SURFACE INTEGRALS

E LECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: hthdiem@[Link]

HCMC— 2024.
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 1 / 59
O UTLINE

1 S URFACE INTEGRALS OF f (x, y, z) OVER THE SURFACE S (F IRST

K IND )

2 S URFACE I NTEGRALS OF V ECTOR F IELDS (S ECOND K IND )

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 2 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) The mass of the thin sheet

If a thin sheet has the shape of a surface S and

the density (mass per unit area) at point (x, y, z)
is f (x, y, z) (for example, kg /m 2 )

Find the total mass m of the sheet S

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 3 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) The mass of the thin sheet

We divide the surface S into patches S i j . We

evaluate f (x, y, z) at point (x i∗j , y i∗j , z i∗j ) ∈ S i j ,
multiply by the area ∆S i j of the patch, and form
the Riemann sum. The total mass of the sheet is
approximately equal
m X
X n
m≈ f (x i∗j , y i∗j , z i∗j )∆S i j .
i =1 j =1

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 4 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Definition

T HE S URFACE I NTEGRAL OF f OVER THE SURFACE S (F IRST

K IND )

D EFINITION 1.1
The Surface Integral of f over the surface S (First
Kind) is
Ï m X
X n
f (x, y, z)d S = lim f (x i∗j , y i∗j , z i∗j )∆S i j
m,n→+∞
i =1 j =1
S

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 5 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Some properties of 1st Surface Integral
Ï
10 . 1d S = the surface area.
S
Ï Ï
2 .0
α. f (x, y, z)d S = α. f (x, y, z)d S.
ÏS h i S
30 . f (x, y, z) + g (x, y, z) d S =
S
Ï Ï
= f (x, y, z)d S + g (x, y, z)d S.
S S
Ï
40 . If S = S 1 + S 2 then f (x, y, z)d S =
Ï Ï S

f (x, y, z)d S +
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) f (x, y, z)d S.
SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 6 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation z = z(x, y)

S URFACE S IS GIVEN BY THE EQUATION z = z(x, y)

If Surface S is given by the equation z = z(x, y),

D x y is the projection of surface S onto Ox y,
then s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂z ∂z
dS = 1 + + dA
∂x ∂y
s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂z ∂z
Ï
I= f (x, y, z(x, y)) 1 + + dA
∂x ∂y
Dxy

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 7 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation y = y(x, z)

S URFACE S IS GIVEN BY THE EQUATION y = y(x, z)

If Surface S is given by the equation

y = y(x, z),D xz is the projection of surface S
onto Oxz, then
s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂y ∂y
dS = 1 + + dA
∂x ∂z
s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂y ∂y
Ï
I= f (x, y(x, z), z) 1 + + dA
∂x ∂z
D xz

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 8 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

S URFACE S IS GIVEN BY THE EQUATION x = x(y, z)

If Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z),

D y z is the projection of surface S onto O y z,
then s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂x ∂x
dS = 1 + + dA
∂y ∂z
s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
∂x ∂x
Ï
I= f (x(y, z), y, z) 1 + + dA
∂y ∂z
Dyz

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 9 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

E XAMPLE 1.1
Ï
Evaluate I = x y zd S, where S is the part of the
S
plane x + y + z = 1 that lies in the first octant
x Ê 0, y Ê 0, z Ê 0.

S : z = 1−x − y
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 10 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)
Ï q
I= x y(1 − x − y) 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 d xd y =
D
Z1 Z1−x
p p
Ï
= 3 x y(1 − x − y)d xd y = 3 d x x y(1 − x − y)d y =
D 0 0
Z1 · 3 ¸ y=1−x
p y2 2y
2
y
= 3 x −x −x dx
2 2 3 y=0
0
Z1 ·
p (1 − x)2 (1 − x)2
(1 − x)3¸
= 3 x − x2 −x dx =
2 2 3
p 0
3
= 120
·
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 11 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

E XAMPLE 1.2
Ï
Evaluate I = (x 2 + y 2 )d S, where S is the part
S
of the cone z = x 2 + y 2 that lies between 2 planes
2

z = 0, z = 1.

