BST - BASIC TECHNOLOGY JSS 2

SCHEME OF WORK

1. First – Aid
2. Rescue operation
3. materials and their uses
- wood
- metal
4. materials and their uses
-ceramics / glass
- Rubber
- Plastics

5. Geometric construction

6. Angles

7. Angles [continue]

8. Triangles

9. Triangle [continue]

10. Circle

11. Revision

Week 1; first aid

First aid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see First aid (disambiguation).
 The universal first aid symbol (or the background may be red with a white cross)

A US Navy corpsman gives first aid to an injured Iraqi citizen.

 Medical portal

First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury,[1] with care
provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and/or promote recovery. It includes
initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available, such as
performing CPR while awaiting an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor
conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by the layperson, with
many people trained in providing basic levels of first aid, and others willing to do so from acquired
knowledge. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health.
There are many situations which may require first aid, and many countries have legislation,
regulation, or guidance which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in certain
circumstances. This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the workplace (such
as an Automated External Defibrillator), the provision of specialist first aid cover at public gatherings,
 or mandatory first aid training within schools. First aid, however, does not necessarily require any
particular equipment or prior knowledge, and can involve improvisation with materials available at
the time, often by untrained persons.[2]
First aid can be performed on all mammals, although this article relates to the care of human
patients.

Contents
[hide]

 1History
o 1.1Early history and warfare
o 1.2Formalization of life saving treatments
 2Aims
 3Key skills
o 3.1Preserving life
o 3.2Promoting recovery
 4Training
o 4.1Specific disciplines
 5First aid services
 6Symbols
 7Conditions that often require first aid
 8First Aid Kit
o 8.1Making of the First Aid Kit
o 8.2Contents
 9References
 10External links

History[edit]

The binding of a battlefield wound depicted on ancient Greek pottery

Early history and warfare[edit]

Skills of what is now known as first aid have been recorded throughout history, especially in relation
to warfare, where the care of both traumatic and medical cases is required in particularly large
numbers. The Ancient Egyptians (aka people of KMT) are the first known to use bandages including
the high genius doctor Imhotep. They not only used them to create mummies but also as part of the
treatments for surgical patients. Most ancient Greek doctors, philosophers, etc. studied in ancient
Egypt and then returned to Greece. The bandaging of battle wounds is shown on Classical
Greek pottery from circa 500 BCE, whilst the parable of the Good Samaritan includes references to
binding or dressing wounds.[3] There are numerous references to first aid performed within
the Roman army, with a system of first aid supported by surgeons, field ambulances, and hospitals.
[4]
Roman legions had the specific role of capsarii, who were responsible for first aid such as
bandaging, and are the forerunners of the modern combat medic.[5]
Further examples occur through history, still mostly related to battle, with examples such as
the Knights Hospitaller in the 11th century CE, providing care to pilgrims and knights in the Holy
Land.[6]
Formalization of life saving treatments[edit]
During the late 18th century, drowning as a cause of death was a major concern amongst the
population. In 1767, a society for the preservation of life from accidents in water was started
in Amsterdam, and in 1773, physician William Hawes began publicizing the power of artificial
respiration as means of resuscitation of those who appeared drowned. This led to the formation, in
1774, of the Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned, later the Royal Humane
Society, who did much to promote resuscitation.[7][8]
Napoleon's surgeon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, is credited with creating an ambulance corps
(the ambulance volantes), which included medical assistants, tasked to administer first aid in battle.
In 1859 Jean-Henri Dunant witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino, and his work led to the
formation of the Red Cross, with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field".
[6]
The Red Cross and Red Crescent are still the largest provider of first aid worldwide. [9]

Esmarch bandage showing soldiers how to perform first aid

In 1870, Prussian military surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduced formalized first aid to the
military, and first coined the term "erste hilfe" (translating to 'first aid'), including training for soldiers
in the Franco-Prussian War on care for wounded comrades using pre-learnt bandaging and splinting
skills, and making use of the Esmarch bandage which he designed.[3] The bandage was issued as
standard to the Prussian combatants, and also included aide-memoire pictures showing common
uses.
In 1872, the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England changed its focus from hospice care, and
set out to start a system of practical medical help, starting with making a grant towards the
establishment of the UK's first ambulance service. This was followed by creating its own wheeled
transport litter in 1875 (the St John Ambulance), and in 1877 established the St John Ambulance
Association (the forerunner of modern-day St John Ambulance) "to train men and women for the
benefit of the sick and wounded".[10]
Also in the UK, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd had seen the advantages of von Esmarch's new
teaching of first aid, and introduced an equivalent programme for the British Army, and so being the
first user of "first aid for the injured" in English, disseminating information through a series of
lectures. Following this, in 1878, Shepherd and Colonel Francis Duncan took advantage of the newly
charitable focus of St John,[3] and established the concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. The
first classes were conducted in the hall of the Presbyterian school in Woolwich (near Woolwich
barracks where Shepherd was based) using a comprehensive first aid curriculum.
First aid training began to spread through the British Empire through organisations such as St John,
often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways. [11]

first aid materials ;

