Tanta University Electrical Power and Machines Department
Faculty of Engineering
Fourth Year- Second Term
2020-2021
Power System Protection
Section #2
Sheet #2
Eng. Eatmad Nahas
Transformer Protection
Mechanical Protection Electrical Protection
Temperature Pressure 1-87 T differential
2- 87 N Restricted earth differential
Oil Winding Oil 3- 50/51 overcurrent
4- 50/51 N Neutral overcurrent
Sudden Relieve 5- 67 directional
6- 24 Over excitation
7- 49 Overload
Factors affecting on differential protection
1- Magnetizing inrush current , Over excitation, CT saturation
2- Different voltage level
3- Phase shift in delta-star connection
4- Transformer Taps
5- Phase shift or voltage tap in regulating transformer
Differential Protection
Biased Relay
or
High impedance relay
or
Percentage differential Relay
𝑰𝒐 = 𝒊𝟏 − 𝒊𝟐
Setting are:
Trip
Iomin
Iomin
Slope
No operation
𝒊𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐
𝑰𝑹=
𝟐
Sheet (2)
1- A single-phase transformer is rated at 110/33 kV, 50 MVA. It has an overload capability of 120 %. The 110 kV side
has a tap changer with (5/8) % step size, and with a range of 99 to 121 kV. Determine CT ratios for a percentage
differential relay to protect this transformer. Assume a maximum CT error of 5 % in either of the two CTs. What is the
minimum slope of the percentage differential characteristic of the relay? Assume that both the relay windings are
provided with taps for 3.0, 4.0, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 6.0 A, and determine the appropriate taps which will minimize the
required slope of the relay characteristic. What pickup current setting for the relay would you recommend?
Full load current Full load current
𝑆 50 ∗ 1000 𝑆 50 ∗ 1000
𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = = = 454.54 𝐴 𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = = = 1515.15𝐴
𝑉 110 𝑉 33
CTR= 500/5 CTR= 2000/5
𝑖1 = 454.54 ∗ (5/500) = 4.54 𝐴 𝑖2 = 1515.15 ∗ (5/2000) = 3.78 𝐴
Sheet (2)
Full load current Full load current
𝑆 50 ∗ 1000 𝑆 50 ∗ 1000
𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = = = 454.54 𝐴 𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = = = 1515.15𝐴
𝑉 110 𝑉 33
CTR= 500/5 CTR= 2000/5
𝑖1 = 454.54 ∗ (5/500) = 4.54 𝐴 𝑖2 = 1515.15 ∗ (5/2000) = 3.78 𝐴
Min. slope = ∑ errors + SM = CT mismatch error + CT error +ULTC error +SM
ULTC………… Tap changer in main winding of transformer (± 5 % , ± 10 % , ± 15 % , +5 %,-10 %...)
CT error ………Depending on the CT classes ( 5% , 10%)
𝑖1−𝑖2 4.54−3.78
CT mismatch error…. = *100 = *100 =15.2 %
5 5
4.54 3.78
Choose taps from : taps for 3.0, 4.0, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 6.0 A , ( − )*100 =0.083 %
4.8 4
∑ errors = 0.1+5+10=15.1 %, ∴ 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 20 % , 𝐼𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 𝐴
Sheet (2)
2- If the transformer of problem 1 had no tap changer, could you accept a lower slope? Explain your answer.
Min. slope = ∑ errors + SM = CT mismatch error + CT error +ULTC error +SM
ULTC……… Tap changer in main winding of transformer (± 5 % , ± 10 % , ± 15 % , +5 %,-10 %...)
CT error ………Depending on the CT classes ( 5% , 10%)
𝑖1−𝑖2 4.54−3.78
CT mismatch error…. = *100 = *100 =15.2 %
5 5
4.54 3.78
Choose taps from : taps for 3.0, 4.0, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 6.0 A , ( − )*100 =0.083 %
4.8 4
∑ errors = 0.1+5=5.1 %, ∴ 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 10 % , 𝐼𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 𝐴
Sheet (2)
3- Consider the three-phase transformer bank. The transformer is rated 500 MVA at 34.5(delta)/500(wye) kV,
assume that an internal three-phase fault develops at the bushings on the wye side (within the zone of protection of
the differential relay) of the power transformer. On the transformer base, the system impedances on the wye and the
delta sides are (0.0 + j0.3) pu and (0.0 + j0.2) pu, respectively. The leakage impedance of the transformer is (0.0 +
j0.08) pu on its own base. What are the currents in the restraining and operating windings of the differential relays?