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 12 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

SOLUTION. The surface S is defined by the

p
equation z = x 2 + y 2
x y
⇒ z x0 = p , z 0y = p .
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
The projection of the surface S onto Ox y is

D : 0 É ϕ É 2π, 0 É r É 1.

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 13 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

Ï
I= (x 2 + y 2 )d S =
S
v à !2 à !2
u
x y
Ï u
= (x 2 + y 2 )t1 + p + p d xd y =
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
D
2π 1
Ï p p Z Z
= (x + y ) 2d xd y = 2. d ϕ r 2 r d r =
2 2

D 0 0
4 ¸1
p
p h i2π r p 1 π 2
·
= 2. ϕ . = 2.2π · = ·
0 4 0 4 2

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 14 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

E XAMPLE 1.3
x
Ï
Evaluate d S, where S is the part of the
x2 + y 2
S
sphere x + y 2 + z 2 = 9 that lies in the octant
2

x É 0, y É 0, z É 0.

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 15 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

Giážči. Since S is the part of the sphere

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 where x É 0, y É 0, z É 0 then the
surface S is defined by the equation
p
z = − 9 − x2 − y 2
x y
⇒ z x0 = p , z 0y = p .
2
9−x − y 2 2
9−x − y 2

The projection of the surface S onto Ox y is

3π
D :πÉϕÉ , 0 É r É 3.
2

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 16 / 59
 Surface integrals of f (x, y, z) over the surface S (First Kind) Surface S is given by the equation x = x(y, z)

v
u à !2 à !2
x u x y
Ï
I= t1 + + p d xd y =
x2 + y 2
p
9 − x2 − y 2 9 − x2 − y 2
D

3π/2 Z3
x 3 r cos ϕ 1
Ï Z
= 2 2
·p d xd y = 3. dϕ 2
·p r dr =
x +y 9 − x2 − y 2 r 9−r2
D π 0

3π/2 Z3 3π/2 Z3
cos ϕ dr
Z Z
= 3. dϕ p d r = 3. cos ϕd ϕ p =
9 − r 2 9 − r 2
π 0 π 0
h i3π/2 h r i3 π 3π
= 3. sin ϕ . arcsin = −3. arcsin 1 = −3 · = − ·
π 3 0 2 2

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 17 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Oriented Surfaces

Suppose that S is defined by G(x, y, z) = 0.

D EFINITION 2.1
S is called a smooth surface if G(x, y, z) has continuous
partial derivatives G x0 ,G 0y ,G z0 and G x02 +G 02 02
y +G z 6= 0 over S.

D EFINITION 2.2
S is called an oriented surface, if at every point M (x, y, z)
on S we can determine a unit normal vector so that
→
−
n (M ) = (n 1 (x, y, z), n 2 (x, y, z), n 3 (x, y, z))

varies continuously over S

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 18 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Oriented Surfaces

Let S : G(x, y, z) = 0. The unit normal vector of

S is
→
− 1
n =q · (G x0 ,G 0y ,G z0 )
(G x0 )2 + (G 0y )2 + (G z0 )2

Case 1: The surface S : z = z(x, y) and the unit

normal vector →−n has the upward orientation.
Then S : G(x, y, z) = z − z(x, y) = 0 and
→
− 1
n =q · (−z x0 , −z 0y , 1)
1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 19 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Oriented Surfaces

Case 2: The surface S : z = z(x, y) and the unit

normal vector →
−n has the downward
orientation. Then S : G(x, y, z) = z(x, y) − z = 0
and
→
− 1
n =q · (z x0 , z 0y , −1)
1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 20 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

D EFINITION 2.3
Let E be a subset of R3 . A vector field in R3 is a
→−
function F that assigns to each point (x, y, z) in
→−
E a three-dimensional vector F (x, y, z)

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 21 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

Problem: Find the rate of flow of a fluid through

the surface S in units of mass per unit time.

