Journal of Positive School Psychology [Link]

com
2022, Vol. 6, No. 3, 5445–5456

Challenging Prospective Elementary Teachers To Mitigate Academic

Procrastination
Andrian A. Dela Cruz, Phd
Assistant Professor III
Mariano Marcos State University- Laoag Campus
College of Teacher Education
Email Address: aadelacruz@[Link]
ORCID No:0000-0002-9317-5488

Michelle Melinda B. Alzate, Edd

Assistant Professor I
Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology- Bangued Campus
College of Teacher Education
Email Address: mmalzate@[Link]
ORCID No.:0000-0003-3524-3056

Abstract

Prospective elementary teachers face and encounter academic procrastination

during the entire course of study. This study determined ways to mitigate procrastination
among prospective elementary teachers of the selected Teacher Education Institutions
(TEIs) in the Philippines. The qualitative research design using thematic analysis
analyzed the activities, reasons, and challenges in procrastination. Generated responses
revealed that school-related activities and home responsibilities were the activities that
they frequently procrastinate. External, internal/personal, school, and family factors are
reasons that triggered them to procrastinate while school and behavior-related issues are
the challenges they encountered. Task and behavior management are ways to mitigate
the encountered procrastination.

Keywords: Education, Mitigating Academic Procrastination, Prospective Elementary

Teachers, Philippines

Introduction
As defined by Choi, J. N. & Moran, S. V.
Teaching diverse learners is one of the (2009) procrastination is the act of postponing the
most challenging roles that educators are facing task until another point in time which could result
right now. Bringing out the best on them is the in shortage of time to complete the task. Ozer
top concern that educators should look into (2009) stressed out that procrastination is the
consideration. Most of the students nowadays delay factor or inclination to postpone completion
encounter failures in school. These failures make of a task or activity. On the other hand, (Klassen
them incompetent in doing a given task. The et al., 2009) found that procrastination occurs
advent of technology and the exposure of learners within a wide range of populations that are
with social media are the trending issues diverse in age, culture, types of students,
concerning learners’ incompetence. Delaying professions, and many other important factors.
things that could be done in one sitting has been
postponed by them until the deadline has lapsed. The above definitions of procrastination
As a result, they usually cram to meet deadlines only show that delaying and postponing tasks
and/or finish their work. This attitude arises from would not help individuals to accomplish the
the indolent mentality that a problem will go by given task on time. In the study conducted by
itself. (Firouzeh & Jalil, 2011) that procrastination is a

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Andrian A. Dela Cruz,,[Link].. 5446