First aid kit
It is crucial to have a proper first aid kit at home, in your car, and in your backpack while hiking, and to
know where to find one at work. Care should be taken to ensure that it is complete and kept in good
condition. This first aid kit contains the materials required to treat most benign problems. It also helps to
stabilize a more serious situation while waiting for professional medical assistance. The basic kit, of which
the elements are numbered below, may be completed at home with a thermometer and acetaminophen
or ibuprofen based analgesics and, for hiking, with sunscreen, insect repellent, and calming lotion for
sunburn and insect bites (calamine). Metallic instruments must be disinfected with alcohol before and
after use. Materials that are outdated or partially used, or whose packaging has been damaged by
humidity, must be thrown out and replaced.

forms of medications

first aid kit

A basic first aid kit includes:

 Metal scissors with rounded ends

accessories

 Splinter tweezers
 nail care

 Disposable gloves and masks to protect against infection

half-mask respirator

 Different sized safety pins to fasten a bandage

 Different sized adhesive bandages, sterile and individually wrapped, to protect a wound
 Gauze compresses, sterile and individually wrapped, to cover an extended wound or stop bleeding
 Different sized gauze bandages in rolls, sterile and individually wrapped
 Thick compress dressings, sterile and individually wrapped, to stop bleeding
 Elastic cloth bands
 Triangular bandages, to make a sling or to keep a splint or compress dressing in place
 Roll of adhesive tape, to secure dressings
 Swabs soaked in antiseptic, individually wrapped, to clean an injury
 Antiseptic cleanser

Risk of infection
All wounds are a means of entry for pathogenic agents and present a risk of infection. Superficial wounds
must therefore be cleaned gently with soap and water and treated with gloved or clean hands, an
antiseptic product and sterile [Link] of wound infection are increase in pain, swelling and redness
around the wound, increase in skin heat, and appearance of pus.
question

1. define first aid

2. list 5 materials in first aid box

week 2; rescue operation

Rescue comprises responsive operations that usually involve the saving of life, or prevention of injury during an
incident or dangerous situation.

Tools used might include search and rescue dogs, mounted search and rescue horses, helicopters, the “jaws of life”,
and other hydraulic cutting and spreading tools used to extricate individuals from wrecked vehicles. Rescue
operations are sometimes supported by special vehicles such as fire department’s or EMS heavy rescue vehicle.

Overview
Ropes and special devices can reach and remove individuals and animals from difficult locations including:

Air-sea rescue
Cave rescue
Combat search and rescue
Confined space rescue
Mine rescue
Rope rescue
Search and rescue
Ski patrol
Surface water rescue
Swiftwater rescue
Urban search and rescue
Vehicle extrication
Wilderness
Rescue operations require a high degree of training and are performed by rescue squads, either independent or part
of larger organizations such as fire, police, military, first aid, or ambulance service.

