TN Highways Department
BRIDGES – TYPES & COMPONENTS
[Link] M.E
A.E (H), P,D&I
SIGNIFICANCE OF BRIDGES
IN ROAD TRANSPORT
CONTROLS TRAFFIC VOLUME
If width insufficient for
CONTROLS LOAD LIMITS
number of lanes,
causes traffic flow
constriction. EXPENSIVE If strength is deficient, If Bridge fails
heavy loaded vehicles
Highest cost per km. rerouted. Detours maybe unable
Major investment to handle increased
requiring careful traffic volume;
planning. increased travel times
and fuel expenses.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF BRIDGES
CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES
CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES BASED ON
• Form/Action ◇ Function ◇ Length of bridge
• Beam bridges ￭ Pedestrian bridge ￭ Culvert bridge
￭ Highway bridge (less than 6 m)
• Cantilever bridges
￭ Railway bridge ￭ Minor bridge
• Truss bridges
￭ Road-cum-rail bridge (less than 6 m-60m)
• Arch bridges ￭ Service utility bridge ￭ Major bridge
￭ Aqueduct bridge (canal over a (more than 60 m)
• Cable-stayed bridges
river) ￭ Long span bridge
• Suspension bridges
(more than 120 m)
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BRIDGE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
BEAM BRIDGES
COMPRESSION Simplest and most inexpensive kind of bridge
When a load pushes down the beam
Top edge is pushed together (compression)
TENSION
Bottom edge is stretched (tension).
Planning Design & Investigation
ARCH BRIDGES
Squeezing force is carried outward
along the curve to the supports at each end
The supports (abutments) push back and prevent the
ends of the arch from spreading apart
Weight of an arch bridge is carried outward along the
curve of the arch to the ends
Planning Design & Investigation
SUSPENSION BRIDGES
True to its name, a suspension bridge suspends
the roadway from huge main cables.
These cables rest on top of high towers and are
secured at each end by anchorages.
The towers enable the main cables to be
draped over long distances.
Most of the weight of the bridge is carried by
the cables to the anchorages
Anchorages are either solid rock or massive
concrete blocks.
Planning Design & Investigation
CABLE STAYED BRIDGES
May look similar to suspensions bridges
Roadway hang from cables
Cables are attached to the towers
No anchorages at ends, towers alone bear
the load.
In a radial pattern, cables extend from
several points on the road to a single point
at the top of the tower.
In a parallel pattern, cables are attached at
different heights along the tower, running
parallel to one other
Planning Design & Investigation
ANCIENT BRIDGES
Planning Design & Investigation
ARKADIKO BRIDGE - GREECE
PONT JULIAN – FRANCE
Planning Design & Investigation
LOS MILAGROS AQUEDUCT - ROME
ANGKOR BRIDGE- COMBODIA
OLD BRIDGE OF DEZFUL
Planning Design & Investigation
MEDIEVAL BRIDGES
Planning Design & Investigation
PONTOON BRIDGES
Planning Design & Investigation
CAST IRON BRIDGES
Cast Iron contains about 4% carbon
Brittle, hard, and non-malleable.
Can’t be bent or stretched
Weak tensile strength
Will fracture before it bends
Prominent production form in 18th
century
1ST CAST IRON BRIDGE – COALBROOKDALE - 1781
Planning Design & Investigation
WROUGHT IRON BRIDGES
More ductile than cast iron
Highly malleable
Gets stronger the more it’s worked
Strongly resist fatigue
Prominent production form in 19th century
Planning Design & Investigation
REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES
ALVORD LAKE BRIDGE – FIRST RCC BRIDGE (1889)
Planning Design & Investigation
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
WALNUT LANE BRIDGE – FIRST PSC BRIDGE (1950)
Planning Design & Investigation
MODERN BRIDGES
PLATE GIRDER BRIDGES
REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
SUSPENSION BRIDGES
CANTILEVER BRIDGES
Planning Design & Investigation
PLATE GIRDER BRIDGES
Planning Design & Investigation
REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES
Planning Design & Investigation
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES
SALEM FLYOVER
Planning Design & Investigation
SUSPENSION BRIDGES
Longest suspension bridge in the world
1991m long
AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE – JAPAN - 1998
Planning Design & Investigation
CABLE STAYED BRIDGES
Longest cable stayed bridge in
2008-2012
1088m long
Officially opened in 2008
THE LONGEST CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE
SUTONG YANGTZE RIVER BRIDGE - CHINA
Planning Design & Investigation
CANTILEVER BRIDGES
Support is required only on one
side of each cantilever
Does not require shuttering
Span length can be longer
Planning Design & Investigation
FOOTPRINTS OF TAMILNADU HIGHWAYS
DEPARTMENT
BRIDGE ACROSS RIVER PALAR
First Pre-Stressed Concrete bridge in India
Built during 1954
The Pamban Road Bridge
First sea bridge in Asia
Built during 1988
Total length of 2.345km
Navigation span - single cell box girder type.