weak point of personality and leads to low self- teachers prompted to conduct a study to play role
confidence. Moreover, (Klingsieck, K.B., et al., in students’ procrastination.
2013) believed that procrastination is voluntarily
delaying an intended course of action despite the Review of Related Literature
negative consequences of that delay. However,
(Pychyl, 2013) stated that not all delay is This part will provide concepts and
procrastination. According to Sirois & Pychyl, related studies, theories, and principles collected
(2013) in contrast to reasoned delay aimed at from various sources such as books, journals, and
facilitating goal attainment in achievement other readings which were used as bases in
settings, or external delays beyond one’s control, conceptualizing this study.
procrastination represents a needless gap between
intention and action that is indicative of self- Academic Procrastination and College-
regulation failure. (Schouwenburg, 1995) Related Activities
revealed that 70 percent of college students
consider themselves as procrastinators. Results of research revealed common
activities that collegiate students frequently
The reason behind the procrastination procrastinate. As Hussain, I., & Sultan, S. (2010)
activities is elaborated in the study of Klingsieck, found common attitudes among college students
K. B et al., (2013) who have the difficulty of in postponing and delaying school-related
becoming motivated in accomplishing their tasks, activities. Among the identified academic
trying to avoid working on projects, and procrastination are delay in preparing &
cramming until the last minute. They prefer to do submitting their assignments and presentations,
enjoyable activities that suit their current moods, completing projects, and even preparing for the
such as playing using social media, and anything examinations. As defined by (Schouwenburg,
else that makes them refrain to do something 2004), academic procrastination is a widespread
relevant or needed. phenomenon in college settings which deals with
intentional delay in the beginning or completion
Various results of researchers revealed of important and timely academic activities.
the different impacts of procrastination. Procrastinated academic and non-academic tasks
Michinov, et al., (2011) and You, J. W. (2012) were mentioned too in the study of (Ferrari, J. R.,
mentioned in their studies that procrastination & Scher, S. J., 2000) which should be challenging
produces adverse results, negatively affecting and fun.
grades, learning, and completion of coursework.
Further, Kane (2018) mentioned in her study that Academic Procrastination and the
if seasoned teachers are not exempted with this Factors that Trigger It
attitude, how much more with the neophyte
teachers and of course with the soon to be future Collegiate students trigger to
teachers. Prospective elementary teachers face procrastinate due to some factors like along
and encounter different challenges during the external factors. Muslikah et al., (2018) revealed
entire course of study including their pre-service that one of the main factors affecting academic
teaching. One of these challenges is academic procrastination is the usage of handphone or the
procrastination which is proven by scholars similar to play social media. The effect of
affecting students’ performance and efficiency. improper use of social media is one of a field of
With these grounds, the researchers prompted to interests of scholars (Aslan Efe, H., & Efe, R.
conduct the study to identify different ways of 2018) and Muslikah et. al, 2018). Various
mitigating procrastination as considered as one of constructs support the influences of any social
the greatest challenges that practice teachers face media forms to students’ procrastination: (Davis,
and encounter in the field. This study will be of D. R., & Abbitt, J. T., 2013) the use of technology
great help to teachers because it improves the has a relationship with academic procrastination,
quality of education provided to students, and to (Schulenburg, 2004) procrastination behavior can
the extent of reducing procrastination since happen once a task is unaccomplished due to

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5447 Journal of Positive School Psychology

engagement in pleasurable like Internet use, generated from the informants. Students failed to
(Aypay, et al., 2007) a negative relationship do the given task on time due to their
between technology use and academic responsibilities at home. Various researches
procrastination is supported by the relevant confirm the relationship of students’
literature. Access on the internet allows 90 % of procrastination with family responsibilities:
university students to use different social media Uzun, B., et al., (2022). parents' demands and
sites as revealed in the study conducted by the Esmaeili & Monadi (2016) negligent parenting
EDUCAUJE Centre for Applied Research style can trigger students to procrastinate.
(ECAR).
Procrastination and the Challenges
Similarly, procrastination is triggered Encountered
through internal/personal factors. According to
Hussain, I., & Sultan, S. (2010), students Committing procrastination exposes
procrastinate and cannot complete their work on students to different challenges. One of these is
time due to overconfidence, laziness, negative the negative association of procrastination to
comments, a habit of dependency, and learning outcomes of students. According to
communication gap. They pointed out that these Hussain, I., & Sultan, S. (2010), procrastination
could slow down their performance making them have negative effects on students’ learning
careless, indolent, passive, academically resulting in their low achievements in
stagnant, and irresponsible. Studies argued examinations; or it causes failure in the
associated problems with procrastination: examination; or it creates fear of examinations;
(Onwuegbuzie, 2004) anxiety issue, (Ferrari, J. resulting in depression and anxiety; lowering
R., & Pychyl, T. A., 2008) low achievement of their morale, feel hesitation; losing their
students and increased physical and competition, and spirit which can be resulted to
psychological problems, anxiety, (Rivait, 2007) discontinuation of their study. Procrastination
irregularity, confusion, and irresponsibility. appears a tendency, attitude or behavioral trait
which Shah (2000) described as indecisive state
School factors were reflected too in the lacking in will power and vitality to do a work
study of different scholars. Zhu, et al. (2019) among students. They become unable to do the
found that extended deadlines may produce right work at the right time leaving it for some
negative effects and consequences on target other time; that may result in failure plunging
goals. Though a long deadline provides them (Milgram, 1991) in a state of emotional
flexibility and fewer restrictions the unintended disturbance and effect on students’ personality
difficulty perception arising from extended time traits and their learning. Likewise, (Steel, 2008)
sometimes sabotage goal pursuit which more pointed out that procrastination effects the self-
likely to increase procrastination and worst is efficacy & self-actualization, distractibility,
quitting. Hussain, I., & Sultan, S. (2010) impulsiveness, self-control and organizational
comprehensively explained other school related behavior of the students.
factor that discusses negative attitude of their
teachers, lack of guidance and counseling from Procrastination and the Ways to Mitigate
teachers, negative comments on their work: It
assignments and presentations; lack of
coordination with their class fellows; too much Various constructs suggested ways and
work and enjoying the company of their class remedial measures to minimize the effects of
fellows as reasons of procrastination among procrastination. Hussain, I., & Sultan, S. (2010)
college students. recommended in their study the proper guidance
and counselling services at the campus,
Lastly, family factors found to trigger the appreciation and positive comments on students’
students to procrastinate too. Family assignments, presentations, group work, displays
responsibilities and priorities such as caring for and other academic activities, provision of
siblings and doing household chores were appropriate encouragement and reward to

