head move Jaom one end to thr ofhes of Hy ak shite stung al squats In bro wallet time “um acciterd wompaud to SAN ». beter musponse teme a move Seek movements ye th the Oe ho veg. ft head ust tL KL to th Jo be Sexwied the ed 8 cuk, (5) LOOK algoritam 62, 140, Gi iyo, 24, 16, 190 Cowands ordi) ° 1G 24 43° 50 82 Yo 0 yo. (7 +=} =u , Toe een ese a! 1 ( | @ {4 ‘ \ ~O, ( é ; ‘ © i: @ ant a ns cep Lal 7 { | { + i. ke ' : r ( \ it \ j ' aNo aud ty 4 the end hoe | (190- 50) + (90-16) = [au], rook 4s bette, thay SUAN ae che Rutter [Link]. a No ¥tasvali ov anode + ovdduad nding ord weg, 33 preset oy not,6) C- LOOK a @6) pee Cees ah aor ie Ee + Se \ } ie S__@® { ( ( (ig0- 50) + (190-18) + (43-16) = np nud te move, bil thr ond. me woe HME 4 Petter _ pete aU co than Look spade overhead - findiug ond wg ib pousenr RAID (Redundant Ayaays of pa Dieks) ¢ 1g a technique which yu vse “a comb” of mudtiplr disks ingtead wang “tn disk jos Ved ee data Raia: why data s&rdundane alrough takin vp peel Apa , adds to disk xuia— , pitty: cnge of disk YOiLUAL, “Y sam data 1 5 out ip en Sh dw ah aie p au data & go on with the op On shu oth hand, eethr dota Si ty RAID Cee ee a life tan affeek tht thing doa, ne waluation peint for RAID ! * Ruiohitity > how many disk faults avr thi s _ folevats? ¥ Avodlabi li iUity > haw qwailabl, & th ay. jor actu) use? ‘ah DMANL > How good Ls thy Atgbonese time ? How is tty ua + Bi sin 2a N disks eath with B put wdypul wpadty uw aundlabte tony RAID lwels RAID deviod WL make ude of diff. youdonds » Cauled revels. § 6 Lwels - o + 54 ; © raid-o stsiping ) Blocks au ‘striped’ aernes LUKE. Se PORE AR | 0 4 Os 3 4/5 6 # 8 | 4 to n 2 | 13 14 15 Bloke "01, 1," "2 and "3" for 0 xbubesnetead of plash just one block, thty a disk a a Hoe, we can “work wiih tayo (oh. move) | blocks patra into a disk, before roving ontp thi Rert Prove, Avawation ¢ > Relicbiity +0 ) {No [Link] ) lune, ta block once Lort cast} be, veeovend , * tapasity, N& ® A eT bton data, Xiner, thie ke no duplication, y N disks eorh having B blocks ase Se udilitd, ® RAIw- 4 into) move than one copy of each sh block | a Auparote disk, thud, even block has 2 oy move , eobies y ot 2 a disks, [Dik o| Owns | ouk 2] ObkS | 4 9 0 a 2/2 | 28] 3 | 4/ 4 |. 5 2 [ el 6 + | t Evaluation ; ‘ : ‘ } * BUiobiUty + £ to N/2.. disk O and 2 Jails then, vu can be handtd Oisk 4 and 3. to, IN pur se , . Nio dk gould ean be handled, w apottty 9 N# fp anne ahaa Stove dada othr haty ts put minor to alatady” sstorgal@ RAIM- 2 W sowed sw wrveting code on aadi- Bonal disks, alvowi fer ony d d data to be Aonstrtted, Wubtaccetion — from hemor undo ql data, this! honey xeybus only Ae eae. aUKS to protect 4 disk date vasooing ait } ® enld-3 atmitag to Mwel-2.,4 eats acluondage enn atk thot eath disk is Au dofng. ts aon don adetion, tinge parity bit iy a netdel to Abcoutd tht Lort data fromm an anirG Sf Wk, The downeds with th pasdhy approach * wey AK, muse Na disk Ot 9 i pity pus mut be eonstande ealelatrd anol ' ew chekid, mauting — pexjormanct, © raid. 4 (eid Level aiping with uAleatad pasty ) anétrad auptteating dota, thas - adopte a pastity based approach, SS pisk O one LolUunnn task) 5 dulftated +o pathyTh bie ok (0,0, 0, £) panty hips 4 @) (x0 (6,0, = 4) en on op #5 in parity © and ead no, of onds weulis £. Y allowS us to Alsouth {out data ewoluadkon ao ReLioblUty : 1 RAID-4 allavs setov atmo 4 AR gallant, of move than 4 disk sau y thoy Mo way to Auouer. the data, + tiby } (N-1) #6 