Data Collection and
Sampling Technique
Population
The complete collection of all elements
(scores, people, measurements, and so on) to
be studied. The collection is complete in the
sense that it includes all subjects to be
studied.
Population
Definitions:-
Sample
A sub collection of elements drawn from a
population.
Definitions:-
Sampling frame
A list of all elements or other units containing the elements in
a population.
List of student
Parameter
A numerical measurement describing some
characteristic of a population.
Statistic
A numerical measurement describing some
characteristic of a sample.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The study population is too large and it may be too
expensive or too time consuming to attempt either a
complete or nearly complete coverage in a statistical
study, so we take a sample from the population.
Sample is the representative of the population and to
ensure that we chose each unit of the sample technically.
This process is called sampling technique.
Sampling
A sample should have the same characteristics as the
population it is representing.
Sampling can be:
With replacement: a member of the population may
be chosen more than once (picking the candy from the
bowl).
Without replacement: a member of the population
may be chosen only once (lottery ticket).
Why Sample?
Get information about large populations
Lower cost
More accuracy of results
High speed of data collection
Availability of Population elements.
Less field time
When it's impossible to study the whole population
Types of sampling
Probability sampling
Equal chance of being included in the sample (random)
simple random sampling
systematic sampling
stratified sampling
cluster sampling
For example
We wish to draw a sample of 50
students from a population of 400
students. Place all 400 names in a
container and draw out 50 names
one by one.
Cluster Sampling
• The population is first divided into separate groups
of elements called clusters.
• Ideally, each cluster is a representative small-
scale version of the population (i.e. heterogeneous
group).
• A simple random sample of the clusters is then
taken.
• All elements within each sampled (chosen) cluster
form the sample.
Cluster Sampling
Non-probability sampling
Unequal chance of being included in the sample (non-
random)
convenience sampling
judgment sampling
snowball sampling
quota sampling
Convenience Sampling
It refers to the procedures of obtaining units or
members who are most conveniently available. It
consists of units which are obtained because cases
are readily available.
In selecting the incidental sample, the researcher
determines the required sample size and then
simply collects data on that number of individuals
who are available easily.
Purposive sampling
In this sampling method, the
researcher selects a "typical group" of
individuals who might represent the
larger population and then collects
data from this group. Also known as
Judgmental Sampling.
Quota Sampling
The selection of the sample is made by the
researcher, who decides the quotas for selecting
sample from specified sub groups of
the population.
For example, an interviewer might be need data
from 40 adults and 20 adolescents in order to
study students’ television viewing habits.
Selection will be
20 Adult men and 20 adult women
Snowball Sampling
Find someone who fits the criteria for
the study (accidental/convenience
sample)
Interview person and at end of
interview, you ask if he/she knows of
other people who meet the study
criteria and may be willing to participate