Reproduction :
The production of new individuals by their parents is called reproduction
Characteristics of reproduction
● Is most important characteristics of living organisms
● Is essential for survivals of various species on earth including humans
● Ensures continuity of life
Modes of reproduction
There are two modes of reproduction
Sexual reproduction Asexuals reproduction and
Includes two parents Includes single parent
Involves fusion ( combination / Doesn’t involve fusion of gametes
joining ) of gametes
Ex fishes ,humans , horses , dogs , Ex amoeba , hydra and yeast
cows
Sexual reproduction
● Sexual reproduction involves two parents
● One male and one female
● Those Have different reproductive organs
Male reproductive cell produces ->sperm
Female reproductive cell produces ->ovum / egg
Fertalisation
The fusion ( combination) of male (sperm) with a female (ovum) is called fertilisation
● It forms zygote
● Which is first cell of the organisms
SPERM + OVUM = ZYGOTE
Types of fertalisation in animals
External feralisation :-
Occours outside the female’s body is called external fertilisation
Fertalisation in frogs
● In spring they move to ponds
● Female lays hundreds of eggs
● Jelly layer holds them togather and provides them protection
● After the eggs laid the mail frog releases (sperm ) the male reproductive cell
● Sperm swim in water with their long tail
● When sperm gets in contact with eggs then it’s result in Fertalisation
Internal Fertalisation
● Occurs inside femail body is called internal Fertalisation
● Eggs are fertalised by sperms ( male reproductive cell ) inside a femail body which forms
zygote
● Male (sperm )+ femail (ovum )=zygote
Example :- birds , reptiles , insects
Internal Fertalisation types
● Is classified into two types based on the mode of development of zygote
. Viviparous animals :- animal producing young ones such as humans dogs and cows
. Oviparous animals :- Animals laying eggs , birds snakes butterflies
Ques : Difference between viviparous and oviparous ?
Ques : Difference between internal and external Fertalisation ?
Reproduction in human beings :-
Male reproductive system
● Contain pair of testes
● Two sperm ducts
● Urethra
● Penis
. Testes (singular testes)
● A men has 2 testes
● Lie in small pouch called scrotum outside abdominal cavity
● Scrotum keeps the temperature of testes 1-3’C lower than the body temperature
● Which is necessary for the production of healthy sperm
● The function of testes is to produce male sperm
● Or male sex harmone called testosterone
● Test produce million sperms
● The starting age of formation of male sperms is 12-14 year continues until the mails life !
● A tube like structure called epididymis is attached to the testies
● Sperms are temperory stored in epididymis
● A sperm has a head , a middle piece and a tail
● Tail of sperm helps in locomotion ( movement which allow someone or something to move
from one location to another )
Vas deference la ( sperm duct ):-
● Narrow duct that carries sperm from tresties to the urethra
● Fluid produced by the seminal vesicles mixes with sperm to produce semen
● Which provides nourishment to sperm
Urethra: A tube that carries urine from the bladder and semen from the reproductive organs out of
the body through the penis.