More on rescue operations check Rescue Operation For a Collapse

steps involved in rescue operation ‘
Expanded Five Stages of Rescue by Ken Snider STAGE 1 The first stage is Reconnaissance which is divided
into two parts, Information and Observation. The Information part is the gathering and documenting all
of the available data to assist in making an intelligent rescue action plan. This Data should include: •
Time and all factors surrounding the collapse. • Numbers of persons suspected in building at the time of
collapse. • Type of structure, date built, if blueprints are available, and if so, where. • Hazards known,
and what can and is being done about them. • Service locations of power, water, gas, etc. • Number of
persons who made it out before the structure collapsed and how they got out. • Number of persons
who got out after collapse and how they got out, as well as the damage and injuries they noticed. •
Local knowledge, is it available about the building, if so, who and where. • If a disaster plan was used
during the collapse and it's success. • Locations of dense populations in the building for that time of day.
• Resources that could be used to assist in the rescue operation: tools, medical kits, fire equipment, etc.
• Available rescuers and resources that are onsite now. • Rescue resources that will be onsite and when
• Rescue resources that can be called in and how. • Any other information that can be gathered prior to
entering structure. After the Information phase has started the Observation phase begins. The
Observation phase requires that trained personnel survey the entire building looking for any clues as to
stability, hazards, areas of entrapment and possible entry points. This data is passed on to the
information personnel who record it for the rescue meeting which will take place prior to the
commencement of Stage 3. During the Information / Observation phase [Stage 1] while the exterior is
being surveyed, the other half of the team gears up for stage 2. When the personnel working on Stage 1
have completed the exterior of the building they move into the building with the Stage 2 personnel
allowing the two stages to be carried out concurrently to save time. Inside the building the
reconnaissance of information and observation continue as the Stage 2 personnel go to work. STAGE 2
As the Stage 1 staff record all building data such as hazards and stability, the Stage 2 personnel mark exit
routes and get walking wounded in the correct direction to get out to the triage area. Stage 2 personnel
are also responsible for the assessment regarding victims trapped in the building. They will document
and mark [spray paint] the locations and degree of entrapment of the trapped victims. No rescue is
carried out in Stage 2 other than assisting the walking wounded to the triage area in the safe zone. This
is because a large picture must be developed prior to rescuing anyone in the collapse, to ensure the
right resources get to the most easily accessible persons first. Save as many (as fast as we can) before
spending 15 hours for one person requiring 75 ton air bags. The Stage 1 + 2 teams will only search out
the locations of surface casualties. They will not waste time by attempting to search under the debris
and into areas which will require specialty gear and personnel. Speed with caution is the goal of Stage 1
+ 2 so that a proper plan can be formulated for rescue. It should be noted that both teams should be
noting all materials and supplies that can be used for the next stages, such as: • Fire Extinguishers, Fire
Hose, Fire Blankets, Axes [found in fire station cabinets] • Carpet, Wire, Nails, Screws, Tools • Wood,
Building Supplies • Doors [that can be used as stretchers] • Ladders, Scaffolding • Spray Paint, Tape •
Furniture suitable for cribbing • Emergency Lights [{still usable} shut them off so they may be useful
later unless it will hinder the walking wounded] • First Aid Kits and Medical Supplies • Food and Drinking
Water All teams entering the building will be assigned a search direction and area. In regards to Stage 1
+ 2 teams, they will be given the entire accessible building with the first team in, going always to the
right and the second always going to the left. This is the means for a safe form of navigation inside a
hostile, dangerous and very dark environment. In theory the two teams containing both Stage 1 + 2
personnel will meet and the end of Stage 1 + 2 will be at hand. Once Stages 1 + 2 have been completed,
the teams will meet with the rescue manager outside at the safe zone, and brief all rescue management
staff. While Stages 1 + 2 where going on inside, the rescue staff outside gathered all able bodied
survivors and put them to work setting up the safe zone. The safe zone has a four level triage area
[critical, stable, minor wounds {walking wounded}, dead], a staging area for equipment and personnel,
communications area [radio, briefing, debriefing, P.A. etc.], rest shelters, and volunteer assignment
area, with the appropriate personnel staffing each one [volunteers]. At the meeting, the rescue staff
must be briefed and regrouped after the Stage 1 + 2 information has been placed into the rescue action
plan and then, and only then, may Stage 3 begin. STAGE 3 Stage 3 involves the further exploration of