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Andrian A. Dela Cruz,,[Link].. 5448

students on their good academic performance, such as getting organized, set simple and
developing and maintaining academic achievable goals, visualize the benefits of
relationships with fellow students and teachers to finishing, figure out the first step, announce your
reduce or minimize the procrastination among commitment, turn your stress into an advantage,
university students. (Gussone, F., & Britt, R. R. improve your focus, create a timeline and set a
(2021) suggested tips to lessen procrastination deadline

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: The Research Paradigm

The paradigm shows activities which triggered Specifically, this study sought to answer
prospective elementary teachers to procrastinate, the following questions:
the factors and challenges that they encounter and 1. What are the activities that practice
the possible ways to mitigate procrastination. teachers usually procrastinate?
2. What are the reasons and factors that
Objectives trigger the practice teachers to procrastinate?
This study determined ways to mitigate 3. What are the challenges encountered by
procrastination among prospective elementary the practice teachers in procrastination?
teachers of the Teacher Education Department of 4. What are the respondents’ points of view
the 4 Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the in mitigating these challenges of
Province of Abra for the Academic Year 2019- procrastination?
2020.

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5449 Journal of Positive School Psychology

Methodology challenges they encountered, and the possible

Research Design ways to mitigate such activities.
Further, the instrument was written in
This study used qualitative research English and contextualized in Ilokano the mother
design through thematic approach. Qualitative tongue of the respondents. The translation was
research is a means for exploring and done for more convenience and to permit the
understanding the meaning individuals or groups easier flow of communication with the
ascribe to a social or human problem. The process participants.
of research involves emerging questions and
procedures, data typically collected in the Findings of the Study
participant’s setting, data analysis inductively
building from particulars to general themes, and Based on data gathered, the following findings
the researcher making interpretations of the are presented below.
meaning of the data. The final written report
analyzes the activities that triggered the 1. What are the activities that you frequently
prospective elementary teachers to procrastinate, procrastinate?
the reasons and the challenges they encountered,
and the possible ways to mitigate such activities. Two main themes emerged from the data
on the different activities that the respondents
Population and Sample frequently procrastinate, the school-related
activities and home responsibilities. The gathered
In this study, purposive sampling of data revealed that the topmost activities that they
prospective elementary teachers was employed in frequently procrastinate fall along school-related
the study. Purposive sample is a nonprobability activities. School responsibilities like doing
sample that is selected based on characteristics of projects, preparing instructional materials,
a population and the objectives of the study. submitting school requirements such as
Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, assignments, activities, reports, and other tasks as
selective, subjective sampling. As Creswell class presentations, research, and group works
(2013) mentioned “It is essential that all were among these activities that they commonly
participants have [similar lived] experience of the postpone.
phenomenon being studied”. The sample size of
ten (10) prospective elementary teachers of the This theme corroborates with the study of
Teacher Education Department of the 3 Higher Hussain, I., & Sultan, S. (2010) which explains
Education Institutions (HEIs) in the Province of that common attitudes among college students in
Abra namely Abra State Institute of Sciences and postponing and delaying school-related activities.
Technology (ASIST), Divine Word College of Among the identified academic procrastination
Bangued (DWCB), and Abra Valley Colleges are delay in preparing & submitting their
(AVC) enrolled for the Academic Year 2019- assignments and presentations, completing
2020 was determined as sufficient to provide a projects, and even preparing for the
vivid appreciation of the experience (Creswell, examinations. As defined by Schouwenburg
1998). (2004), academic procrastination is a widespread
phenomenon in college settings which deals with
Data Gathering Instrument intentional delay in the beginning or completion
of important and timely academic activities.
The researchers used a semi-structured Along with household activities, the respondents
interview guide to collect the data. The semi- reiterated that doing household chores such as
structured interview guide allows the researchers cleaning rooms is the activity that causes them to
to ask follow-up questions and for the participants procrastinate at home. This means that the
to elicit more information. The questions activities of procrastination are not limited only
centered around activities that triggered the to school-related tasks but also to home
respondents to procrastinate, the reasons and the responsibilities.

