It's time for study Daily Reminder ~~ CQ Pp beautiful things happen when you do the work to reprogram that negative voice in your head‘Organism- all living things/system including animals, plants ete. Unicellular- one cell Multicellutar- many cells Microscopic- cannot be seen by human eye Macroscopic- can be seen Janssen- built the compound microscope Leewenhuek- studied the protist, blood cell and bacteria Schielden- stated that all plants are made up of cells Schwann- stated that all animals are made up of cells All living things are made up of cell Cell is the basic unit of life In cells, metabolic reaction needs enzyme that will act as a ctalyst for reactions Phospolipids- biological component of plasma membrane (membrane that is found in every cell) ‘Types of Transport Mechanism: 1. Active Transport=Fequires energy 2. Passive Transport- does not require energy (example is the difussion, the passive movement of particles like ions, molecules and atoms) Fluid Mosaic Model- most acceptable cell membrane model Phosphate- combination of phosphate and lipids Head Phosphate- Hydrophobic means water loving Tail Lipids- Hydrophillic means water fearing RBC glycolipids: lipids with carbohydrates ORhDnegative- universal donors (Blood type O that Rhesus factor is absent) ‘AB RhD positive- universal receipients (Blood type AB that Rhesus factor is present) Blood types Blood Types they can donate to At At AB A At A- AB AB Bt B+ AB ‘a B+ 8 AB+ AB ase AB ss ABE AB Be O+ At Bt ABE re All types Increase of CO?= increase rate of photosynthesis Cellular Respiration- cells get energy to perform functions 2 types of cellular respiration: 1. Areobic Cellular Respiration - uses oxygen -process of breaking down foods and turns it to energy for the cells to function - yields more ATP 2. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration - do not use oxygen ields only 2 ATP Hierarchy of Organism (King Philip Comes Over For Good Spag) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesVirchow- all cells comes from cells Theory of Spontaneous Generation- all cells came from non living things Animal cells are eukaryotic cells (meaning naa syay nucleus) Parts of the Animal Cell: Organelles- where parts are located Cell membrane=where proteins and carbs are located Cytoplasm- a fluid that contains cytosol, where molecules first pass through, this is also where organelles are found Cytosol- fluid that contains electrolytes, this is where cytolosolic activities like DNA transcription, enzyme activities, replication etc. Glycosis- conversion of glucose into another form Cytoskeleton- provides structure to the cell (has microfilament- actin, contractile protein, microtubule- tubulin, globular protein and intermediate filament, that provides tensile strength to the cell) Centrioles- helps in seperation of chromosomes ‘Spindle Fiber- needed in seperation in cell division Nucleus= ‘control center of the cell Chromatin- combination of protein and DNA DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid Nuclear pore- entry and exit point of substances Nuclelous- not the same nor plural of nucleus this is found inside the nuclues that helps in creating ribosomes Ribosomes- helps in assembly of proteins this is found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum- network of interconnected sacs (has smooth and rough ER) ‘Smooth ER- where ribosomes is found and produces proteins Rough ER: no ribosomes here but produces lipids Lysosome- suicide bag contains hydrolytic enzymes that is a protein that breaks down substances (the digested food goes to cytosol, while the indigested food goes to lysosome) Mitochondria- power house of the cell, provides ATP (Adenosine Triposphate, the one that produces energy for the cell) Flagella and Cilia- responsible for the movement of the cell Parts of Plant Cell: Plant Cells are also eukaryotic ‘Cell wall- outermost covering of the plant cell Nucleus- control center of the cell and conatins DNA Chloroplast- traps the light energy and turns it into chemical energy through photosynthesis Mitochondria- provides energy acuoles- temporary storage of the cell Golgi Bodies- sorts and pack proteins Ribosomes- assembles proteins Peptidolgycan- composed of sugar and amino acids that protects the cell wall from bacteria Chitin- structural support Root hairs: still part of the cell, extension of the cell lang sya ‘Stroma- colorless fluid found inside the chloroplast Chlorophyll- green pigment that captures light for photosynthesis3 Domains: (eukaryotic) [Link]- lives in extreme conditions *Thermophiles- heat loving organisms ‘Halophiles- salt loving organisms 2. Bacteria(prokaryotes)- cannot live in extreme conditions [Link]- organisms having cells Robert Whittaker- proposed 5 kingdom * plantae, animalia, fungi, protista, monera Classification of Plantae: Plantae- plants, don't move [Link]- non flowering (ex. moses) 2. Pteridophytes- have stem, roots and leaves but don't have flower and seeds (ex. horsetails and ferns) 3. Gymnosperms- have