survival points. The teams are now sent to the densely populated areas inside the building which only
light entrapment is suspected. The stage 3 teams will take with them a very long line up of volunteers,
all given single simple tasks. These tasks are: • Stretcher bearers [marked on their clothes with "S" front
and back] • Debris haulers • Runners [marked with "R" front and back] • Tool persons Since there are so
many persons that want to help and so much menial labour to be done, the volunteers are named with
their function, and are taught only one task. The Stretcher bearers use doors or whatever and transport
all persons pulled out by the Stage 3 teams to triage, then return to the end of the line, following the
rescue team. The Debris haulers form human chains to move small amounts of debris to the outside.
The Runners [in pairs of two] act as messengers keeping rescue base outside informed of the teams
progress and requirements [as radios will be in high demand]. Tool people, their job is to bring the item
they keep with them at all times to the rescuers when called for. These persons are called by tool name
thus preventing the need for the rescue team leaders to have to remember the volunteers names.
When a tool or tools [hand tools] are required the team leader simple calls out that tool's name and it
will come to him. Once the tool is done with, the volunteer caring for it takes it, and goes back behind
the Stage 3 search team. The job of the Stage 3 search team is to get only lightly [very lightly] entrapped
and unable to walk victims out, and locate and document voids that persons may be trapped in. These
voids will not be searched at this time but will be well marked and documented for the next stages of
the rescue. The primary goal of the Stage 3 teams is to find and remove all surface causalities. All Stage 3
teams should be in the safe zone prior to starting Stage 4. Most of the saveable casualties will be saved
in Stage 3 if time is not spent attempting to get at trapped persons [voids]. It is imperative that the
volunteers be equipped with the basic safety items to prevent wasting resources on helping them and
that they are appropriately chosen for the task they are given to carry out. STAGE 4 Stage 4 involves
exploration of voids and selected debris removal. The Stage 4 personnel will go to the highest
probability of survival areas identified by the Stage 3 teams, starting with the area suspected to have the
highest number of entrapped persons first. Once at these locations they will start a subsurface search
for survivors. The search usually starts with a call and listen. A call and listen is carried out with voice or
hammer. With the hammer method a pipe or beam appearing to go into the void in question which
would transmit vibrations is struck solidly three times then a minute of silence is observed by all in the
team. If required, the Stage 4 team will use small tools and light hydraulics for selected debris removal
to gain access to the voids. Stage 4 teams will document any areas that will require further exploration
with heavy equipment or rescue specialists. The same types of volunteers will be needed to follow the
trained rescuers as were used in Stage 3. Often it is this stage that electronic subsurface search gear is
used and those personnel operating this type of equipment will have special demands of the search
teams. This must be discussed at the team briefing prior to starting the search areas. Stage 4 will require
advanced urban search technicians, as they will be venturing into unstable areas of the building, and
may be required to use technical equipment such as: S.C.B.A., Sniffers, Rope Gear, etc. STAGE 5 Stage 5
requires all teams evacuate the building and only one Stage 5 team is usually allowed to work in the
structure at one time. This is due to the heavy equipment that will be used to gain access to all voids and
subsurface areas that may contain casualties, alive or dead. The main objective of the highly trained
Stage 5 rescuers is to systematically remove debris to gain access to the remaining victims. The areas
identified by the Stage 4 search teams will be prioritized by the rescue manager, then access will be
gained to these areas via appropriate means, such as: • Heavy debris removal with Hydraulics. •
Trenching or Tunnelling using cutting tools. • Lifting or moving large masses with crane or backhoe. •
Forcing with Air Bags. • Burning through walls with Electric Oxygen Plasma Cutters • etc. Stage 5
continues with constant assessment of the structures stability. If stability is being lost, the building is
shored up and the stability is maintained throughout the operation. When all the Stage 5 operations are
complete, a thorough search is conducted of the entire building. If the search proves negative to any
possibility of any persons alive or dead being in the building, then the rescue manager will have the
structure secured and sealed, ready for demolition. The rescue unit may move to the next site. To save
the most lives if many buildings are involved the heavy rescue teams will leave all Stage 5 work until all
buildings have been done up to Stage 4. This is due to the incredible amount of time and resources that
have to be spent on a Stage 5 operation for few results. There is not much logic in digging out bodies
while survivors are dying in another building, lightly entrapped.

