Sampling and Quantization

Module-1
1 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Topics to be discussed
⦁ Model of digital communication systemand bandwidth of signals

⦁ Sampling

⦁ Types of Sampling

⦁ Quantization

⦁ Types and Characteristics of Quantization

⦁ Quantization error and Quantization noise

⦁ Reconstruction of a message from its samples

2 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Goals in Communication System Design
⦁ To maximize transmission rate,R
⦁ To maximize system utilization,U
⦁ To minimize bit error rate,Pe
⦁ To minimize required systems bandwidth, W
⦁ To minimize system complexity,C x
⦁ To minimize required power,Eb/N0

3 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Digital Signal Nomenclature
⦁ Information Source

⦁ Discrete output values [Link]

⦁ Analog signal source [Link] of a microphone

⦁ Character

⦁ Member of an alphanumeric/symbol (A to Z,0 to 9)

⦁ Characters can be mapped into a sequence of binary digits using one of the standardized
codes such as

⦁ ASC II:Am erican Standard Code for Information Interchange

⦁ EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

4 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Digital Signal Nomenclature
⦁ Digital Message
⦁ Messages constructed from a finite number of symbols; e.g., printed language consists of
26 letters, 10 numbers, “space” and several punctuation marks. Hence a text is a digital
message constructed from about 50 symbols
⦁ M - ary
⦁ A digital message constructed with M symbols
⦁ DigitalW aveform
⦁ Current or voltage waveform that represents adigital symbol

5 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Digital Signal Nomenclature
⦁ Bit Rate
⦁ Actual rate at which information is transmitted per second
⦁ Baud Rate
⦁ Refers to the rate at which the signaling elements are transmitted, i.e. number of
signaling elements per second.
⦁ Bit Error Rate
⦁ The probability that one of the bits is in error or simply the probability of error

6 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Bandwidth
⦁ Bandwidth is defined as a band containing all frequencies between upper cut-off
and lower cut-off frequencies

7 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Different definition of bandwidth
a) Half-power bandwidth d) Fractional power containment bandwidth
b) Noise equivalent bandwidth e) Bounded power spectral density
c) Null-to-null bandwidth f) Absolute bandwidth

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Ex(1): Sine Wave 1

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )  (1 / 5) sin( 2 (5 f )t )]

9 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Ex(1): Sine Wave 1

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )  (1 / 5) sin( 2 (5 f )t )]

Bandwidth=5f-f =4f
If f=1Mhz, then the bandwidth = 4Mhz

T=1 microsecond; we can send two bits per microsecond so the data rate = 2 * 106 =
2Mbps
10 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Ex(2): Sine Wave 2

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )  (1 / 5) sin( 2 (5 f )t )]

11 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Ex(2): Sine Wave 2

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )  (1 / 5) sin( 2 (5 f )t )]

Bandwidth=5f-f =4f
If f=2Mhz, then the bandwidth = 8Mhz

T=0.5 microsecond; we can send two bits per 0.5 microseconds or 4 bits per microsecond, so the data
rate = 4 * 106 = 4Mbps

Double the bandwidth, double the data rate!

12 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Ex(3): Sine Wave 3

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )]

13 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

 Ex(3): Sine Wave 3

s(t )  4 /  [sin( 2ft )  1 / 3 sin( 2 (3 f )t )]

Bandwidth=3f-f =2f
If f=2Mhz, then the bandwidth = 4Mhz

T=0.5 microsecond; we can send two bits per 0.5 microseconds or 4 bits per microsecond, so the data
rate = 4 * 106 = 4Mbps

Still possible to get 4Mbps with the “lower” bandwidth, but our receiver must be able to discriminate
from more distortion!
14 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Shannon’s information capacity theorem
Shannon’s theorem gives the relationship between the channel bandwidth and
the maximum data rate that can be transmitted over a noisy channel .

Shannon’s Theorem

S
I  B log 2 (1  )
N

I: channel capacity (maximum data-rate) (bps)

B : RF bandwidth
S/N: signal-to-noise ratio (no unit)

15 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Model of digital communication system
⦁ The elements which form a digital communication system is represented by the
following block diagram for the ease of understanding.

16 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Model of digital communication system
Source
⦁ The source can be an analog signal.
⦁ Example:A Sound signal

InputTransducer
⦁ This is a transducer which takes a physical input and converts it to an electrical signal
(Example: microphone).
⦁ This block also consists of an analog to digital converter where a digital signal is
needed for further processes.
⦁ A digital signal is generally represented by a binary sequence.
17 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Model of digital communication system
Source Encoder
⦁ The source encoder compresses the data into minimum number of bits.
⦁ This process helps in effective utilization of the bandwidth.
⦁ It removes the redundant bits (unnecessary excess bits,i.e.,zeroes)
Channel Encoder
⦁ The channel encoder,does the coding for error correction.
⦁ During the transmission of the signal, due to the noise in the channel, the signal may
get altered
⦁ Hence to avoid this,the channel encoder adds some redundant bits to the transmitted data.
⦁ These are the error correcting bits.
18 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Model of digital communication system
Digital Modulator
⦁ The signal to be transmitted is modulated here by a carrier.
⦁ The signal is also converted to analog from the digital sequence, in order to make it
travelthrough the channel or medium.
Channel
⦁ The channel or a medium, allows the analog signal to transmit from the transmitter end
to the receiver end.
Digital Demodulator
⦁ This is the first step at the receiver end.
⦁ The received signal is demodulated as well as converted again from analog to digital.
⦁ The signal gets reconstructed here.
19 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT
Model of digital communication system
Channel Decoder
⦁ The channel decoder,after detecting the sequence,does some error corrections.
⦁ The distortions which might occur during the transmission, are corrected by adding
some redundant bits.
⦁ This addition of bits helps in the complete recovery of the original signal.
Source Decoder
⦁ The resultant signal is once again digitized by sampling and quantizing so that the pure
digital output is obtained without the loss of information.
⦁ The source decoder recreates the source output.

20 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Model of digital communication system
Output Transducer
⦁ This is the last block which converts the signal into the original physical form, which was
atthe input of the transmitter.
⦁ It converts the electrical signal into physical output (Example: loud speaker).
Output Signal
⦁ This is the output which is produced after the whole process.
⦁ Example − The sound signal received.

21 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Glimpse of Pulse Code Modulation
⦁ There are many modulation techniques, which are classified according to the type of
modulation employed.
⦁ Of them all,the digital modulation technique used is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).

22 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Glimpse of Pulse Code Modulation

23 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT

Analog to Digital Conversion Blocks in D C S

Digital info.

Textual Format
source info.
Pulse
Analog Transmit
Sample Quantize Encode modulate
info.

Pulse
Bit stream waveforms Channel
Format
Analog
info. Low-pass
Decode Demodulate/
filter Receive
Textual Detect
sink
info.

Digital info.

24 Dr. [Link], Associate Professor,SENSE, VIT