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Andrian A. Dela Cruz,,[Link].. 5450

2. What are the reasons that triggered you to procrastinate. These reasons were themed into
procrastinate? external, internal/personal, school, and family
Figure 2 below shows the reasons that factors.
triggered the prospective elementary teachers to

Figure 2 Concept Map

Reasons that Triggered Pre-Service Teachers a negative relationship between technology use
in Procrastination and academic procrastination is supported by the
relevant literature. Access on the internet allows
Along with external factors, overuse of 90 % of university students to use different social
social media platforms like Facebook, YouTube, media sites as revealed in the study conducted by
and online gaming were generated from the the EDUCAUJE Centre for Applied Research
responses of the informants. This means that the (ECAR).
higher chance of exposure with the
aforementioned external factors the greater On the other hand, procrastination is
chance of procrastination among the respondents. triggered through internal/personal factors such
Hence, procrastination can be triggered by the as laziness, the overconfidence of the deadline,
improper use of social media platforms. failing to set priorities, and lack of self-
confidence which hinder them to complete the
As Muslikah et al., (2018) revealed, one task on time and compel them to delay academic
of the main factors affecting academic works. These internal/personal factors may
procrastination is the usage of handphone or the directly affect their performance in class.
similar to play social media. The effect of According to Hussain, I., & Sultan, S. (2010),
improper use of social media is one of a field of students procrastinate and cannot complete their
interests of scholars. Various constructs support work on time due to overconfidence, laziness,
the influences of any social media forms to negative comments, a habit of dependency, and
students’ procrastination: (Davis & Abbitt, 2013) communication gap. They pointed out that these
the use of technology has a relationship with could slow down their performance making them
academic procrastination, (Schouwenburg, 2004) careless, indolent, passive, academically
procrastination behavior can happen once a task stagnant, and irresponsible. Studies argued
is unaccomplished due to engagement in associated problems with procrastination:
pleasurable like Internet use, (Aypay et al., 2007) (Onwuegbuzie 2004) anxiety issue, (Ferrari, J.

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5451 Journal of Positive School Psychology

R., & Pychyl, T. A., 2008) low achievement of procrastinate. Uncertainty of tasks can be
students and increased physical and described as the lack of prior knowledge to
psychological problems, anxiety, (Rivait, 2007) perform a given task. This means that the result
irregularity, confusion, and irresponsibility. of the work done does not meet the desired and
expected outcome. A given requirement that is
Similarly, school factors like no deadline not explained and deliberated well may lead to
or the deadline are still far and uncertainty of task uncertainty of task.
emerged as a theme that triggered them to
procrastinate. A given task without a deadline is Lastly, family factors triggered the
useless. Thinking that the deadline still far makes respondents to procrastinate too. Family
students start accomplishing the task only when responsibilities and priorities such as caring for
the due date is near. This affects the output of the siblings and doing household chores were
task as they rush to meet the deadline. generated from the informants. Students failed to
do the given task on time due to their
Zhu, et al. (2019) found that extended responsibilities at home. Various researches
deadlines may produce negative effects and confirm the relationship of students’
consequences on target goals. Though a long procrastination with family responsibilities:
deadline provides flexibility and fewer (Uzun, B., 2022) parents' demands and (Esmaeili
restrictions the unintended difficulty perception & Monadi, 2016) negligent parenting style can
arising from extended time sometimes sabotage trigger students to procrastinate.
goal pursuit which more likely to increase
procrastination and worst is quitting. Likewise, 3. What are the challenges encountered by the
the uncertainty of the task leads students to practice teachers in procrastination?

