PARTICIPATORY REPORT AND ASSESSMENT

“ENERGY MATERIALS”
Type: Seminar
Computer Science Engineering(DATA SCIENCE)
Session: (2023-24)
Applied Physics(22BS1113)
Submitted By
[Link]
SUBMITTED TO:
23P61A6752
Dr. K.V. Dharmendra Sir
CSD-A
Year/Sem: 1/2
Introduction to Energy Materials:
Energy materials are materials that are used in the production, storage, and conversion of energy. These
materials include those used in traditional fossil fuel based energy systems, as well as those used in renewable
energy systems.

Examples of energy materials used in traditional fossil fuel-based energy systems include:

1. Coal, natural gas, and oil, which are used as fuel sources

2. Carbon and graphite, which are used in the production of electrodes for batteries and fuel cells

Examples of energy materials used in renewable energy systems include:

Silicon, which is used in the production of solar cells Lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which are used in the
production of batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage systems Biomass and biofuels, which are
produced from plants and used as fuel sources.
CONTENTS:
• Types of Electrolytes
- Solid electrolytes
- Crystalline Solid electrolytes
- Amorphous Solid electrolytes
- Liquid electrolytes
• Conductivity of Solid electrolytes and Liquid electrolytes
• Super Ionic Conductors and Super Capacitors
• Materials for Super Capacitors
• Electrolytes for Super Capacitors
 Difference between Solid, Crystalline Solid and Amorphous Solid
Electrolytes
Solid Electrolytes Crystalline Solid Electrolytes Amorphous Solid Electrolytes

1. Amorphous Electrolytes are

1. Crystalline Electrolytes are a
1. Solid Electrolytes are materials in a another sub-type of solid electrolytes
subtype of Solid electrolytes with with a disordered atomic structure,
solid state that can conduct ions.
a highly ordered atomic structure. lacking long-range order.
2. They can be either Crystalline or 2. They have a regular, repeating 2. They do not have a repeating
Amorphous. lattice structure. lattice structure, resembling a glassy
or gel-like structure.
3. Their ion conductivity mechanism can 3. Ionic conduction often occurs 3. Their ionic conduction is more
vary, but generally, they have lower ionic through well defined pathways isotropic due to lac of long-range
conductivity compared to liquid within the crystal lattice, and they order. While they’ve lower ionic
electrolytes. typically exhibit high conductivity compared to
conductivity. crystalline electrolyte.
4. The conductivity of a solid 4. They tend to have a good thermal 4. These are often more flexible and
electrolyte is a measure of its ability and mechanical stability due to their can better accommodate mechanical
to conduct ions. ordered structure. stress and deformation.
5. Used in various types of 5. Examples of crystalline solid 5. Examples of amorphous solid
electrochemical devices such as electrolytes include lithium electrolytes include polyethylene
batteries, fuel cells, and sensors. fluoride (LiF), lithium iodide oxide (PEO),
(LiI), and lithium polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and
thiophosphate (LiPS) lithium silicate (LiSi).

Conductivity of Solid Electrolyte:

The conductivity of a solid electrolyte is a measure of its ability to conduct ions. It is typically much
lower than the conductivity of liquid electrolytes. The conductivity of solid electrolytes can be
affected by various factors such as temperature, composition, and microstructure. The conductivity of
a solid electrolyte generally increases with temperature due to the increased thermal motion of the
ions. However, the conductivity can decrease at very high temperatures due to the formation of
defects in the crystal structure. The composition of a solid electrolyte also affects its conductivity. For
example, the conductivity of lithium-based solid electrolytes is highly dependent on the concentration
of lithium ions. The conductivity increases with increasing lithium-ion concentration, but can
decrease at very high concentrations due to the formation of lithium-rich domains that act as barriers
to ion transport.
The microstructure of a solid electrolyte with smaller grain sizes and fewer defects generally has
higher conductivities than those with larger grain sizes and more defects. The conductivity of solid
electrolyte can be measured by the Nernst-Einstein equation, which relates the conductivity of the
electrolyte to the mobility of the ions and the concentration of the ions.
The equation is given as: σ = e * μ * c
where:
σ = conductivity (S/cm)
e = the charge of the ions (C),
μ = the mobility of the ions (cm2 /V*s),
c = the concentration of the ions (mol/cm3 )
The mobility of the ions (μ) in a solid electrolyte is typically much lower in solids than in liquids.
The concentration of the ions (c) in the solid electrolyte is also typically lower than in a liquid
electrolyte. As a result, the conductivity of a solid electrolyte is generally much lower than that of a
liquid electrolyte.
Liquid Electrolytes and Conductivity:
• A liquid electrolyte is a solution that contains ions and can conduct electricity. These ions can be positively or
negatively charged, and they can be formed by dissolving a salt in a solvent.
Example: Aqueous solutions of electrolytes such as sodium chloride (NaCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
• The conductivity of a liquid electrolyte is generally higher than that of a solid electrolyte because the ions in a
liquid electrolyte are free to move and can easily diffuse through the solution.
• Additionally, the viscosity of liquids is generally lower than that of solids, which further facilitates the
movement of ions. The conductivity of a liquid electrolyte can be affected by factors such as temperature,
concentration, and the presence of impurities.
• As temperature increases, the conductivity of a liquid electrolyte also increases due to the increased thermal
motion of the ions.
• The concentration of ions in the electrolyte also affects the conductivity, with a higher concentration resulting
in a higher conductivity.
• The presence of impurities can decrease the conductivity of a liquid electrolyte by either reducing the
mobility of ions or by forming barriers that impede ion movement.
• This was also given by Nernst-Einstein’s equation. But, the main difference is given below:

