1.18 CORRUGATION Waves or car-planing are a form of plastic movement.

| Waves and visible on the

pavement perpendicular to that direction of traffic.| The condition is mild and barely visible severe
when the waves are so widespread that they require the diver to reduce speed

1.19 REVELATION A breakup of visible loose particles or pieces of aggregate, considered minor when
only a few pieces of aggregate detach from the pavement and settle freely on the road surface.|
Moderate when there is enough loose aggregate to cover a large area of the surface and surveying
when the loose aggregate is so widespread that it makes the surface rough.|

1.20 WASHING This occurs when the asphalt covers the aggregates in the pavement.| It is low, the
coverage is moderately noticeable when covering large areas and it is useful when the asphalt
completely covers the aggregate.|

1.21 CROCODILE CRACKS This happens when the cracks are like the skin of an alligator.| Cracks are
considered light if they are barely visible, moderate if the cracks are more than 6% or somewhere 25mm
wide but the sides and cracks are not completely separated.| They are typically associated with an
untreated rectangular foundation that has failed with the existing subgrade.

require the diver to reduce speed.

1. 23 DEFORMATIONS These are normally caused by too little compaction or too many fines in the
surface layer or by settlement such as cracks. Deformations can take several forms: channelling,
damage, shoring, depression and raised pavement. Deformation is any change in the pavement surface
from its original shape.|

1. 24 STAND-UP Localised upward displacement resulting from swelling of the subsoil in a part of the
pavement.| It is often caused by ice penetrating the subsoil but can also be caused by swelling or
moisture effects on exposed soils.|

1. 25 CHALLENGING EDGES This is the result of vehicle movement at the edge of the road or
the continued absorption of surface water.| These are deep and shallow potholes that pose a
very serious threat to life and property, including passing traffic on the road. They typically
occur at the edge of a flexible pavement where there is a separate channel path.

1.26 ROUTES A known depression in the pavement parallel to the side is very minor if the depression is
less than ½ + 1 inch deep, but not deep enough that the direction of the pavement generally receives
water in the depression, favoring failure of the pavement. This depression may also be due to traffic
loading exceeding the bearing capacity of the pavement or to poor construction.

1.27 SUMMARY OF PAVEMENT FAILURE The pavement fails because the subgrade, the structural base
layer of the surface, has failed. Subgrade failure occurs when the load applied to the soil displaces all the
water and air pressure in the pores of the subgrade, combined with the force generated by the applied
force, such as plastic deformation, which occurs increasingly with repeated loading and is the primary
cause of pavement failure. Inadequate soil stability, which may be due to excessive moisture and
inadequate compaction of the soil itself, may be another cause of pavement failure.
BASE FAILURE

i)Poor materials in the base layer

ii) Loss of binding or locking properties of the materials.

iii) Loss of base material
iv) Loss of actual base support
v) Poor drainage of surface and subsoil In
vi) adequate and incorrect compaction Poor material proportions
1.28 WEARING COURSE MAY FAIL DUE TO
i) Inadequate quality of binder in the mix
ii) Substandard quality of binder used
iii) Higher quality of binder than required
iv) Inadequate binders used Volatilisation and oxidation of the binder causing bituminous
stagnation to become brittle and the surface to crack.
1.29 Reconnaissance investigation
A visual investigation was carried out to examine the following:
i) The topography and features along the pavement,
ii) ii)The nature and types of pavement materials,
iii) The drainage pattern in relation to the expected runoff,
iv) The profile of the pavement, height of support, depth and construction material
v) The pavement is flexible and consists of asphalt with crushed stone.
vi) Poor drainage system The drainage system installed is not available and hence results in
water seepage around the pavement.
1.31 CAUSES OF PAVEMENT FAILURE ALONG AGBAJA NWOFE ROAD
TRAFFIC INTENSITY
When many loads are applied to the pavement, failure occurs. | Wheel loads are greater
than the bearing capacity of the pavement, resulting in damage as revealed in a study at a
site where 600 heavy commercial vehicles per day ply on the pavement. Although it is not a
road, it was found that most of the heavy vehicles passing by on the road, also from the
traces and measurements submitted, the thickness of the bituminous pavement is 25mm,
loading on a base of 30mm.
1.32 INADEQUATE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Field investigation reveals that the inadequate drainage system at the site in question is
deficient.| Provision of embankments to allow rainwater to drain away from the road
surface resulting in low surface temperatures.| Causes fatigue failure under traffic loads.
This is because as the water content of the subgrade increases, the bearing capacity of the
pavement also decreases. Since water causes clay to expand and contract when dry,
pavement cracks that develop without effective drainage will worsen much faster than if
they had drainage.
1.33 UNSKILLED MANPOWER
Due to shortage of skilled labour, road structure is substandard, poor surface finish, uneven
rough surfaces, uneven joints and roller marks.| In addition, to achieve good quality control
of the pavement, the inspector shall consider the following during construction.
i) Have the truck beds been checked
ii) Have the truck beds been emptied after ten sprays
iii) Does the truck meet specifications
iv) Does the mix appear uniform
v) Is the overall mix satisfactory
vi) Are inspection tasks adequately distributed
vii) Inspection assistants properly trained.
1.34 INCORRECT COMPACTION
Poor surface finish is observed on the construction site. This is due to poor compaction.
Compaction should be carried out in stages during road construction to increase the
density of the subgrade, subbase and road compaction equipment. Bitumen suitable for
construction includes Prismatic rollers with tires Steel rollers Vibratory roller
1.35 A LOT OF CLAY SOIL
From the observation it is clear that the properties of clay are in the subgrade and for
this reason the pavement has soil in the others. Due to the clay content which creates
the possibility of fluid and air pressure in its pores, the plastic perforation effect has
occurred. This air combines with the forces generated by the load to move the road
material. The deflection resulting from plastic deformation increases with repeated
loading. This is one of the major defects of the road surface.
1.36 INCORRECT SLOPE
Increase the seepage in the road surface from the middle or top of the road to the
roadside to facilitate the drainage of water into the drainage system. The road was not
properly graded, so the asphalt is always cold during the rainy season. This has led to an
increase in the moisture content in the subsoil and subsequently the formation of
potholes on the road.
1.37 POOR STABILIZATION
Due to inadequate grading in the subgrade, the pavement has failed. Stabilization is
important for grading and chemical treatment of the base materials or a road to
improve the bearing capacity of the soil.
EFFECT OF PAVEMENT FAILURE
1.38 ACCIDENT
Road defects such as potholes cause frequent accidents and also delay the fast
movement of vehicles.
1.39 CONGESTION
The defective road surface delays the slow movement of the vehicle.
1.40 WATER LOGGING
Defective road surfaces such as potholes in the road surface cause water logging on the
roads and thereby increase traffic jams.
1.41 VEHICLE DAMAGE
 Defective road surface damages bumpers, clutches, brakes and the underside of motor
vehicles.
1.42 MAINTENANCE COSTS
The defective pavement increased maintenance costs and it was necessary to employ
qualified engineers.