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1. Determine the view factor F 12 between the rectangular surfaces shown below. DDUS
[0.062, 0.07, 0.083]
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2. Three infinitely long parallel cylinders of diameter D are located a distance s apart from each other.
Determine the view factor between the cylinder in the middle and the surroundings.
[ 2 (√ s + D −s ) /πD , 1− 4 (√ s + D −s ) /πD ]
2 2 2 2
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3. Two parallel disks of diameter D=¿ 0.6 m separated by L=¿ 0.4 m are located directly on top of each DDUS
other. Both disks are black and are maintained at a temperature of 700 K The back sides of the disks are
insulated, and the environment that the disks are in can be considered as a blackbody at T ∞=¿ 300 K.
Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the disks to the environment.
[5505 W]

Analysis Both disks possess same properties and they are black. Disk 1, T1 = 700 K, 1 = 1
Noting that environment can also be considered to be blackbody,
we can treat this geometry as a three surface enclosure. We
D = 0.6 m
consider the two disks to be surfaces 1 and 2 and the
Environment
environment to be surface 3. Then from Figure 12-7, we read 0.40 m
T3 =300 K

Disk 2, T2 = 700 K, 2 = 1
The net rate of radiation heat transfer from the disks into the
environment then becomes

4. A furnace is of cylindrical shape with R=H=¿ 2 m. The base (surface 2), top (surface1), and side
surfaces (surface 3) of the furnace are all black and are maintained at uniform temperatures of 500, 700,
and 1200 K, respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer to or from the top surface
during steady operation.
[-762 kW]

T1 = 700 K
The emissivity of all surfaces are  = 1 since they are black. We 1 = 1
consider the top surface to be surface 1, the base surface to be r1 = 2 m
surface 2 and the side surfaces to be surface 3. The cylindrical
furnace can be considered to be three-surface enclosure. We
h =2 m T3 = 500 K
assume that steady-state conditions exist. Since all surfaces are
3 = 1
black, the radiosities are equal to the emissive power of surfaces,
and the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the top surface can
T2 = 1200 K
be determined from
2 = 1
Q̇= A 1 F12 σ (T 4 −T 4 )+ A1 F 13 σ (T 4 −T 4 ) r2 = 2 m
1 2 1 3

and
A1 =πr 2 =π (2 m)2 =12 .57 m2
The view factor from the base to the top surface of the cylinder is (From Figure 12-44). The view
factor from the base to the side surfaces is determined by applying the summation rule to be
F 11+F12 +F 13=1⃗ F13 =1−F 12=1−0 . 38=0 . 62
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Q̇=A 1 F12 σ (T 4 −T 4 )+ A1 F 13 σ (T 4 −T 4 ) DDUS
1 2 1 3
2 -8 2 4 4 4
¿ (12 . 57 m )( 0. 38 )(5 . 67×10 W/m . K )(700 K -500 K )
+(12. 57 m 2 )(0 . 62)(5 . 67×10 -8 W/m2 . K 4 )(700 K 4 -1200 K4 )
Substituting, ¿−7 . 62×105 W=-762 kW
The negative sign indicates that net heat transfer is to the top surface.

5. A drying oven consists of a long semi-circular duct of diameter D=¿ 1m. Materials to be dried cover the
base of the oven while the wall is maintained at 1200 K. What is the drying rate per unit length of the
oven (kg/sm) if a water coated layer of material is maintained at 323 K during the drying process?
Blackbody behaviour may be assumed for the water surface and the oven wall.
[0.05 kg/sm]
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6. Consider a cylindrical furnace with the three black surfaces shown, where A1 is small compared to A2 or
A3. Determine the value of F 13. Calculate the net radiation heat transfer from A1 to A3 if L=¿ 2m,
D=¿ 3m, A1=¿ 0.05m2, T 1=¿ 1000 K, and T 3=¿ 500 K.
[0.35, 1728 W]
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7. A furnace cavity, which is in the form of a cylinder of 50-mm diameter and 150-mm length, is open at DDUS
one end to large surroundings that are at 27C. The bottom of the cavity is heated independently, as are
three annular sections that comprise the sides of the cavity. All interior surfaces of the cavity may be
approximated as blackbodies and are maintained at 1650C. What is the required electrical power input
to the bottom surface of the cavity? What is the electrical power to the top, middle, and bottom sections
of the cavity sides? The backs of the electrically heated surfaces are well insulated.
[39.5 W, 1259 W, 176.4 W, 45.6 W]
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8. A tubular heater with a black inner surface of uniform temperature T s=¿ 1000 K irradiates a coaxial DDUS
disk. Determine the radiant power from the heater which is incident on the disk at 298K. What is the
radiant heat flux on the disk?
[14.8 W, 7538 W/m2]
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9. A furnace is constructed in three sections, which include insulated circular (2) and cylindrical (3) sections,
as well as an intermediate cylindrical section (1) with embedded electrical resistance heaters. The overall
length and diameter are 200 mm and 100 mm, respectively, and the cylindrical sections are of equal
length. The surroundings are at 0 K. If all the surfaces are black, determine the electrical power required
to maintain the heated section at 1000 K, and the temperatures of the insulated sections.
[255 W, 970 K, 837 K]
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10. A row of regularly spaced, cylindrical heating elements is used to maintain an insulated furnace wall at
500 K. The opposite wall is at a uniform temperature of 300 K. The insulated wall experiences convection
with air at 450 K and a convection coefficient of 200 W/m 2K. Assuming the walls and elements are black,
estimate the required operating temperature for the elements.
[774 K]
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11. Water flowing through a large number of long, circular, thin-walled tubes is heated by means of hot DDUS
parallel plates above and below the tube array. The space between the plates is evacuated, and the
plate and tube surfaces may be approximated as blackbodies. Neglecting axial variations, determine the
tube surface temperature, T s, if water flows through each tube at a mass rate of ṁ=0.20 kg/ s and a
mean temperature of T m=300 K .
[308 K]

The view factor between an infinite plane and row of cylinders is given by:
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