[Link] submission
or inability to finish
work

School-Related 2. Poor output

Issues quality;

[Link] grades or
failed subjects

Challenges of
Procrastination 1. Poor
concentration

2. Poor
organization
Behavior-Related
Issues
3. Anxiety

4. Panic and
Confusion

Figure 3 Concept Map

Challenges Encountered by Pre-Service school-related issues and the second is the
Teachers in Procrastination behaviour-related issues.

Figure 3 shows a concept map of the School-related issues are generally seen
challenges encountered by the practice teachers as the problems that usually arise when pre
in procrastination. These are grouped into two service teachers procrastinate. In this connection,
general themes. The first general theme is the the following sub-themes were generated: 1. Late

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Andrian A. Dela Cruz,,[Link].. 5452

submission or inability to finish work; 2. Poor The last behaviour-related issue is

output quality and; 3. Low grades or failed confusion and panic. This is usually brought
subjects. about as a result of overlapping workload and
undefined priorities. The pre-service teacher’s
Based on the response of the pre service failure to identify priorities and work
teachers, the greatest concern they needed to immediately on these make tasks more difficult to
handle in procrastinating is the inability to submit accomplish, hence becoming more confusing and
their output in the set deadline. This caused much stressful for them--the end-results, even more
guilt and anxiety on their part. The after effects frustrating.
of their action would automatically be poor
output quality and lower grades. Students who procrastinate experience
higher levels of frustration, guilt, stress, and
Accordingly, procrastination can have a anxiety—in some cases leading to serious issues
negative effect on students’ schoolwork, grades, like low self-esteem and depression. This can
and even their overall health. The effects of create a cycle of responses that can be difficult for
procrastination can have an even bigger impact students to overcome and can even be carried on
on high school students. Once students reach high in later years in school.
school and start receiving more take-home
assignments and larger projects, students who
procrastinate until the last minute tend to receive 4. What are the respondents’ points of view in
lower grades than their peers. mitigating these challenges of procrastination?

On the other hand, there are also Figure 4 shows a concept map of the
behavior-related issues. These refer to different views of mitigating procrastination
behavioural or psychosomatic concerns and among pre-service teachers. It can be seen that
challenges that are developed from within the two general themes were formed, these are: 1.
person when procrastination is committed, these Task-management and 2. Behaviour-
are: 1. Poor concentration; 2. Poor organization; management.
3. Anxiety; 4. Panic and confusion.
Task management as a general theme
According to the responses of the pre- refers to solutions directed towards addressing
service teachers, procrastination results to issues of procrastination as viewed by pre-service
difficulty in focusing and thinking properly, teachers. This is further defined by the following
generally leading to issues of one’s poor sub-themes, these are: time management, setting
concentration and poor organization. Another priorities, planning, and eliminating distractions.
result of procrastination is cramming or the
attitude of “rushing” or doing things at the last Time management is commonly
minute, which is usually the case with college described by the pre-service teachers in the
students. This action leads to behaviour anxiety, following manner: “doing work on time,” “if you
which is also one of the challenges identified in can do the work now, then do it. Do not wait for
the study. later!”, “always keep in mind that everything you
do has a time span, as if tomorrow is the
Cramming may seem like an effective deadline,” “finish what you have started,” and
way for students to prepare for a test, but it only “have the courage to finish them on time.”
leads to more stress and disappointing
performance. To get the most out of studying, the Setting priorities is defined as “working
solution is constant, repeated exposure to the on tasks that are more important,” “doing things
material, and a well-rested and healthy mind that have a closer deadline,” and “taking things
(Haberman, A., 2011). one step at a time by finishing one task first
before going to another.”