Will the relay operate?
Solution
1- Draw the differential protection
2- Select CTR and determine the relay characteristics
Full load current Full load current
𝑆 500 ∗ 1000 𝑆 500 ∗ 1000
𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = = = 8367.3 𝐴 𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = = = 577.3𝐴
3𝑉 3 ∗ 34.4 3𝑉 3 ∗ 500
3 ∗ 𝐼𝑓.𝑙 = 3 ∗ 577.3=999.99A
CTR= 9000/5 CTR= 1000/5
𝑖1 = 8367.3 ∗ (5/9000) = 4.64 𝐴 𝑖2 = 999.99 ∗ (5/1000) = 4.99 𝐴
Min. slope = ∑ errors + SM = CT mismatch error + CT error +ULTC error +SM
ULTC………… Tap changer in main winding of transformer (± 5 % , ± 10 % , ± 15 % , +5 %,-10 %...)
CT error ………Depending on the CT classes ( 5% , 10%)
𝑖1−𝑖2 4.64−4.99
CT mismatch error…. = *100 = *100 =7 %
5 5
4.64 4.99
Choose taps from : taps for 3.0, 4.0, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 6.0 A , ( − )*100 =3.1 %
4.8 5
∑ errors = 3.1+10=13.1 %, ∴ 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 15 % , 𝐼𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 𝐴
3- Internal 3-Ph fault at star side
1
𝐼𝑓 = = −𝑗2.63 𝑝𝑢
𝑗0.08 + 𝑗0.3
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟓𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟔 𝑨 , 𝑰𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕 = −𝒋𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟗. 𝟒 A
At 500 KV side
𝐼𝑎 = 1519.4∠-90 A
𝐼𝑏 = 1519.4∠30 A
𝐼𝑐 = 1519.4∠-150 A
+ ve seq. impedance
At 34.5 KV side (Phase current)
𝐼𝐴 = 12709.4∠-90 A X1g X1tr
𝐼𝐵 = 12709.4∠30 A
𝐼𝐶 = 12709.4∠-150 A Vg
(Line current)
𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵 =22013.3 ∠-120 A
𝐼𝐵 − 𝐼𝐶 =22013.3 ∠0 A
𝐼𝐶 − 𝐼𝐴 =22013.3 ∠120 A
3- Internal 3-Ph fault at star side
1
𝐼𝑓 = = −𝑗2.63 𝑝𝑢
𝑗0.08 + 𝑗0.3
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟓𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟔 𝑨 , 𝑰𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕 = −𝒋𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟗. 𝟒 A
For Secondary of CTs sides:
At 500 KV side
𝐼𝑎 = 1519.4∠-90 A 𝑖1′ = 𝑖2′ = 𝑖3′ = 0 𝐴
𝑖1 = 𝑖𝐶 − 𝑖𝐴 = 12.2 𝐴
𝐼𝑏 = 1519.4∠30 A
𝐼𝑐 = 1519.4∠-150 A
𝑖2 = 𝑖𝐵 − 𝑖𝐶 = 12.2 𝐴
At 34.5 KV side (Phase current)
𝐼𝐴 = 12709.4∠-90 A 𝑖3 = 𝑖𝐴 − 𝑖𝐵 = 12.2 𝐴
𝐼𝐵 = 12709.4∠30 A
𝐼𝐶 = 12709.4∠-150 A
𝑖𝑜1 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖1′ = 𝑖1 =12.2 A 𝑖𝑅1 = (𝑖1 + 𝑖1′ )/2
(Line current) 𝑖𝑜2 = 𝑖2 − 𝑖2′ = 𝑖1 =12.2 A
𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵 =22013.3 ∠-120 A
𝐼𝐵 − 𝐼𝐶 =22013.3 ∠0 A
𝑖𝑜3 = 𝑖3 − 𝑖3′ = 𝑖1 =12.2 A 𝑖𝑅1 = 𝑖𝑅2 = 𝑖𝑅3
𝐼𝐶 − 𝐼𝐴 =22013.3 ∠120 A
All Relays will trip
3- External 3-Ph fault at star side
1
𝐼𝑓 = = −𝑗2.63 𝑝𝑢
𝑗0.08 + 𝑗0.3