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 22 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

Suppose that S is an oriented surface with unit

normal vector → −n , and imagine a fluid with
density ρ(x, y, z)(kg /m 3 ), and vector field
→
−
v (x, y, z)(m/s) flowing through S.
Then the rate of flow (mass per unit time) per
unit area is
→
−
³ ´
2
ρ. v (kg /(m .s)) = P (M i ),Q(M i ), R(M i )

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 23 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

If we divide S into small patches S i , then S i is

nearly planar. So we can approximate the mass
of fluid per unit time crossing S i in the direction
of the normal vector →−n by quatity
< ρ.→
−
v (M ), →
−
n (M ) > .AS . i i i

Therefore, the total mass of the fluid per unit

time crossing S in the direction of the normal
vector →
−
n is approximately equal
n
< ρ.→
−v (M i ), →
−
X
m≈ n (M i ) > .AS i .
i =1
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 24 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

Suppose that the unit normal vector of S at M i

is
→
−
³ ´
n (M ) = cos α(M ), cos β(M ), cos γ(M ) .
i i i i

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 25 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Vector Field in the space

Then

< ρ.→
−
v (M i ), →
−
n (M i ) >= P (M i ) cos α(M i )+

+Q(M i ) cos β(M i ) + R(M i ) cos γ(M i )

and
n h
P (M i ) cos α(M i )+
X
m≈
i =1
i
+Q(M i ) cos β(M i ) + R(M i ) cos γ(M i ) .AS i .
This is the Riemann sum of the surface integral
of Vector Field.
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 26 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Definition

Suppose that
→
− ³ ´
F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) is a
continuous vector field defined on an oriented
smooth surface S. The unit normal vector of S
is →
−
n = (cos α, cos β, cos γ), where α, β, γ is the
angle between → −
n and Ox,O y,Oz respectively.
→
−
Then the surface integral of F over S (or flux of
→
−
F across S) is
Ï Ï h
→
− i
I= F ·d S = P cos α+Q cos β+R cos γ d S
S S

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 27 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

Suppose S : z = z(x, y) and the unit normal

vector →−
n has upward orientation. Then S :
G(x, y, z) = z − z(x, y) = 0 and
→
− 1
n =q · (−z x0 , −z 0y , 1) =
1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2

= (cos α, cos β, cos γ)

q
d S = 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 d A

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 28 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

Ï
I= [P cos α +Q cos β + R cos γ]d S
S
 
Ï
(−z x0 ) (−z 0y ) 1
= P q +Q q +R q dS =
S
1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2

Ï
(−z x0 ) (−z 0y )
= P (x, y, z(x, y)) q +Q(x, y, z(x, y)) q


Dxy 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )

1 q
R(x, y, z(x, y)) q . 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 d xd y

1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2
Ï h i
= P (x, y, z(x, y))(−z x0 ) +Q(x, y, z(x, y))(−z 0y ) + R(x, y, z(x, y)) dA
Dxy
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 29 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

If the unit normal vector → −

n of S has downward
orientation then S : G(x, y, z) = z(x, y) − z = 0
and
→
− 1
n =q · (z x0 , z 0y , −1)
1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2

= (cos α, cos β, cos γ)

q
d S = 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 d A

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 30 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

Ï
I= [P cos α +Q cos β + R cos γ]d S =
S
 
Ï
z x0 z 0y (−1)
= P q +Q q +R q dS =
S
1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2

Ï
z x0 z 0y
= P (x, y, z(x, y)) q +Q(x, y, z(x, y)) q


Dxy 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )

(−1) q
R(x, y, z(x, y)) q . 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 d xd y

1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2
Ï h i
= P (x, y, z(x, y)).z x0 +Q(x, y, z(x, y)).z 0y + R(x, y, z(x, y))(−1) d A
Dxy
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 31 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

E XAMPLE 2.1
Ï
Evaluate I = F · d S, where
S
F(x, y, z) = x i+ y 2 j+ z 2 k and S is the hemisphere
2

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z Ê 0 with outward orientation.