seeds (ex. gingko, cykads and conifers) [Link]- flowering plants ‘Animalia multicellular and move have same organs sa plantae but no chloroplast Fungj- multicellular have same organs with animalia, no choloroplast and no mechanism for locomotion (means no cillia and flagella) Protista- single celled and eukaryotic, mostly aquatic Monera- very small and single selled Parts of the Flower: 1. Pedicel- stalk 2. Sepal- enclose a developing bud 3. Receptacle- parts of flower stalk where flowers are attached 4. Ovary- where ovules are produced (becomes fruit 5. Petals- part of flower that is colored 6. Pistil- female part, located at the center 7. Stigma- sticky part of pistil 8. Ovule- female egg ( becomes seed) 9. Stamen- male part 10. Anther- produces pollen (male reproductive cells) 11. Filament- holds anther up All living things get energy from chemical reaction, the respiration Respiration of green plants takes place in all cells Increase blood flow= lower body temperature *Endoskeleton- skeleton inside the body *Exoskeleton- skeleton outside the body (like startfish, that supports them) *Hydrostatic skeleton- found in soft bodied organisms (like earthworm) *Trypsin- aids digestion, breaks down protein *Gastrin- aids gastric motility, stimulates. secretion of gastric acid *Ptyallin- breaks down starch into simple sugar like maltose and dextrin ‘*Lipase- breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol or alcohols Parts of the Heart: 1. Vena Cava- carrying deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart - Superior Vena Cava- carries blood from the upper part of the body - Inferior- from the lower part of the body 2. Pulmonary Valve- flap that prevents backflow 3. Left Atrium- receives oxygenated blood from lungs 4. Left Ventricle- pumps blood to the body 5. Right Ventricle- pumps blood to the lungs 6. Pulmonary Artery- carries blood to the lungs 7. Pulmonary Vein- carries blood to the lungs Parts of Respiratory System: Respiratory System- organs responsible for taking oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide 1. Nose and nasal cavity- primary opening 2. Mouth- secondary exterior opening 3. Pharynx- throath 4. Layrnx- voice box, defense mechanism 5. Trachea- wind pipe, airway for air to enter and exit lungs6. Bronchi- 7. Diaphragm- contracts to make breating possible Oogenesis- differentation of egg cell from cell Spermatogenesis- spermatozoa are produced Filtration- seperates liquids from solids Taiga- cold but there are still plants Tundra- low temperature and coldest (no trees) Sperm Cell contains 22 chromosomes plus 1 X or Y chromosomes, so 23 chromosomes per sperm cell 2 hetero= 3:1 phenotypic rate Jacobs Syndrome- male has extra Y chromose making it 24 chromosomes total then pag maging double na 47 instead of normal 46 total chromosomes Turners Syndrome- has only 45 chromosomes instead of 46 Cell Cycle: Interphase> cell copies its DNA (Gap 1: 23 chromosomes Synthesis: 46 chromosomes Gap 2: preperation for cell division) Mitosis- cell divides its DNA (Prophase Mataphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokenesis) Meosis= singular cell divides into 2 to produce 4 cells Meosis 1 Interphase I- Telophase | and Cytokenesis) Meosis II (Interphase II- Telophase Il and Cytokenesis) Biomolecules- organic molecules use for metabolism (ex. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) ‘Carbohydrates- source of energy Types: Monossacharides- simple sugar Altose- 1 carbonation Ketose- 2 carbon atom Dissacharides- 2 monossacharides Polyssacharides- 3/more monossacharides (usually found in cell wall of algae/plants) (Pectin- polyssacharide present in ripe fruits) Glucose + Fractose- table sugar Glucose + Glactose- milk ‘Sex Hormones: Testosterone- testes Estrogen and Progresterone- ovaries Collagen- most abundant protein in the body There are total of 20 amino acids in the body Essential amino acids- cannot be made must be came from food, there are 9 in the body Non= essential aminoacid- can be made by human, there 4 in the body Conditional amino acids- usually not essential except when times of illness or stress, there are 7 in the body Water and Minerals enter the plant through root hairs Carbon Dioxide enters through stomata ‘Animal Cell- no cell wall, no chloroplasts Bifds- only animals with feathers Warmiblooded animals- breathe with lungs Mammals- produces milk Basic needs of organisms: food, water, air and space Carnivore- consumer that takes another consumerProtons and Nuetrons- form the nucleus of an atom Protons- positive charge Nuetrons- no charge Electrons: negative energy (when you rub 2 things) ‘Compound- two or more atoms chemically joined together Radiant- energy that can travel in empty space Electric current flow easily through conductors ‘Types of Energy: Potential Energy- stored energy (steady items have potential energy) Kenetic Energy- found in moving objects Thermal Energy- comes from heat Electrical Energy- moved particles through a wire from a power plant ‘Chemical Energy- stored