CEC-365 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK DESIGN

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. Define Wireless sensor network?

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed, infrastructure less wireless network
that contains a set of connected tiny sensor nodes, which communicate with each other and
exchange information and data.
These nodes obtain information on the environment such as temperature, pressure, humidity
or pollutant and send this information to a base station or sink where the data can be observed
and analyzed.
2. Define data centric and address centric?
Address -centric: Transfer of data between two specific devices, each with one
network address as in traditional communication networks.
Data-centric: In WSN, where nodes are deployed redundantly to protect against node
failures the identity of the node supplying data is not important. Importance is given only to
the data. Hence a data centric paradigm is necessary in designing WSN.
3. Define scalability
The ability to maintain performance characteristics irrespective of the size of the
network is referred to as scalability.
4. What are the three types of mobility in WSN?
In wireless sensor network, mobility can appear in three main forms:
Node mobility: The wireless sensor nodes themselves can be mobile. The meaning of such
mobility highly application dependent.
Sink mobility: Information sinks can be mobile. While this can be a special case of node
mobility, the important aspect is the mobility of an information sink that is not part of the
sensor network.
Event mobility: In applications like event detection and in particular in tracking application,
the cause of the events or the objects to be tracked can be mobile.
5. What is Bluetooth and data rate?
Bluetooth is a open specification for short range wireless voice and data
communications that was originally developed for cable replacement in personal area
network (PAN) .it has data rate of 3Mbps.
6. What are the maximum data rates supported by the following systems
a)IEEE 802.15.14 b)Bluetooth
Data rate of
a) IEEE 802.15.4 is up to 27 Mbits/sec
b) Bluetooth is 3Mbits/sec
7. What is logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP)?
This is the protocol with which most applications would interact unless a host
controller is used.L2CAP supports protocol multiplexing to give the abstraction to each of the
several applications running in the higher layers as if it alone is being run. Since the data
packets defined by the baseband protocol are limited in size, L2CAP also segments large
packets from higher layers such as RFCOMM or SDP into multiple smaller packets prior to
their transmission over the channel.
8. What are the components of single node architecture?
1. Sensor node hardware overview
2. Controller
3. Memory
4. Communication device
5. Sensors and actuators
6. Power supply of sensor nodes
9. Give the advantages of wireless sensor networks
1. Network setups can be carried out without fixed infrastructure
2. Suitable for the non-reachable places such as over the sea, mountains, rural areas
or deep forests.
3. Flexible if there is random situation when additional workstation is needed.
4. Implementation pricing is cheap.
5. It avoids plenty of wiring.
6. It might accommodate new devices at any time.
7. it’s flexible to undergo physical partitions.
8. It can be accessed by using centralized monitor.
10. What are the characteristics of a Transceiver to be taken in to account for using
WSN?
The most important characteristics of a transceivers are : Service to upper layer, Power
consumption and energy efficiency, State change times and energy, Data rates,
Modulations, Transmission power control etc.,
11. Define life time of a sensor node.
The time until the first node fails is the network lifetime or the time until the network
is disconnected into two or more partitions, or the time until 50% of nodes have failed, or the
time when for the first time a point in the observed region is no longer covered by at least a
single sensor node.
12. What is network life time?
The time for which the network is operational or the time during which it is able to
fulfil its tasks. It is not quite clear, however, when this time ends.

13. To compare WSN with Ad hoc network

comparison WSN Adhoc network
[Link] of nodes Very larger Very smaller
[Link] broadcast Point to point
[Link] No unique ID Unique ID
[Link] rate Low High
[Link] High Low
[Link] Required Not Required
14. How CSMA based MAC work on WSN?
In CSMA-based MAC protocol, each sensor node uses constant period to content
channels; but back-off wait time can be random in order to eliminate repetitive collisions. An
Adaptive Transmission Rate Control (ARC) is used to balance the traffic between sensor
nodes using linear increase and multiplicative decrease method for initiative traffic in a node.
15. List down the important classes of MAC protocol
They can be roughly classified into the following classes:
(i) Fixed assignment protocols
(ii) Demand assignment protocols
(iii) Random access protocols
16. What are the reasons of Hidden Terminal problem?
The hidden terminal problem occurs specifically for the class of Carrier Sense
Multiple Access (CSMA) protocols, where a node senses the medium before starting to
transmit a packet.
17. Give the three phases of S-MAC Protocol.
* SYNCH phase
* RTS phase (Request to send)
* CTS phase (Clear to send)
18. Define overhearing.
Unicast frames have one source and one destination node. However, the wireless
medium is a broadcast medium and all the source’s neighbours that are in receive state hear a
packet and drop it when it is not destined to them; these nodes overhear the packet.
19. Give the phases of LEACH round.
Each round in LEACH protocol is subdivided into
1. a setup phase
2. a steady-state phase
20. What is Pegasis?
PEGASIS is a hierarchical based routing algorithm used to address the overhead cost
by the cluster formation in LEACH by constructing chains of nodes instead of clusters. The
chain is construction is performed according to a greedy algorithm, where nodes select their
closest neighbors as next hops in the chains.
21. What is 6LOWPAN?
6LoWPAN is a simple low cost communication network that allows wireless connectivity in
application with limited power and relaxed throughput requirements as it provides IPV6
networking over IEEE 802.15.4 networks
21. What are the commonly addressed issues in the application of 6LoWPAN
1. Link layer
2. Networking
3. Host issues
4. Compression
5. Security
22. List out the basic requirements of 6LoWPAN?
 The device should be having sleep mode in order to support the battery saving.
 Minimal memory requirement.
 Routing overhead should be lowered.