ip ap ‘y yeuewed tr ashing 4 one disk th ty tN-4) daks ae made available or ity. Hones, Pa rowag 5 eath dK houkng B blocks, @ eow-5 (worke wet Helping with, Ouibuthd Parity) ath sight modf{eation a RAID: Y ays. ae only dif Ah party Antony anna uy dives, avKO | diskt Jake [dik [disk 4] o | it 2 | 3 P 5 6 + | PR 4 JO 1 Po, 8 9 15 m | 2 13 UW Py 16 \, \9 10 | 3)ds Utroduutod to make. yandom whit pecformane. betes, . yaluatior + * RWabiity 241 RAIO-5 allows AULDUDYY Gtrost 1 disk fal. Solenbicat to Rap. + capacity » (N-4) #R : moo 4 8) RAID 0 No Aldunolars siaipi ng Aaooo ta oooo aa HRAID 2D! memory sbyle erry corvetind weg aoc0d d).RAID 3: Bu ntecaved pasty sera. e) RAID 4 + Block ‘whedeaved pasty gooood $) RNP S + flotk wntenteaved dudibuted pouty.FILE SYSTEM File AuiAibutee: diy. OS keep Anaek of dify- sie ant a4 burs including - se Name > exentinsions (. tet, »exe de), Borne Os gle spel sige ficou to nares % dome dod t, Tauifitr = ey inmode number * Type > tet, exeetable, other binasuy otc. xe Location y on te haxd doave a size > ty bytes ys EB id a fey OUBtOY | wR aces, exer » protetdion 4 RD attlss, a Last medi pi xdatr . % Time % Date» pL cuation time y “File _operadions + _ creating se NII a ReadIN x Reposition | : a * ern caching yu ' 5 | File THRE peual e-rension qunction executable exe, com, bin oY yeady -to-YU ” none myc } popam eormpiled , Mc lan yw obyeet ob, , 0 pile rte b gout tot =e, Ce, JOA, = — > sowter wot ny at ped, ase Vartous Lang. ‘ emds to thy und ae bach dt als 4 yaa masckup xt, renal, tex textual dado y dou tends x word xml, Ath , docx varies worl Prouscor b» prousses formats x Hbrrosuy Ub, a, so, dU ats sen hy oe pay gibs Pay, bg ; 3 ow vy i hinang oy viewing a onehive Aon py Ear —> Auated pus groupe i coruprasctel gos, awchiving « tovege , 4 Mudtionedia meV, i . we he “ing bu pes venta Act “CESS METHOD 5 File ones Tmushanum Airs fe the mannus fy which thi Attoncls of su peal Be teres Aoweral wang to AUK files ~ * sequential = pirveet/ Ranclom a Sn dled sequential | Picetss > aecovde axe acerserd iin Some Seqner ie, thu ‘info. ty thy furs prowssed Sr ordi, one Attond aftzr the oth, ex. cern pilerg usudlly orcs ies ty thy fashion,dy Dink / Random Acewls > @) ae provids anussing the Atcords diaretey. * eath xatcord has i own add, on wu +l wlth by- tu help which it an be directly aceuscecl {P Atadi ov wm a the “Auovds nud not be in Sequence within the fue and thu nad net be in adyacerst Ancoctions On th srohayt medi, 3) dndixed Sequential Access » se this muchanism is but up on base aq) sequntiol se An indig created for each file which contains pointers to various blocks. ; . ae Sno “Ue Geancheol Sequerky 2, ud pointe, 44 used te ates tr He di ; j SPACE ALLOCATION : juss’ @u allocated isk apace’ 08. 05 deploy — fello. 3 ways auocate disk, spares to files, * conkiquous * Linked Contique allocation > eveupus conbiguouwt add, spac on abk, arston add, in Lnean , to wpument, —.cA@cnod spragnnental™ - Mager issue. Linked allocation » » casos a, fist of Links, is \ ~ No exseunay pragmnented ; locks + sneptioent "wy cue “dy pheeh aterss file 4 SndexedIndexed atlocation > Sol” ton tld Pike bol” for ontiquotis and Uinked Ra ardu blouk & woatd having ay pointers each eb has Us own indie block ushieh loves the addisy. of disk sbaee oceupled a thi feb. a dihtttony contain, thy aalder). af oelex blocks Of Fxte__ Space Management re . onothu omy, ob olisk, maint ts keeping tk, of and = allow free