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 32 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

S : z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 . The unit normal vector →−

p
n
has upward orientation with respect to Oz
(z Ê 0). The projection of S onto Ox y is D x y .
−x −y
z x0 = p , z 0y = p
2
9−x − y 2 9 − x2 − y 2

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 33 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Evaluating Flux Integral

Ï h i
I= P (x, y, z(x, y))(−z x0 ) +Q(x, y, z(x, y))(−z 0y ) + R(x, y, z(x, y)) dA
Dxy

Ï "
x y
= x2 · p + y2 · p +
9 − x2 − y 2 9 − x2 − y 2
Dxy
Ï
(9 − x 2 − y 2 ) d A = (9 − x 2 − y 2 )d A =
¤

Dxy

Z2π Z3
81 81π
= d ϕ (9 − r 2 )r d r = · 2π = ·
4 2
0 0
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 34 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

D EFINITION 2.4
→
− ³ ´
If F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) is a
∂P ∂Q ∂R
vector field in R3 and , , exist, then the
∂x ∂y ∂z
divergence of F is the function of three variables
defined by

∂P ∂Q ∂R
di v F = + + (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 35 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

→
−
Note. If F (x, y, z) is the velocity of a fluid (or
gas), then d i v F represents the net rate of
change (with respect to time) of mass of fluid
(or gas) flowing from the point (x, y, z) per unit
volume.

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 36 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

T HEOREM 2.1
Let Ω be a simple solid region and let S be the
boundary surface of Ω. Let F be a vector field
whose component functions have continuous
partial derivatives on an open region that
contains Ω. Then
Ó Ñ
F · dS = ± d i v FdV (2)
S Ω

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 37 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

00
+00 if the unit normal vector of surface S has
the outward orientation of the solid Ω, 00 −00 if
the unit normal vector of surface S has the
inward orientation of the solid Ω.

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 38 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

→
− ³ ´
Let F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) . If
P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) have continuous
partial derivatives on region Ω then
Ó Ñ
F · dS = ± d i v FdV
S Ω

∂P ∂Q ∂R
Ñ µ ¶
=± + + dV
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ω

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 39 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

E XAMPLE 2.2
Using
Ï the Divergence Theorem,³evaluate ´
I= F · d S, where F(x, y, z) = y − x, z − y, x − z
S
and S is the outward surface of the cube
−1 É x É 1, −1 É y É 1, −1 É z É 1.

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 40 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

Since S is the outward surface of the cube, then

S is the closed surface and its unit normal
vector has outward orientation. By the
Divergence Theorem, we have
Ï Ñ
I= F · dS = + d i v FdV =
S Ω
Ñ h i
=+ (y − x)0x + (z − y)0y + (x − z)0z dV =
Ω
Ñ
= (−1 − 1 − 1) dV = −3.23 = −24.
Ω
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 41 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

E XAMPLE 2.3
Using
Ï the Divergence Theorem,³evaluate´
I= F · d S, where F(x, y, z) = y, x y, −z and S
S
is the inward surface of the solid defined by
x 2 + y 2 É 4, 0 É z É x 2 + y 2 .

Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 42 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

Since S is the inward surface of the solid Ω then

S is the closed surface and its unit normal
vector has inward orientation. By the
Divergence Theorem, we have I =

Ñ Z2π Z2 Zr 2
− (0 + x − 1)dV = − d ϕ r d r (r cos ϕ − 1)d z =
Ω 0 0 0

Z2π Z2 Z2πµ ¶
2 32
= − d ϕ r.(r cos ϕ − 1).r d r = − cos ϕ − 4 d ϕ =
5
0 0 0
= 8π.
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

E XAMPLE 2.4
Using
Ï the Divergence Theorem, evaluate
³ ´
2 2
F · d S, where F(x, y, z) = x , y , 2z and S is
S
the inward surface of the solid defined by
0 É z É 4 − x 2 − y 2.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) The Divergence Theorem (Ostrogradsky - Gauss)

Since S is the inward surface of the solid Ω then

S is the closed surface and its unit normal
vector has inward orientation. By the
Divergence Theorem, we have
Ñ
I =− (2x + 2y + 2)dV =
Ω
Z2π Z2 Z 2
4−r