• The mobility of the ions (μ) in a liquid electrolyte is typically much higher in liquids than in solids.

• The concentration of the ions (c) in the liquid electrolyte can vary depending on the electrolyte and
the concentration of the dissolved salts.
Differences between Super ionic conductors and super capacitors:
• Function: Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or
• Function: Superionic conductors, also known as fast ion
electrochemical capacitors, are energy storage devices that store
conductors, are materials that exhibit exceptionally high
and release energy quickly.
ionic conductivity.
• Application: They are used in applications requiring rapid charge
• Application: They are primarily used in solid-state
and discharge cycles, such as power backup systems,
batteries, fuel cells, and sensors.
regenerative braking in electric vehicles, and load leveling in
• Mechanism: The high ionic conductivity in superionic power grids.
conductors arises from the presence of highly mobile ions
• Mechanism: Supercapacitors store energy through the
within a solid matrix. The ions can move freely through
electrostatic separation of charges through pseudo capacitance,
specific pathways in the crystal lattice of the material.
which involves fast and reversible redox reactions at the
• Examples: Lithium sulfide (Li2S), Lithium selenide electrode surface.
(Li2Se), Sodium sulfide (NaS), Calcium chloride (CaCl2).
• Examples: They often use materials like activated carbon for the
• Properties: These materials often exhibit high thermal electrodes due to its high surface area. Other materials include
stability and can operate at a wide range of temperatures. carbon nanotubes, graphene, and conducting polymers.
They generally do not conduct electricity via electrons but
• Properties: They have high power density. They typically have
via ions.
longer cycle life compared to batteries, enduring millions of
charge-discharge cycles. They store less energy per unit weight
than batteries but more than traditional capacitors.
Materials for Super Capacitors:

There are several types of materials that can be used to make supercapacitors, each with their own
unique properties and advantages. Some common types of materials include:
1. Activated carbon: Activated carbon is a common material used in supercapacitors due to its high
surface area and good electrical conductivity. Activated carbon can be made from various materials
such as coconut shells, wood, or coal.
2. Carbon aerogels: Carbon aerogels are a type of porous material with a very high surface area,
which makes them well-suited for use in supercapacitors.
3. Graphene: Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It has a
very high surface area and excellent electrical conductivity.
4. Metal oxides: Metal oxides such as nickel oxide (NiO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) can also be
used as electrode materials in supercapacitors. They have high surface area, high charge storage and
good stability.
5. Conductive polymers: Conductive polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy)
can also be used as electrode materials in supercapacitors. They have high conductivity and high
chemical.
Electrolytes for Super Capacitors:
Supercapacitors typically use an electrolyte to provide a conductive medium for the movement of ions between
the electrodes. There are several types of electrolytes that can be used in supercapacitors, each with their own
unique properties and advantages. Some common types of electrolytes include:
1. Aqueous electrolytes: Aqueous electrolytes are solutions of water and a dissolved salt, such as sulfuric acid
(H2SO4), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Aqueous electrolytes have a relatively
low viscosity and are relatively inexpensive, but they have a relatively low operating voltage range.
2. Organic electrolytes: Organic electrolytes are solutions of an organic solvent and a dissolved salt, such as
acetonitrile (CH3CN) or propylene carbonate (PC) dissolved in lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). Organic
electrolytes have a higher viscosity than aqueous electrolytes, but they have a higher operating voltage range and
better stability.
3. Ionic liquids: Ionic liquids are a special class of electrolytes that remain in liquid state at room temperature.
They are composed of large organic cations and inorganic or organic anions. They have high thermal stability
and a wide electrochemical window, but they are relatively expensive and have a high viscosity.
4. Solid-state electrolytes: Solid-state electrolytes are solid materials that can conduct ions, examples of solid-
state electrolytes include lithium sulfide, lithium selenide, sodium sulfur, and calcium chloride. They have high
conductivity and thermal stability, but they can be difficult to manufacture and have lower conductivity than
liquid electrolytes.
THANK YOU