question

1. define rescue operation

2. list 5 steps involved in rescue operation

week 3; materials and uses

wood; For small forests, see Woodland. For wood as a commodity, see timber. For other uses,
see Wood (disambiguation).

"Wooden" and "Heartwood" redirect here. For other uses, see Wooden
(disambiguation) and Heartwood (disambiguation).

Pine
Spruce
Larch
Juniper
Aspen
Hornbeam
Birch
Alder
Beech
Oak
Elm
Cherry
Pear
Maple
Linden
Ash

Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and
other woody plants. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in
tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as
only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees,[1] or it is defined more broadly to include the same
type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.[citation needed] In a living tree it performs a
 support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys
water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer
to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood
chips or fiber.
Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel, as a construction material, for
making tools and weapons, furniture and paper, and as a feedstock for the production of purified
cellulose and its derivatives, such as cellophane and cellulose acetate.
In 2005, the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters, 47% of which
was commercial.[2] As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been
of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters
of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction. [3]

Contents
[hide]

 1History
 2Physical properties
o 2.1Growth rings
o 2.2Knots
o 2.3Heartwood and sapwood
o 2.4Color
o 2.5Water content
o 2.6Structure
o 2.7Earlywood and latewood
 2.7.1In softwood
 2.7.2In ring-porous woods
 2.7.3In diffuse-porous woods
o 2.8Monocot wood
o 2.9Specific gravity
o 2.10Wood density
 3Hard and soft woods
 4Chemistry of wood
o 4.1Extractives
 5Uses
o 5.1Fuel
o 5.2Construction
 5.2.1Wood flooring
 5.2.2Engineered wood
o 5.3Furniture and utensils
o 5.4Next generation wood products
o 5.5In the arts
o 5.6Sports and recreational equipment
uses of metals

Uses of metals
We use different metals for different jobs as they have different properties: it’s important to
choose the right metal for the job.
Choosing the right metal for the job
Metal Properties Uses
aluminium low density, does not corrode suitable for the bodies of planes

copper good conductor of electricity, electrical wires as it is a good

does not react with water conductor
water pipes due to its low reactivity

gold very good conductor of electrical connections on circuit

electricity, unreactive boards - due to its conductivity
jewellery - due to its lack of
reactivity

steel cheap and strong suitable for building material

When you answer questions on properties of metals it’s important to make sure that the property
you give is relevant to the use you’ve been asked about: eg, copper is unreactive with water but
that is not relevant if the question asks you about its use in electrical wires.

question

1. list 5 uses of wood

2. list 5 uses of metals
 week 4; materials and their uses

ceramics and glass; Uses of Ceramics

Ceramic products are hard, porous, and brittle. As a result, they are used to make pottery, bricks, tiles,
cements, and glass. Ceramics are also used at many places in gas turbine engines. Bio-ceramics are
used as dental implants and synthetic bones. Given below are some other important uses of ceramics.

Uses of Whitewares
Whitewares find application in spark plugs, electrical insulators, laboratory equipments, crucibles, dishes, and high-
class potteries.

Uses of Clay
Clay is the starting raw material for manufacturing bricks, tiles, terracotta, pottery, earthenwares, sewer, drain pipes,
and covers for electrical cables.

Uses of Stonewares
Stonewares are used for constructing sanitary fixtures, such as sinks and bath tubs. Stonewares are also used in the
construction of piping vessels, drainage pipes, underground cable sheathings, sewerage pipes, home pipes,
absorption towers, valves, and pumps in the chemical industry. They are cheaper than many other construction
materials but are rather fragile and once broken, they have no resale value.

Uses of Glass
The main use of glass is to make household glassware, decorative items, and optical lenses. Glasses are used for heat
insulation purposes, for example, in ovens. Glass is used as an insulator in metal pipelines, in vacuum cleaners, and
on the walls and roofs of houses. Glass is resistant to chemicals. As a result, it is used to filter corrosive liquids such
as acids and acid solutions. It is also used for sound insulation. Safety glass is used in aircraft, automobiles,
helicopter, and submarines. Glass can also be

uses of rubber; Compared to vulcanized rubber, uncured rubber has relatively few
uses. It is used for cements; for adhesive, insulating, and friction tapes; and for crepe
rubber used in insulating blankets and footwear. Vulcanized rubber, on the other
hand, has numerous applications. Resistance to abrasion makes softer kinds of
rubber valuable for the treads of vehicle tires and conveyor belts, and makes hard
rubber valuable for pump housings and piping used in the handling of abrasive
sludge.

The flexibility of rubber is often used in hose, tires, and rollers for a wide variety of
devices ranging from domestic clothes wringers to printing presses; its elasticity
makes it suitable for various kinds of shock absorbers and for specialized machinery
mountings designed to reduce vibration. Being relatively impermeable to gases,
rubber is useful in the manufacture of articles such as air hoses, balloons, balls, and
cushions. The resistance of rubber to water and to the action of most fluid chemicals
has led to its use in rainwear, diving gear, and chemical and medicinal tubing, and as
 a lining for storage tanks, processing equipment, and railroad tank cars. Because of
their electrical resistance, soft rubber goods are used as insulation and for protective
gloves, shoes, and blankets; hard rubber is used for articles such as telephone
housings, parts for radio sets, meters, and other electrical instruments. The
coefficient of friction of rubber, which is high on dry surfaces and low on wet
surfaces, leads to the use of rubber both for power-transmission belting and for
water-lubricated bearings in deep-well pumps

uses of plastics; he relatively low density of most plastic materials means the end products are lightweight.
They also have excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties. However, some can even be made as
conductors of electricity when required. They are corrosion resistant to many substances which attack other
materials, and some are transparent, making optical devices possible. They are also easy to mould into complex
shapes and forms, allowing integration of different materials and functions. And in the event that the physical
properties of a given plastic do not quite meet the specified requirements, the property balance can be modified with
the addition of reinforcing fillers, colours, foaming agents, flame retardants, plasticisers etc., to meet the demands of
the specific application.