= −2 d ϕ r d r (r cos ϕ + r sin ϕ + 1)d z =

0 0 0
Z2π Z2
= −2 d ϕ r.(r cos ϕ + r sin ϕ + 1)(4 − r 2 )d r = −16π.
0 0
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

D EFINITION 2.5
→
− ³ ´
If F = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) is a vector
field in R3 and the partial derivatives of P,Q, R
all exist, then the curl of F is the vector field in R3
defined by
∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
cur l F = − i+ − j+ − k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
(3)

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

Note. Particles near (x, y, z) in the fluid tend to

rotate about the axis that points in the direction
of cur l F(x, y, z), and the length of this curl
vector is a measure of how quickly the particles
move around the axis.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

T HEOREM 2.2
Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface
that is bounded by a simple, closed,
piecewise-smooth boundary curve C . Let ´
→
− ³
F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z),Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) be a
vector field whose components have continuous
partial derivatives on an open region in R3 that
contains S. Then
I Ï
F · dr = cur l F · d S (4)
C S
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

I I
F · dr = P (x, y, z)d x +Q(x, y, z)d y + R(x, y, z)d z =
C C
¯ ¯
¯ cos α cos β cos γ ¯
Ï ¯¯ ¯
∂ ∂ ∂
Ï ¯
= cur l F · d S = ¯dS
¯ ¯
¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ¯
¯
S S ¯¯
P Q R ¯
¯

∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R
Ï ·µ ¶ µ ¶
= − cos α + − cos β+
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
S

∂Q ∂P
µ ¶ ¸
+ − cos γ d S.
∂x ∂y
Dr. Huynh Thi Hong Diem (HCMUT-OISP) SURFACE INTEGRALS HCMC— 2024. 51 / 59
 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

E XAMPLE 2.5
Using
I Stokes’ Theorem, evaluate
I= 3yd x + 3xd y + 3xd z, where C is the curve
C
of intersection of the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 and the
plane z = 1. Orient C to be counterclockwise
when viewed from above.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

Since the orientation of the curve C is

counterclockwise then we orient S : z = 1
upward. The unit normal vector of S is
→
−
n = (0, 0, 1) = (cos α, cos β, cos γ). By Stokes’
Theorem, we have
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ cos α cos β cos γ ¯ ¯ 0 0 1 ¯
Ï ¯¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
∂ ∂ ∂ ¯ ∂ ∂ ∂
¯ Ï ¯
I= d S = ¯dS
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ¯
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯
S ¯¯ S ¯¯
P Q R ¯ 3y 3x 3x ¯
¯ ¯
Ï h i
I= (0 − 0) × 0 + (0 − 3) × 0 + (3 − 3) × 1 d S = 0.
S
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

E XAMPLE 2.6
Using
I Stokes’ Theorem, evaluate
I= 2yd x − xd y + xd z, where C is the curve of
C
intersection of the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 and the
plane z = y + 1. Orient C to be counterclockwise
when viewed from above.

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

Since the orientation of the curve C is

counterclockwise then we orient
S : z − y − 1 µ= 0 upward.¶The unit normal vector
1 1
of S is →
−
n = 0, − p , p = (cos α, cos β, cos γ).
2 2
By Stokes’ Theorem, we have

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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

1 1 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ cos α cos β cos γ ¯ ¯
¯ 0 −p p ¯
Ï ¯¯ 2 2 ¯¯
¯
¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯ Ï ¯
∂ ∂ ∂ ¯dS
¯
I= ¯dS =
¯ ¯
¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z
¯ ¯ ¯
∂x ∂y ∂z ¯¯
¯ ¯
S ¯¯ S
P Q R
¯ ¯
2y −x x ¯
¯ ¯
¶ µ
1 1 i
Ï h
I= (0 − 0) × 0 + (0 − 1) × − p + (−1 − 2) × p d S =
2 2
S
Ï p p Ï q
= − 2d S = − 2 1 + (z x0 )2 + (z 0y )2 d A =
S Dx y
p Ï p Ï
=− 2 2 2
1 + 0 + 1 d A = −2 d A = −2π.
Dx y Dx y
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 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (Second Kind) Stokes’ Theorem

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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