Allows ships to pass beneath it like a bow.
(Cantilever type construction)
Out of 74 pillars,
64 built in sea
Pioneer in Flyover concept – Anna Flyover, Anna Salai,
Chennai, 1972
• First Grade Separator in Asia
• Longest flyover in the
country when it was built
Double Decker Bridge, Tirunelveli Town, 1972
First of its kind in India
800 m long
25 spans of which 13 spans
are Bow string arch bridge.
First Elevated Rotary Type ROB, Coimbatore,
1970
Bowstring Bridges
Singarathope - Cuddalore
Akkaraipettai - Nagai
Planning Design & Investigation Manakudy - Kanyakumari
WHAT DO WE DESIGN?
BRIDGES WE DESIGN IN TN HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT
◇ RCC / PCC bridges ◇ Slab culverts/ bridges
◇ Pre Stressed Concrete ◇ Voided slab bridges
bridges ◇ Causeways ◇ T – beam cum slab deck bridges
◇ Steel bridges ◇ Submersible bridges ◇ Box girder bridges
◇ Composite bridges ◇ High Level Bridges ◇ Segmental bridges
◇ Integral bridges
◇ Bow string bridges
Vented Causeway
Submersible Causeway
Slab culverts/ bridges
Voided slab bridge
Pipe culvert
Arch culvert Box culvert
RCC T beam Bridge - Cheyyar
RCC / Steel Composite Bridge
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Pre Stressed Concrete Bridge - Segment Launching
Post tensioning
Steel Foot Over Bridge Bowstring bridge
MAJOR COMPONENTS
OF BRIDGES
COMPONENTS
OF A
BRIDGE
Superstructure
Bearing
Substructure
Foundation
SUPERSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
Deck Slab
RCC deck slab PSC deck slab
Slab deck bridge
EVOLUTION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE DECK
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Girders
Box Girders T beam girders
Girders
Single Cell Box Girder
Multi Cell Box Girder
Multi Spine Box Girder
Beam Cross sections
Stiffened Box Girder with struts
BEARING
BEARINGS
◇ Sliding bearings
◇ Rocker and pin bearings
◇ Roller bearings
◇ Elastomeric bearings
◇ Curved bearings
◇ Pot bearings
◇ Disk bearings
Elastomeric Bearing Pad Elastomeric Bearing
Elastomeric bearing with PTFE top for
reduced resistance
Pot Bearing
Bearings – to transfer loads from
superstructure to substructure
Elastomeric Bearings POT–Cum-PTFE
Metallic Guide Bearings Spherical Bearings
SUBSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
Substructure components
◇ Pedestal
◇ Pier
◇ Abutment
Abutment
Abutment
Planning Design & Investigation
ABUTMENT
Solid type Counterfort
Hollow Box Spill through
Abut Pier
Abut pier with RE (Reinforced Earth) walls
Cross sections of Piers
Pier
Types of Piers
Pier Capping Beam
Aesthetics
FOUNDATION
Foundation Types
◇ Open Foundation
￭ Isolated Footing
￭ Combined Footing
◇ Raft Foundation
◇ Well Foundation
◇ Pile Foundation
Isolated footing
Combined footing Isolated footing – Wall Pier Raft foundation - Open
Well foundation Pile foundations – exposed by scour Piled Raft foundation – scour failure
Planning Design & Investigation
Planning Design & Investigation
Planning Design & Investigation
Planning Design & Investigation
Planning Design & Investigation
Pneumatic Caisson
Well foundations
MISCELLANEOUS
COMPONENTS
◇ Wearing coat ◇ Crash Barrier / Parapet
◇ Expansion joints ◇ Hand Rails & Posts
◇ Median ◇ Approaches
◇ Footpath / Kerb
Approaches
Approach slabs
Retaining Walls
Retaining wall – (RCC) RE (Reinforced Earth) wall
RE wall panels
RE wall cross section
Bituminous Wearing Coat Cement Concrete Wearing Coat
Expansion Joints
Strip Seal Finger Shape
Comb-type Modular type
Modular type
Foot Path & Hand Rails Safety Kerb & Crash Barrier
(1.5 m) (0.75 m)
Parapet Crash Barrier
Median
THANK YOU