For these reasons and more, plastics are increasingly used in:

Building and Transportati

Packaging
Construction on

Medical & Electrical &

Agriculture
Health Electronic

Sport & Leisure

question

1. list 5 uses of ceramics

2. list 5 uses of rubber
week 5; geometric construction

bisection of line
division of lines ;

question

1. list 5 types of lines

2. bisect line [AB] = 80mm

week 6; angles

Types of angles
In geometry, angles can be classified according to the size of the angle.

In these lessons, we will learn the following types of angles:

right angles, acute angles, obtuse angles, straight angles, reflex angles and full
angles.

The following table shows the different types of angles: right angles, acute angles,
obtuse angles, straight angles, reflex angles and full angles. Scroll down the page if
you need more explanations about each type of angles, videos and

worksheets.

What are the types of angles?

The following video will demonstrate and distinguish between the different types of
angles: right, acute, obtuse, straight, reflex and full angles.

 Show Step-by-step Solutions

Worksheets

Practice Types of Angles with the following worksheets

Types of Angles - Acute, Obtuse, Reflex
Angles in a straight line
Angles at a point
Geometry Worksheets
What are Right Angles?

A right angle is an angle measuring 90 degrees. Two lines or line segments

that meet at a right angle are said to be perpendicular.

The following video explains more about right angles.

 Show Step-by-step Solutions

What are Acute Angles?

An acute angle is an angle measuring between 0 and 90 degrees.

What are Obtuse Angles?

An obtuse angle is an angle measuring between 90 and 180 degrees.

What are Straight Angles?

A straight angle is a straight line and it measures 180 degrees.

What are the differences between a right, acute, obtuse and straight angle?

 Show Step-by-step Solutions

What are Reflex Angles?

A reflex angle is an angle measuring between 180 and 360 degrees.

What are Full Angles?

A full angle is an angle of one complete turn which is 360 degrees.

An angle of one whole turn is 360˚.

Constructing Angles of 60º, 120º, 30º and 90º

In this section, we will consider the construction of some angles with special sizes.

Constructing a 60º Angle

We know that the angles in an equilateral triangle are all 60º in size. This suggests that
to construct a 60º angle we need to construct an equilateral triangle as described
below.

Step 1: Draw the arm PQ.

Step 2: Place the point of the compass at P and draw an arc that passes through Q.
Step 3: Place the point of the compass at Q and draw an arc that passes through P.
Let this arc cut the arc drawn in Step 2 at R.
Constructing a 30º Angle
We know that:

So, to construct an angle of 30º, first construct a 60º angle and then bisect it. Often, we
apply the following steps.

Step 1: Draw the arm PQ.

Step 2: Place the point of the compass at P and draw an arc that passes through Q.
Step 3: Place the point of the compass at Q and draw an arc that cuts the arc drawn in
Step 2 at R.
Step 4: With the point of the compass still at Q, draw an arc near T as shown.
Step 5: With the point of the compass at R, draw an arc to cut the arc drawn in Step 4
at T.
Step 6: Join T to P. The angle QPT is 30º.
Constructing a 120º Angle
We know that:

This means that 120º is the supplement of 60º. Therefore, to construct a 120º angle,
construct a 60º angle and then extend one of its arms as shown below.

Constructing a 90º Angle

We can construct a 90º angle either by bisecting a straight angle or using the
following steps.

Step 1: Draw the arm PA.

Step 2: Place the point of the compass at P and draw an arc that cuts the arm at Q.
Step 3: Place the point of the compass at Q and draw an arc of radius PQ that cuts the
arc drawn in Step 2 at R.
Step 4: With the point of the compass at R, draw an arc of radius PQ to cut the arc
drawn in Step 2 at S.
Step 5: With the point of the compass still at R, draw another arc of
radius PQ near T as shown.
Step 6: With the point of the compass at S, draw an arc of radius PQ to cut the arc
drawn in step 5 at T.
Step 7: Join T to P. The angle APT is 90º.
Example 12

Solution:
Activity 10.3
Question;

1. define angles
2. mention 3 types angles

week 7; angles

bisection and construction of angles

Definition The bisector of an angle is a ray whose end
point is the vertex of the angle and which divides the angle
into two equal angles.

In the diagram to the right, the ray CD is the bisector of the

angle ACB if and only if the angles ACD and BCD have
equal measures.