spaee, ) BE VEttor’s use bie Utetor approach. » in which. earn bit ents a disk block, stb fo 4 th gree oh OO 4 ALtocated., : , 3) Uinktd List > used to ktep tAack, of au qr locks. * Enawensing khe | List oF fndiurg a block, 4s not easy but not 2 Yas well, % add] Aermove block prom hy bepinnitg 4 FAT babu fueps teask of any YM ( Fle olocation +N) an : ; a : 3) Geaping variation on Lunked Lost quo lish 4 to ube Hinks ao blocks 4 indias 4 fue blocks. a, 0 lock holds upto N° addes}. « then {ou ble in the Unkid- 22st wontaing upto N-4 adden § pee bloeKs a poidte to thy nent block of thy 4rter adds, 4) courting > when thoy an muitiple eontiquous a du Haxting adds. tay grou % no, of bh fut, mi aesconti tau blocks, AS Long as ahi cwsg ten, Gi) a mi Us Neo blocks & quae. os dhe eh oa soul in pace ruedact for the tau ist, Ghoup of fuLs combined; iit A didtetony eontaing all ‘info, about, plu % ee aatatbutes, can be viewed a4 a symbol ta that taansbates ily names into Thuy eee Typ: + 3h Level diretto ye sd * —Taee Stauttued © singe tevel ; au ty fu belong t 0 single die, adu. * e te implement. a acdiun ~ dvd. yay pilus belong to one same due st ad a hau nd a with Maten find se ysene doesit+ have aption ts ee eles ee the neds, @ Two level: eath usen has Us own ust fue aunestory (UFD), the UFDs have simelat stAue,, inet ste ae Any fs Of aingls 02). when o user gob pross! or usey Logs Wy thy sys. porns Master ti (MPD) is seasethed, He, se att ee a eS) apotheke FILE DIRECTORIES : p as known a4 piaittonyomits to th ~UFD. fos that Use, aga! > cepfidend — > more ateuune wb, As soled, ve aus wens ps vse “on bal Au ate eoume Name An. en own Aiseetorl ed, spo); — No 2 fulus for single us + Gaouping problem. pw to kb wvels, tres a pa name for PG yu te toca that fH. Aas en ean HWE AONE 9 ® Tace Atruciwteal + pincerony ts mainkeuned in tht form 4 qyident and wwu bs a ee a= seanching is pability. we have absolute or suiatve path ame et He wh | , od tan haye sune Names, | au np He abs ae v4 a * Mqpouping pessitle. Dyredory eee Linear List Hash Table gf Bend conan i oe NUK aearith time To creaky new Py » ¥ Unseition) debetl easy arenes Ou aber be . Problem | aaa foo me ey y gicced size Borne ohne ete al w Hash table ic ifarden ban (Bares fpr dat) ys ygstath AP on hed she,File. a | _Shoaing : is tht pubte / paivale shoring d @) comp dada ‘oh spate wa nw witb ees A Ones ivilege, > allows nOv { pp by come comb” — of being Wr", waitt oF modify ‘thy PH pactowle ; FTP, SMTP did geeuntty 4» snconsisteney RecULne) % unantivpard queries > cant hand. udder qulrus * coneuakenty ae drougaity . Examples; y AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) ¥ e- buddy y TRM LOTUS 4 Meebo Windows® Live Messengor yw Yahoo Messenger File System « *e an abstaattion to Ate, petnieut * pao a fet a fs. at 1s atapondile for ov % 4 cuovies & kueping. | taark which. so e_, teng fH Gls EN mae ma dota i . ed cuntess to th stho " erage gwailable spore ©} ut duiees we puts * pshich aang o*# So file syatem (HPS) par yy yp y File aumcation 7 UAT) < FaTIg rar 32 a new Technology File sytem (NTFS) Y to use thy 4arne 4 gle able to Atad oF vied it ov print 4t,Atraxks on thy fir Bystene : y» Rare condition a using ADS (Auiernais bate” Bikar) to hile plas - sity tacuvebal. How cloes thy fl x wm ensure cata entry 5 %& —Precess eoretaol % Encayption encryption ; ae ih Ten mee (DFS) CeeS fu 8 * RAID : Roeovesy when data is wossupted Lphecksum codes [portly schemes —_—r% —