23. What is meant by adaptation layer?

Adaptation layer is present between network and data link layer, large size headers such as
IPV6, UDP(User datagram Protocol) and ICMP are compressed by its layer also it handles
the fragmentation and reassembly of packets.
Example: 6LOWPAN.
24. What is Proxy home agent?
A Proxy Home Agent (PHA) is an entity which performs MIPV6(Mobile IPV6)
functions on behalf of a local mobile node, interacts with the actual home agent of the node
and handles the route optimization.

25. What are the types of mobility 6LOWPAN?

 Hand over
 Roaming
26. What are the commonly addressed issues in the application of 6LowPAN?
1. Link layer
2. Networking
3. Host issues
4. Compression
5. Security
27. Compare RTP and RTCP?
Basis for comparison RTP RTCP
Basic Used to carry media streams Used to monitoring
transmission status and QoS
Ports Even port number Odd port number
Relation Specifies the packet structure Works in conjunction with
for real time data RTP
Features provided Interoperability Performance controlling
through feedback
Packets Contain Payload type, sequence Sender and receiver reports
number, timestamp etc….
Identification of source 32-bit identifier is used Textual information

28. What is a web service?

Web service is a software system designed to support inter operable machine to
machine communication over a network.
29. What are the commonly used web service protocols in 6LoWPAN?
1. MQTT-S (Message queue Telemetry transport for sensor Networks)
2. ZigBee CAP (Zig Bee-Compact application Protocol)
30. What are the applications of 6LoWPAN?
1. Automation
2. Industrial monitoring
3. Smart grid
4. Smart home
31. What are the two main classes of routing protocols in 6 LOWPAN?

 Distance Vector Routing

 Link State Routing
32. What is difference between L2 and L3 Routing Techniques? Routing Techniques?

Mesh under(L2) Route over(L3)

[Link] is a data link layer [Link] is a network layer
[Link] decision is taken in adaptation [Link] Decision is taken in network layer
layer

33. Define hand over in IP networks

A process in which a mobile node disconnects from its existing point of
attachment and attaches itself to a new point of attachment is called Handover.
34. What is publish/subscribe?
Publish/Subscribe is an asynchronous messaging paradigm in which publishers send data
without knowing who the receiver is, and receivers subscribe to data based on the topic or
content of the data.

35. What is the difference between 6LOWPAN and ROLL Architecture?

6LOWPAN ROLL(Routing over low power and lossy

Network)
[Link] has an edge router [Link] has LLN router (Low power and Lossy
Network)
2.6LOWPAN is primarily focused on the [Link] is a routing protocol designed for low
adaption of IPv6 packets for transmission power and lossy networks, focusing on
over low power wireless networks. efficient routing in such challenging
environment

36. Draw the super frame structure of IEEE802.15.4

37. What are the two modes in which application protocol in gateway approach
function?
Gateways can function in either:
1) Transparent Mode: where a connection to the broker is maintained for each client, or in.
2) Aggregation Mode: where the gateway aggregates messages from all clients into a single broker
connection