Bisect Angle. To construct the Angle Bisector of an angle follow the following steps.

Given. An angle to bisect. For this example, angle ABC.

Step 1. Draw an arc that is centered at the vertex of the angle.

This arc can have a radius of any length. However, it must
intersect both sides of the angle. We will call these intersection
points P and Q This provides a point on each line that is an equal
distance from the vertex of the angle.

Step 2. Draw two more arcs. The first arc must be centered on
one of the two points P or Q. It can have any length radius. The
second arc must be centered on whichever point (P or Q) you did
NOT choose for the first arc. The radius for the second arc
MUST be the same as the first arc. Make sure you make the arcs
long enough so that these two arcs intersect in at least one point.
We will call this intersection point X. Every intersection point
between these arcs (there can be at most 2) will lie on the angle
bisector.
Step 3. Draw a line that contains both the vertex and X. Since
the intersection points and the vertex all lie on the angle bisector,
we know that the line which passes through these points must be
the angle bisector.

Now, try to do this construction yourself.

Applet Instructions
 Drawing lines. Start by depressing the ruler button. Then, click on the point
where the line should begin. You can then move the mouse to the other point
and click again.
 Drawing arcs. Start by depressing the compass button. Click on the center of
the arc. Use the up and down arrow keys to increase or decrease the angle of
the arc (or use the method listed below). Click again to place the arc.
 Drawing arcs with same radius. If you hold down the "Shift" key when you
select the first point of the arc the radius of your new arc will be same as that of
last arc drawn.
 Selecting Items. Make sure both the ruler and compass are not depressed.
Then, you can select items by clicking on them. The color of the marks will
change from red to green. To deselect something click on it again.
 Adjusting lines and arcs. After placing a line or arc you can make
adjustments to them. First, selecting the object you want to change. Then, by
clicking (not holding down mouse button) on different points you can make
different adjustments.
o Lines. Clicking on either endpoint of a line will release that point and
thus allow you to move.
o Arcs. When you select an arc four points will be drawn in addition to the
arc. By clicking on each of these points you can modify a different
aspect of the arc.
1. Center of the circle containing the arc. You can move the center
while leaving the center of the curve in the same place. If you
hold down the shift key while moving this point, the entire arc
will move and keep the same relative position to the center. Be
careful not to move the curve off of the screen.
2. Center of the curve. You can move the position of the curve while
leaving the center of the circle in the same place. If you hold
 down the shift key while you are moving, the radius is remain
constant.
3. Ends of the curve. You can adjust the length of the curve.

Question

1. bisect angle 90 and 45

2. bisect angle 60, 30 and 15
week 8; triangle

Equilateral, Isosceles and Scalene

There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or
angles) are equal.

There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles:

Equilateral Triangle

Three equal sides

Three equal angles, always
60°

Isosceles Triangle

Two equal sides

Two equal angles

Scalene Triangle

No equal sides
 No equal angles

What Type of Angle?

Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside:

Acute Triangle

All angles are less than 90°

Right Triangle

Has a right angle (90°)

Obtuse Triangle

Has an angle more than 90°

Combining the Names

Sometimes a triangle will have two names, for example:
 Right Isosceles Triangle

Has a right angle (90°), and also two equal angles

Can you guess what the equal angles are?

Play With It ...

Try dragging the points around and make different triangles:

You might also like to play with the Interactive Triangle .

Perimeter
The perimeter is the distance around the edge of the triangle: just add up the
three sides:

Area

The area is half of the base times height.

 "b" is the distance along the base

 "h" is the height (measured at right angles to the base)

Area = ½ × b × h

The formula works for all triangles.

Note: a simpler way of writing the formula is bh/2

Example: What is the area of this triangle?

(Note: 12 is the height, not the length of the left-hand side)

Height = h = 12

Base = b = 20

Area = ½ × b × h = ½ × 20 × 12 = 120

The base can be any side, Just be sure the "height" is measured at right
angles to the "base":

(Note: You can also calculate the area from the lengths of all three sides
using Heron's Formula .)
Why is the Area "Half of bh"?

Imagine you "doubled" the triangle (flip it around one of the upper edges) to
make a square-like shape (a parallelogram ) which can be changed to a
simple rectangle :

THEN the whole area is bh, which is for both triangles, so just one is ½ × bh.