in chemical bonds of an atom and molecules (Battery is a chemical energy Nuclear Energy- stored potential at the nucleus of an atom Work- when force is applied then the object moved through a distance Formula: Work= Forcex Distance Resistance= how well the flow of electricity through a material Voltage- force Current: flow of electric charge (electrons) Insulators- materials that prevent the flow of electrons Ohmn- electrical resistance ‘Amphere- electrical current Volt- Voltage Watt- power (Crust- top layer of the earth Sedimentary Rocks- where fossils form Climate- not element of weather Acid Rain- caused by burning fossil fuel ‘Condensation- air to water Evaporation= water to gas. Melting- solid to liquid Conduction- heat transfer from solid Pharynx- food Larynx- air Tachea- windpipe When muscle relaxes it becomes thinner and longer A mineral with a hardness of 5 can sctrach an object with a hardness of 4 Mineral+Oxygen= Oxide (process of oxidation) Limestone- rocks that ofen contains fossils Loam- best for growing plants ‘Seismic waves- waves in earthquake Seismograph- record seismic waves Types of Seismic waves: 1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Love- travels along the surface of the earth ‘Tidal waves- underwater series of seismic waves Ritcher Scale- measure magnitude of an earthquake Nimbus- rain clouds Northern Hemisphere towards the sun= winter in the Southern Hemisphere Cactus- stores water in the stem Air, rubber, glass, plastic- insulator (don't allow current) Black color absorbs all light Light waves travels fastest in empty spaceEmphysema- disease that destroys walls of airsacs. (caused by tobacco) Blood is pumped from left atrium to lert ventricle Capillaries- small blood vessels Pericardium- sac that surrounds heart Eardrum- vibrate Lems- bends images to make it clearer “Big bang theory (Cosmic egg)- by Georges Lemaitre +Nebular hypothesis- from dust +Planetesimal hyoithesis- from rocks :Tidal theory- tidal wave +Protoplanet planet- about nebula na nag libot then broke into pieces then formed planets -Theory of Vortices- space filled with matter *Stellar Collisin Theory- came from collision of stars +Planetary Collision- collide from small planet “Accretion Theory- from small chunks of material -Fission Theory- came from Sun that burst Fussion- a pressure (putting together) then mag sabog Fission- dividing or split Doopler Effect- calculation of how fast astronomical object moves away from the earth Red Shift- how fast galaxies rotate Juvian Planets- gas planets (starts from Jupiter) Terrestrial Planets- rocky planets (from mercury) Jupiter have 79 known moons Oort cloud- shell of icy objects Kuiper Belt- region beyond the last planet (here ang galaxies) Hardness of mineral- Hardest (Talc) Least (Diamond) Transparency (Diaphaniety) + Translucent- light can enter but distorted “Transparent- light can enter properly +Opaque- light cannot pass through “Speci gravity formulas: 1. Mass of mineral + mass of equal volume of water 2. Weight of mineral in ar + (Weight in air — weight in water) 3. Density of mineral + density of water = Cations- positively charged ion Anions- negatively charged ion Continental Mass: + Laurasia- In the north (North America, Europe and Asia + Gondwana- in the south ( South America, Africa, Arabia, Australia, India, Antarctica) (seperated by the ocean called Thethrys) Continental drift- how continents shift position on the earth's surface * Evidences- pangea, fossils, rock formations Oceanic crust- ocean basins (basalt) Continental crust- continents (graphite) 3 types of tectonic plates: 1. Convergent- move toward each other (compressive stress) 2. Divergent- move away (tensional stress) 3. Transform- slide past each other (shear stress) “Oceanic and Oceanic- Island, Ocean, Submarine Volcano Oceanic and Continental- Mountain, Mountain Range *Continental and Continental- Large Mountain Ranges, Rift Valley Plutonism- formation if igneous rocks through magma Types of Rocks: 1. Igneous- formed through cooling of molten magma (Intrusive- found in magma Extrusive- formed from lava Pyroclastic- from erupted matters)2. Sedimentary- formed through weathering and erosion 3. Metamorphic- formed through movement of plates Magma- from earth's crust Lava- from volcano Aquifers- can hold large quantity of water Aquitards- cannot Transpiration- plants absorbs water through roots Lithosphere- solid, 30% Hydrosphere- liquid, 70% Atmosphere- air Biosphere: life Layers of the Earth: Inner Core- hottest part of the earth Outer Core- layer surrounding the inner core Mantle- widest Crust- outer layer of the earth Bauxite is not a mineral, itis aan aluminum Layers of atmosphere:. Troposhere- weather takes place Stratosphere- Mesosphere- where meteors burn up ‘Thermosphere-aborbs UV and where aurora occurs Heat transfer: Conduction-solids Convection- liquids Radiation Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)- december to february Southeast Monsoon (Habagat)- march to november warm humid season