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟓𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟔 𝑨 , 𝑰𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕 = −𝒋𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟗. 𝟒 A
𝑖𝑎 = ……………. A
At 500 KV side 𝑖𝑏 = …………….A For Secondary of CTs sides:
𝐼𝑎 = 1519.4∠-90 A 𝑖𝑐 = …………….A
𝐼𝑏 = 1519.4∠30 A 𝑖𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = ……………. A 𝑖1 = 𝑖𝐶 − 𝑖𝐴 = 12.2 𝐴 𝑖1′ = 𝑖𝐶 − 𝑖𝐴 = 6.5 𝐴
𝐼𝑐 = 1519.4∠-150 A 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑖𝑐 = ……………. A
𝑖𝑐 − 𝑖𝑎 = …………….A 𝑖2 = 𝑖𝐵 − 𝑖𝐶 = 12.2 𝐴 𝑖2′ = 𝑖𝐵 − 𝑖𝐶 = 6.5𝐴
At 34.5 KV side (Phase current)
𝐼𝐴 = 12709.4∠-90 A 𝑖3′ = 𝑖𝐴 − 𝑖𝐵 = 6.5 𝐴
𝑖3 = 𝑖𝐴 − 𝑖𝐵 = 12.2 𝐴
𝐼𝐵 = 12709.4∠30 A
𝐼𝐶 = 12709.4∠-150 A
𝑖𝑜1 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖1′ =5.7 A 𝑖𝑅1 = (𝑖1 + 𝑖1′ )/2
(Line current)
𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵 =22013.3 ∠-120 A 𝑖𝑜2 = 𝑖2 − 𝑖2′ =5.7 A 𝑖𝑅1 = 𝑖𝑅2 = 𝑖𝑅3 = 9.35𝐴
𝐼𝐵 − 𝐼𝐶 =22013.3 ∠0 A
𝑖𝑜3 = 𝑖3 − 𝑖3′ =5.7 A
𝐼𝐶 − 𝐼𝐴 =22013.3 ∠120 A
All Relays will not trip
4- For a phase-to-phase fault (outside the zone of the differential relay) on the wye side of the transformer of
problem 3, calculate the restraining and operating currents in each of the relays. Will the relay operate for this fault?
How do the fault currents compare with the three-phase fault currents determined in problem 3?
4- External Ph-Ph fault at star side
+ve seq. impedance
X1g X1tr
1
𝐼1 = −𝐼2 =
2(𝑗0.08 + 𝑗0.3)
Vg
-ve seq. impedance
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑏 = −𝐼𝑐 = −𝑗 3𝐼1
X2g X2tr
𝐼𝑎 = 0 A
4- For a phase-to-phase fault (outside the zone of the differential relay) on the wye side of the transformer of
problem 3, calculate the restraining and operating currents in each of the relays. Will the relay operate for this fault?
How do the fault currents compare with the three-phase fault currents determined in problem 3?
4- External Ph-Ph fault at star side
𝑰𝒇 =
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟓𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟔 𝑨 , 𝑰𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕 = … … … .A
For Secondary of CTs sides:
𝑖𝑎 = ……………. A
At 500 KV side 𝑖𝑏 = …………….A
𝐼 = … … … .A
𝑎
𝑖𝑐 = …………….A 𝑖1 = 𝑖𝐶 − 𝑖𝐴 = 𝑖1′ = 𝑖𝐶 − 𝑖𝐴 =
𝐼𝑏 = ⋯ … … .A 𝑖𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = ……………. A
𝐼𝑐 = ⋯ … . .A 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑖𝑐 = ……………. A 𝑖2′ = 𝑖𝐵 − 𝑖𝐶 =
𝑖𝑐 − 𝑖𝑎 = …………….A 𝑖2 = 𝑖𝐵 − 𝑖𝐶 =
At 34.5 KV side (Phase current) 𝑖3′ = 𝑖𝐴 − 𝑖𝐵 =
𝐼𝐴 = ……………A 𝑖3 = 𝑖𝐴 − 𝑖𝐵 =
𝐼𝐵 = ⋯ … … … .A
𝐼𝐶 = ⋯ … … .A
𝑖𝑜1 = 𝑖1 − 𝑖1′ = 𝑖𝑅1 = (𝑖1 + 𝑖1′ )/2
(Line current) 𝑖𝑜2 = 𝑖2 − 𝑖2′ = 𝑖𝑅1 = 𝑖𝑅2 = 𝑖𝑅3 =
𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵 = … … . .A
𝐼𝐵 − 𝐼𝐶 = ⋯ … … …A 𝑖𝑜3 = 𝑖3 − 𝑖3′ =
𝐼𝐶 − 𝐼𝐴 = ⋯ … …A All Relays …………….trip