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5453 Journal of Positive School Psychology

Planning ahead means “planning and specifically, emotional self-regulation refers to

preparing ahead of time,” “if you know you need the ability to manage disruptive emotions and
to spend for an activity, then make sure you have impulses, one of them, to procrastinate.
the needed resources.” Statements like “be responsible,” “avoid being
lazy,” “think of the consequences of your
Eliminating distractions is defined by the actions” and, “be alert” are statements signifying
pre-service teachers as “spending less time on responsibility and discipline.
unnecessary things” and “uninstalling
unnecessary apps on gadgets and computers.” Lastly, procrastination may be mitigated
through motivating oneself with a reward. After
The second general theme is Behaviour- a hard-day’s work, every individual deserves a
Management. Behaviour-management is geared “pat-in the-back. This is a great source of
to address attitudinal and psychological issues in motivation for one to repeat the good output.
procrastination. This is further described in the
following sub-themes: mind conditioning Motivation is an important factor which
(personal mantra), cultivate positivity, practising encourages individuals to give their best
accountability and self-regulation, and self- performance and help in reaching enterprise
motivation through rewards. goals. A strong positive motivation will enable
the increased output of individuals but a negative
Mind conditioning or more specifically, motivation will reduce their performance.
creating a personal mantra, is one offered solution
viewed to address procrastination. A personal Intrinsic motivation represents all the
mantra is an affirmation to motivate and inspire a things that motivate you based on internal
person. It is a positive statement one repeatedly rewards like self-improvement or helping a friend
tells himself or herself. Statements like “always in need. Conversely, you might be motivated to
believe in yourself, ““love what you do” and, “put succeed in a task because you want to positively
love in every responsibility given to you” reflect affect the lives of the people around you, like
some of the personal mantras given by the your family.
informants.
Extrinsic motivation represents all the
Cultivate positivity means doing things things that motivate you based on external
with a positive thought. This implies that pre- rewards like money, praise or good grades. These
service teachers not only suggest an optimistic types of motivation are more common than
mind to motivate a person, but also an intrinsic motivators and include achieving things
enthusiastic approach in doing or executing the due to a tangible incentive, fear, or expectation,
task. “Make it a habit to be productive,” “always all of which depend on external factors, like
bear in mind that if you start early, you will finish school-related activities.
a lot” and, “move fast so that your work will not
be late” are some statements reflecting this Awareness of these sources of
behaviour-management concept. motivation may inspire individuals to accomplish
their tasks and responsibilities way ahead of time,
Practising accountability and self- mitigating problems of procrastination. These
regulation are two related concepts in this aspect. statements show the concept of motivation in
Accountability means being ultimately their responses: “develop initiative and self-
answerable for the activity or decision, and in motivation by rewarding yourself,” “appreciate
procrastination, there is no other person to blame what you do by finding meaning to your work,”
in a failed task but the person himself. Self- “always think that your grades will be affected if
regulation, on the other hand, basically involves you procrastinate.”
controlling one's behavior, emotions, and
thoughts in the pursuit of long-term goals. More

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Andrian A. Dela Cruz,,[Link].. 5454

Time management

Set priorities

Task Management

Plan ahead;

Eliminating
distractions
Views in Mitigating
Issues of
Procrastination Condition your mind
by having a personal
mantra

Cultivating Positivity

Behaviour
Management
Practise
Accountability and
Self-regulation

Motivate by
rewarding yourself

Figure 4 Concept Map

Views in Mitigating Procrastination Among 2. The higher chance of exposure with the
Pre-Service Teachers external, internal/personal, school, and family

Findings factors the greater chance of procrastination

among the respondents will become.
Below are the salient findings of the 3. Prospective elementary teachers are aware of
study: the issues and concerns in procrastination.
4. While prospective elementary teachers are
1. School-related activities and home aware of the presence of challenges, they
responsibilities are the two main themes that continue to commit procrastination which
emerged on the different activities that the indicates lack of self-regulation, self-initiative
respondents frequently procrastinate. and self-discipline.
2. Procrastination was triggered through external,
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