38. What are the applications of BACnet protocol? Give example of industry based
Protocols?
1) The BACnet is used in HVAC applications fire control lightning control, security,
alarm and interfacing to utility companies
 2) This protocol was particularly designed for building automation as well as control
application
3) This protocol can be used by digital controller, computers and application specific
otherwise unitary controllers with equivalent effect.
Industry based protocol:
1) Building Automation and Control Networks (BACnet)
2) Konnex (KNX)
3) Open Building Information Exchange (oBIX)
4) ANSI C12.19.
39. What is proxying?
Some of the application protocol in 6LOWPAN also includes the possibility for
intermediate nodes to inspect cache or modify application protocol. This is referred to as
proxying
40. What are the layers of BACnet?
The four layers in the bacnet architecture mainly include
*Application layer
*Network layer
*Data link layer
*Physical layer
41. What are the major components in nseC?
There are two types of components in nesc
1) Modules
2) Configuration
42. List out node level simulators for wireless sensor networks.
Network Simulator1 (NS1), Network Simulator2 (NS2), Network Simulator3 (NS3)
Tossim, Cooja, Opnet, Java-sim, GloMoSim.
43. What options does nesC provide to developers to prevent race conditions?
The operation that invokes the kernel must first switch to the system stack and turn off pre-
emption in order to avoid race condition in the running system
44. What are the three types of components in TinyOS?
*Hardware abstractions
* Synthetic hardware
*high level software components
45. What is Adhoc Network?
In an ad hoc network, each device (node) has the capability to communicate directly
with other nearby devices. There is no centralized control or fixed infrastructure governing
the communication.
 PART-B

UNIT-1

1. Explain with details of Single node architecture of Wireless sensor Networks

2. Explain the characteristics and various challenges involved in designing a WSN
3. What are the different optimization goals in Wireless sensor Networks? Explain
4. Explain in details of scenario of sensor network architecture
5. List out comparison of WSN and Adhoc Networks
6. Explain in detail about the IEEE802.15.4 Protocol in Wireless sensor networks.
7. Explain in detail about the design consideration of transceivers in Wireless sensor
Networks
8. Short notes on (1) Zigbee, (2) Bluetooth

UNIT-2
1. Explain in detail about the specific requirements and design consideration for MAC
protocol in WSN
2. Analyze the impact of S-MAC protocol in a network with suitable diagram
3. Explain in detail about Low duty cycle protocols and wake up concepts
4. Evaluate the performance of MAC protocol for WSN and estimate its duty cycles
5. Discuss about the importance of the mediation device protocol in WSN
6. Assess the working principle of CSMA Protocol used in 802.15.14 for medium access in
WSN
7. What is routing protocol? outline the issues in designing a routing protocol for WSN
8. What is schedule based protocol? Explain in LEACH Protocol in detail
UNIT-3
1. with neat diagram explain 6LoWPAN architecture and protocol stack
2. Explain in detail the IP routing model and draw the mesh addressing type and header.
3. Explain in detail mesh under and route over in 6LowPAN
4. Explain in detail Distance vector routing and link state routing
5. With neat diagram explain mobile IPv6
6. Explain in detail different types of Mobility in IPV6
7. Explain in detail about ROLL routing protocol
UNIT-4
1. Explain protocol paradigm in brief
2. Describe the design issues in the application of 6LoWPAN.
3. Explain the operation of MQTT-S Protocol with relevant diagram
4. Explain the SNMP components with neat diagram
5. Explain different common protocols used in 6LOWPAN architecture.
6. What is Industry based protocols? Explain any two protocols in detail.
UNIT-5
1. Explain about the following (a) TinyOS, (b) nesC c)ContikiOS in detail
2. Explain about the following (a) COOJA (b)TOSSIM
3. Explain node level simulator with any one example.
 PART-C
[Link] of the journal papers which published in network domain are displayed the
result from simulation. Why they included simulation results instead of real time
implementation? Justify
Ans:

There are several reasons why many journal papers in the network domain include simulation results
instead of real-time implementation. Some of the key justifications for this practice include:

1. Cost and Resource Constraints: Real-time implementation of network protocols or systems can be
expensive and resource-intensive. Setting up a real-world network infrastructure for experiments can
require significant financial and logistical resources. In contrast, simulations are cost-effective and
can be conducted on standard computing equipment.

2. Control and Reproducibility: Simulations offer a high degree of control over experimental
conditions, allowing researchers to systematically vary parameters and study a wide range of
scenarios. This control makes it easier to replicate experiments and verify results, enhancing the
reproducibility of research.

3. Rapid Iteration: Simulations enable researchers to quickly iterate and refine their experiments
without the time constraints and logistical challenges associated with real-world implementations.
This agility is especially important in the fast-paced field of networking, where protocols and
technologies evolve rapidly.

4. Ethical and Security Concerns: In some cases, real-time implementation of certain network
experiments may raise ethical or security concerns. For example, testing the effects of network
attacks or vulnerabilities in a real environment could harm users or expose sensitive data.
Simulations provide a safe and controlled environment for such experiments.