Question;
1. define triangle
2. list 3 types of triangles
week 9; triangles
inscribing circle in a triangle

"Incircle" redirects here. For incircles of non-triangle polygons, see Tangential

quadrilateral and Tangential polygon.
A triangle (black) with incircle (blue), incenter (I), excircles (orange), excenters (JA,JB,JC), internal angle
bisectors (red) and external angle bisectors (green). The green triangle is the excentral triangle.

In geometry, the incircle or inscribed circle of a triangle is the largest circle contained in the
triangle; it touches (is tangent to) the three sides. The center of the incircle is a triangle center called
the triangle's incenter.[1]
An excircle or escribed circle[2] of the triangle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of
its sides and tangent to the extensions of the other two. Every triangle has three distinct excircles,
each tangent to one of the triangle's sides.[3]
The center of the incircle, called the incenter, can be found as the intersection of the
three internal angle bisectors.[3][4] The center of an excircle is the intersection of the internal bisector
of one angle (at vertex A, for example) and the external bisectors of the other two. The center of this
excircle is called the excenter relative to the vertex A, or the excenter of A.[3] Because the internal
bisector of an angle is perpendicular to its external bisector, it follows that the center of the incircle
together with the three excircle centers form an orthocentric system.[5]:p. 182
Polygons with more than three sides do not all have an incircle tangent to all sides; those that do are
called tangential polygons. See also Tangent lines to circles.

Circumscribed circle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about circumscribed circles in Geometry. For the use of circumscribed in Biological
classification, see Circumscription (taxonomy).
Circumscribed circle, C, and circumcenter, O, of a cyclic polygon, P

In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle which passes

through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its
radius is called the circumradius.
A polygon which has a circumscribed circle is called a cyclic polygon (sometimes a concyclic
polygon, because the vertices are concyclic). All regular simple polygons, all isosceles trapezoids,
all triangles and all rectangles are cyclic.
A related notion is the one of a minimum bounding circle, which is the smallest circle that completely
contains the polygon within it. Not every polygon has a circumscribed circle, as the vertices of a
polygon do not need to all lie on a circle, but every polygon has a unique minimum bounding circle,
which may be constructed by a linear timealgorithm.[2] Even if a polygon has a circumscribed circle, it
may not coincide with its minimum bounding circle; for example, for an obtuse triangle, the minimum
bounding circle has the longest side as diameter and does not pass through the opposite vertex.

Question;

1. Construct triangle [AB] = 60mm

2. [AB] 70mm
Week 10; circles

The following figures show the different parts of a circle: tangent, chord, radius,
diameter, minor arc, major arc, minor segment, major segment, minor sector, major
sector. Scroll down the page for more examples and explanations.
Circle

In geometry, a circle is a closed curve formed by a set of points on a planethat

are the same distance from its center O. That distance is known as
the radius of the circle.

Diameter

The diameter of a circle is a line segment that passes through the center of the
circle and has its endpoints on the circle. All the diameters of the same circle
have the same length.

Chord

A chord is a line segment with both endpoints on the circle. The diameter is a
special chord that passes through the center of the circle. The diameter would
be the longest chord in the circle.

Radius

The radius of the circle is a line segment from the center of the circle to a point
on the circle. The plural of radius is radii.

In the above diagram, O is the center of the circle and and are radii of
the circle. The radii of a circle are all the same length. The radius is half the
length of the diameter.

Arc

An arc is a part of a circle.

In the diagram above, the part of the circle from B to C forms an arc.

An arc can be measured in degrees.

In the circle above, arc BC is equal to the ∠BOC that is 45°.

Tangent

A tangent is a line that touches a circle at only one point. A tangent

is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact. The point of tangency is
where a tangent line touches the circle.

In the above diagram, the line containing the points B and C is a tangent to the
circle.

It touches the circle at point B and is perpendicular to the radius . Point B is

called the point of tangency.

is perpendicular to i.e.

Parts of a Circle

The following video gives the definitions of a circle, a radius, a chord, a

diameter, secant, secant line, tangent, congruent circles, concentric circles, and
intersecting circles.
A secant line intersects the circle in two points.

A tangent is a line that intersects the circle at one point.

A point of tangency is where a tangent line touches or intersects the circle.

Congruent circles are circles that have the same radius but different centers.

Concentric circles are two circles that have the same center, but a different
radii.

Intersecting Circles: Two circles may intersect at two points or at one point. If
they intersect at one point then they can either be externally tangent or
internally tangent.

Two circles that do not intersect can either have a common external tangent or
common internal tangent.
In the common external tangent, the tangent does not cross between the two
circles.
In the common internal tangent, the tangent crosses between the two circles.
Question;
1. define circle
2. list 5 part of a circle