5. Scalability: Simulations can be scaled up or down to model networks of varying sizes and
complexities. This scalability is crucial for studying the behavior of networks under different
conditions, from small-scale local networks to large-scale global infrastructures.

6. Isolation of Variables: Simulations allow researchers to isolate specific variables and study their
impact on network performance. This level of control is often difficult to achieve in real-world
settings, where various factors can influence results.

7. Longitudinal Studies: Network protocols and systems often need to be studied over extended
periods of time to observe their behavior under various conditions and evolving scenarios.
Simulations can run for extended durations, making it possible to conduct longitudinal studies that
may be impractical in real-time implementations.

8. Academic Research: Many researchers in the network domain are focused on theoretical and
algorithmic advancements. Simulations provide a suitable platform for evaluating the performance of
novel algorithms, protocols, or theories before considering real-world deployment.

It's important to note that while simulations have their advantages, real-time implementation
remains a crucial step in the research process to validate findings and ensure that they are applicable
in practical, real-world scenarios. Both simulation-based research and real-time implementation have
their roles in advancing the field of networking, and the choice between them depends on the
specific goals and constraints of the research project.
 [Link] WSN and Adhoc Networks:

[Link] Feature WSN Adhoc

1. Number of. Sensor Large in quantity Medium in quantity
nodes(or) motes
2. Deployment type Very much dense Scattered
3. Rate of failure More Very rare

4. Change in network Frequency Rare

topology
5. Communication Broadcast Point to point
Mode
6. Battery Not replaceable/Not Replaceable
rechargeable
7. Identifiers used in No unique ID Unique ID
networks
8. Centric Mode Based on Data Based on address
9. Fusion/Aggregation possible Not suitable
10. Computational limited Not limited
capacities and
memory requirement
11. Data rate support lower higher
provided
12. Infrastructure Required Not Required
13. redundancy high low

3. Design and explain: WSN based border protection system in order to detect the entry
of terrorist in the line of control. Discuss any one possible attack on the border
protection system with solution.

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can be an effective solution for border protection to detect the entry of
terrorists along the line of control. Here's a conceptual design for such a system:

Components of the System:

1. Wireless Sensor Nodes: Deployed strategically along the border, these nodes consist of various sensors
like infrared, acoustic, seismic, and video cameras. These sensors can detect human movement, vibrations, and
anomalies in the surroundings.
2. Communication Network: Nodes are interconnected to form a wireless mesh network. Each node
communicates with its neighboring nodes, forming a self-organizing network. The communication can use
protocols like Zigbee or LoRa for longer range communication.
3. Base Station: Positioned at a secure location, the base station acts as the central control unit. It receives
data from sensor nodes, processes information, and raises alarms in case of suspicious activities.
4. Data Processing and Analysis Unit: This unit, part of the base station, processes the raw data received
from the sensor nodes. Advanced algorithms analyze the data to differentiate between normal activities and
potential security threats.
5. Alarm and Notification System: When suspicious activity is detected, the system triggers alarms and
notifies the relevant authorities. This can be done through SMS, email, or other communication channels.

Possible Attack and Solution:

Attack Scenario: Jamming the Communication:

One potential attack on this WSN-based border protection system is the jamming of communication signals.
Terrorists might use signal jammers to disrupt the communication between sensor nodes and the base station,
rendering the system ineffective.

Solution: Anti-Jamming Techniques:

To counter this attack, the system can implement anti-jamming techniques:

1. Frequency Hopping: The communication frequency of the sensor nodes can dynamically change over
time, making it difficult for jammers to continuously disrupt the signal.
2. Spread Spectrum Techniques: Use spread spectrum modulation techniques to spread the signal over a
wide frequency band. Even if one frequency is jammed, the system can continue to operate on other frequencies.
3. Power Control: Implement power control mechanisms where the sensor nodes adjust their transmission
power based on the received signal strength. This can help in minimizing the impact of jamming attacks.
4. Encryption: Secure the communication using strong encryption algorithms. Even if the communication
is jammed, the encrypted data would be challenging for attackers to decipher.
5. Redundancy and Mesh Topology: Build redundancy into the network by creating multiple
communication paths between nodes. A mesh topology ensures that even if some nodes are jammed, alternative
routes are available for communication.

By implementing these anti-jamming techniques, the WSN-based border protection system becomes more
resilient to attacks, ensuring the continuous and secure operation of the surveillance network. Regular monitoring
and updates to the system's security protocols are also essential to stay ahead of evolving threats.